循环流化床锅炉大型化的数值模拟
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摘要
循环流化床(CFB)锅炉的大型化是其技术成熟和商业化的标志，对CFB锅炉大型化的研发具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。本文从煤种对CFB锅炉整体性能的影响、容量放大CFB炉膛内参数变化规律和准三维CFB模型的建立三个方面进行了数值模拟研究。
首先本文建立了一个CFB锅炉燃烧系统的整体数学模型，所建模型有机地集成了前人对CFB锅炉内部各种单独过程及模型化的研究成果，以小室模型为基础，详细考虑了CFB内气固两相的流动、挥发分的释放和燃烧、焦炭的燃烧、有害物质SO_2和NOx的生成和还原、颗粒的爆裂和磨损、高温旋风分离器分离特性和后燃、外置换热器、流化床冷渣器等CFB锅炉内部进行的主要过程和循环回路主要部件，使得该模型能够较全面地反映不同容量、不同煤种的CFB锅炉循环燃烧特性。
为了研究煤种对CFB锅炉燃烧系统整体特性的影响，本文加入了和煤种有关的煤爆裂模型。燃烧模型将等密度缩核模型和等径缩核模型结合起来，引入了和煤种有关的灰层阻力扩散速率，动力反应速率引入了煤种通用理论，因而该模型具有了煤种的通用性。修正后的模型经过了五种典型煤种燃烧试验数据的验证，结果吻合很好。根据五种煤的模拟计算结果，分析了不同煤种在同一炉型下的流动、传热和燃烧特性，不同煤种的燃烧速率特点、成灰特性、燃烧份额和SO_2和NOx的排放特性。
本文选择了130t／h、440t／h和670t／h三个典型容量的CFB锅炉为算例来研究CFB锅炉的放大规律。130t／h和440t／h的CFB锅炉计算结果和运行结果吻合良好，且对440t／h的CFB锅炉进行了给煤粒径、一二次风比例、二次风位置、石灰石成分和粒径的预测计算。配合工程热物理研究所670t／h CFB锅炉的设计，对670t／h CFB锅炉进行了分离器后燃率、外置换热器(EHE)入料率和流化床冷渣器冷渣返回率变化的预测计算，对670t／h带EHE与不带EHE超高压CFB锅炉两种方案进行了预测计算。根据三个容量CFB锅炉的计算结果，归纳出随着容量放大，CFB锅炉尺寸、流动、传热特性变化规律。
本文在理论上建立一个能够初步反映局部变化的准三维模型，该模型既可以继承已建一维半模型的结构和数学模型，又可以反映三维特性，当三维数学模型发展成熟后，加密同一高度小室划分就可向全三维模型发展。
Yong, Yumei (Engineering Thermophysics) Directed by Professor Lu, Qinggang
Scale-up is a symbol that Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) is commercialized and CFB's technology is established so there is important theoretic and practice worth to research scale-up CFB boilers. The thesis adopted numerical simulation to study what the influence of coal on the performance of CFB boiler combustion systems is and how parameters in CFB furnaces change with the scale-up of CFB capacity, and how to build a three-dimensional model.
First, a set of mathematical models of a CFB boiler is built and the models systematically integrated with the update theories and results of existing studies on the partial aspects or component behavior of CFB boilers. The main processes, such as hydrodynamics of gas and solid, devolatilization of coal, char and volatile combustion, formation and reduction of harmful substances of SOz and NOx, attrition and burst of solid particles, separation characteristics and post-combustion in a cyclone, models of external heat exchanger (EHE) and cooling dreg, are all considered in detail so the model can simulate combustion characteristics of different CFB boiler capacities with different coals.
In order to investigate the influences of different coal types on performance of CFB boilers, a burst model of coal is added into the integrated model, and the combustion model is combined constant-density shrinking core model with constant-diameter shrinking core model so a diffusion reaction rate of ash layer resistance is added. A general theory of coal type for coal combustion is added into kinetic reaction rate. The integrated model can be for combustion of different coal types in CFB boilers. Modified integrated model is verified by experimental data of five typical coal types and numerical results agree well with the experimental results. According to these computational results, characteristics of burning rates, comminution characterization of coal particles, heat release fraction distribution and emission characteristics of SO2 and NOx in the same CFB boiler for different coal types are analyzed.
CFB boilers with capacities 130t/h, 440t/h and 670t/h were simulated to get characteristics of hydrodynamics, mixing process of gas and solids and patterns of heat and mass transfer. The computational results of 130t/h and 440t/h CFB boilers agree well with experimental results. The thesis predicts characteristics of the combustion system of a 440t/h CFB boiler for different distribution of coal particles, fraction of the primary air, location of the secondary air and different elements and
particles distribution of limestone. Based on the design of a 670t/h CFB boiler made by Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, the influence of three components: the cyclone, the EHE and the cooling dreg on CFB's combustion system with and without EHE are predicted. Some rules are got about changes of configuration, flow and heat transfer with the enlargement of CFB's capabilities from these computational results. Local influence of feed ports, outlet and corner on a CFB is more important to a larger CFB so it is necessary to build a three-dimensional model. A three-dimensional model is built not only to follow the structure and the code of the program and mathematical model of established annular-core model, but also to reflect three-dimensional characteristics. The three-dimensional mathematical model can be fully developed with refined cells.
