天气雷达晴空回波特征分析及其应用初步研究
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摘要
目前,在新一代多普勒天气雷达已投入业务使用的气象台站中,气象工作者对雷达回波的强度和多普勒速度信息进行了大量的研究,但对于谱宽这一多普勒雷达特有信息的研究还不多见。本文试图利用在强对流天气过程发生前晴空回波中的谱宽信息,从中提取出对恶劣天气预报预警有用的信息因子,期望对提前短时天气预报时间的研究有所帮助。
第一章首先介绍了国内外天气雷达的发展、本文研究工作的意义和国内外的进展情况。
第二章对天气雷达晴空回波及其成因进行分析,认为高灵敏度脉冲多普勒天气雷达观测到的边界层大气中的非降水、非鸟类、非昆虫等原因产生的晴空雷达回波是由于电磁波投射到折射率随机分布不均匀的湍流介质上产生散射造成的,随之介绍了湍流及其指标特征量,根据湍流能谱理论,引入柯尔莫戈洛夫的相似性假设,对湍流惯性平衡区进行初步分析,得出雷诺数越大,则湍能耗散尺度越小,湍能串级输送越强,湍能耗散率亦越大的结论。
第三章对新一代天气雷达多普勒信息(速度和谱宽数据)的提取方法进行说明并通过推演电磁波折射率有起伏大气的反射率以-1/3次幂的规律随波长变化的关系式,验证新一代天气雷达探测晴空回波的能力。
第四章分析引起多普勒天气雷达探测到的谱宽展宽的因素,并得出谱宽数据与表征湍流强度的湍流耗散率的关系,为下文的计算提供理论依据。
第五章利用广州新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/SA)于2004年8月11日下午强对流天气现象发生前观测到的晴空回波谱宽资料,经过数据质量控制和预处理,估算不同探测仰角高度的湍流耗散率,发现这次强对流天气过程发生前,低层的湍流耗散率明显增强;突出地揭示了这次强对流天气过程的前兆特征。
第六章总结全文并对今后的工作进行展望。
Now the construction of the new generation Doppler weather radar (NEXTRAD) network which is composed of 158 S-band and C-band coherent Doppler weather radar has been nearly completed. Up to date in the weather sites where the NEXRAD have been operated, the meteorological workers and researchers have studied on the intensity and Doppler velocity information which relate to severe weather, while there are few research on spectrum width information, the unique character, obtained from Doppler radar. In this paper, one method is induced to extract a useful factor forecasting and warning severe weather from the spectrum information which is attained in clear-air echo before severe convection occur, excepting it will improve the short-term forecast to some extent.In chapter one, the development of weather radar at home and abroad, the purposes of this research and structures of this research are given.Clear-air echo concept is induced and the cause of its formulation is analyzed in chapter two. It is believed that the clear-air echo which is non-birds, non-insects, non-airplane echo in boundary layer detected by high sensitive pulse Doppler weather radar are formulated by the scattering when the electromagnetic wave irradiate on the turbulent mass and its refraction index is non-homogeneous random distributed. And then turbulence and its character are concerned. According to the turbulent spectrum theory, the Kolmogorov's similarity hypothesis is induced to analyze the turbulent inertial range, and it is concluded that as the Reynolds number increases the turbulent energy cascade transportation will be strengthened and the rate of turbulent energy dissipation will be larger.Then in chapter three, it is described that the method to extract the CINRAD's information (Doppler velocity and spectrum width data). And then by deducing the formula to show the -1/3 exponent rule of the refract index varying according to
wavelength, this paper verifies the ability of detecting the clear-air echo using weather radar.Subsequently, the factors affecting the spectrum width are discussed in chapter four. Then the relation in the form of theory formula between the spectral data and the turbulent energy dissipation rate e is provided.In chapter five, we use the clear-air echo spectrum width data acquired by CINRAD/S A in Guangzhou during the severe weather procedure occurred on August 11, 2004 to do some study work. The quality control of data is pre-processed and the turbulence energy dissipation rates of different lower angle are calculated according to the formula as foregoing. It can be found that the rate of turbulent energy dissipation in lower layer is reinforced before the rough weather system came. It distinctly exposes the noticeable character before this severe weather event.Finally, in chapter six the conclusions in this paper are showed and the future refinement is suggested.
第一章首先介绍了国内外天气雷达的发展、本文研究工作的意义和国内外的进展情况。
第二章对天气雷达晴空回波及其成因进行分析,认为高灵敏度脉冲多普勒天气雷达观测到的边界层大气中的非降水、非鸟类、非昆虫等原因产生的晴空雷达回波是由于电磁波投射到折射率随机分布不均匀的湍流介质上产生散射造成的,随之介绍了湍流及其指标特征量,根据湍流能谱理论,引入柯尔莫戈洛夫的相似性假设,对湍流惯性平衡区进行初步分析,得出雷诺数越大,则湍能耗散尺度越小,湍能串级输送越强,湍能耗散率亦越大的结论。
第三章对新一代天气雷达多普勒信息(速度和谱宽数据)的提取方法进