首先本文建立了一个CFB锅炉燃烧系统的整体数学模型，所建模型有机地集成了前人对CFB锅炉内部各种单独过程及模型化的研究成果，以小室模型为基础，详细考虑了CFB内气固两相的流动、挥发分的释放和燃烧、焦炭的燃烧、有害物质SO_2和NOx的生成和还原、颗粒的爆裂和磨损、高温旋风分离器分离特性和后燃、外置换热器、流化床冷渣器等CFB锅炉内部进行的主要过程和循环回路主要部件，使得该模型能够较全面地反映不同容量、不同煤种的CFB锅炉循环燃烧特性。
为了研究煤种对CFB锅炉燃烧系统整体特性的影响，本文加入了和煤种有关的煤爆裂模型。燃烧模型将等密度缩核模型和等径缩核模型结合起来，引入了和煤种有关的灰层阻力扩散速率，动力反应速率引入了煤种通用理论，因而该模型具有了煤种的通用性。修正后的模型经过了五种典型煤种燃烧试验数据的验证，结果吻合很好。根据五种煤的模拟计算结果，分析了不同煤种在同一炉型下的流动、传热和燃烧特性，不同煤种的燃烧速率特点、成灰特性、燃烧份额和SO_2和NOx的排放特性。
本文选择了130t／h、440t／h和670t／h三个典型容量的CFB锅炉为算例来研究CFB锅炉的放大规律。130t／h和440t／h的CFB锅炉计算结果和运行结果吻合良好，且对440t／h的CFB锅炉进行了给煤粒径、一二次风比例、二次风位置、石灰石成分和粒径的预测计算。配合工程热物理研究所670t／h CFB锅炉的设计，对670t／h CFB锅炉进行了分离器后燃率、外置换热器(EHE)入料率和流化床冷渣器冷渣返回率变化的预测计算，对670t／h带EHE与不带EHE超高压CFB锅炉两种方案进行了预测计算。根据三个容量CFB锅炉的计算结果，归纳出随着容量放大，CFB锅炉尺寸、流动、传热特性变化规律。
本文在理论上建立一个能够初步反映局部变化的准三维模型，该模型既可以继承已建一维半模型的结构和数学模型，又可以反映三维特性，当三维数学模型发展成熟后，加密同一高度小室划分就可向全三维模型发展。
Yong, Yumei (Engineering Thermophysics) Directed by Professor Lu, Qinggang
Scale-up is a symbol that Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) is commercialized and CFB's technology is established so there is important theoretic and practice worth to research scale-up CFB boilers. The thesis adopted numerical simulation to study what the influence of coal on the performance of CFB boiler combustion systems is and how parameters in CFB furnaces change with the scale-up of CFB capacity, and how to build a three-dimensional model.
First, a set of mathematical models of a CFB boiler is built and the models systematically integrated with the update theories and results of existing studies on the partial aspects or component behavior of CFB boilers. The main processes, such as hydrodynamics of gas and solid, devolatilization of coal, char and volatile combustion, formation and reduction of harmful substances of SOz and NOx, attrition and burst of solid particles, separation characteristics and post-combustion in a cyclone, models of external heat exchanger (EHE) and cooling dreg, are all considered in detail so the model can simulate combustion characteristics of different CFB boiler capacities with different coals.
In order to investigate the influences of different coal types on performance of CFB boilers, a burst model of coal is added into the integrated model, and the combustion model is combined constant-density shrinking core model with constant-diameter shrinking core model so a diffusion reaction rate of ash layer resistance is added. A general theory of coal type for coal combustion is added into kinetic reaction rate. The integrated model can be for combustion of different coal types in CFB boilers. Modified integrated model is verified by experimental data of five typical coal types and numerical results agree well with the experimental results. According to these computational results, characteristics of burning rates, comminution characterization of coal particles, heat release fraction distribution and emission characteristics of SO2 and NOx in the same CFB boiler for different coal types are analyzed.
CFB boilers with capacities 130t/h, 440t/h and 670t/h were simulated to get characteristics of hydrodynamics, mixing process of gas and solids and patterns of heat and mass transfer. The computational results of 130t/h and 440t/h CFB boilers agree well with experimental results. The thesis predicts characteristics of the combustion system of a 440t/h CFB boiler for different distribution of coal particles, fraction of the primary air, location of the secondary air and different elements and
particles distribution of limestone. Based on the design of a 670t/h CFB boiler made by Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, the influence of three components: the cyclone, the EHE and the cooling dreg on CFB's combustion system with and without EHE are predicted. Some rules are got about changes of configuration, flow and heat transfer with the enlargement of CFB's capabilities from these computational results. Local influence of feed ports, outlet and corner on a CFB is more important to a larger CFB so it is necessary to build a three-dimensional model. A three-dimensional model is built not only to follow the structure and the code of the program and mathematical model of established annular-core model, but also to reflect three-dimensional characteristics. The three-dimensional mathematical model can be fully developed with refined cells.
引文
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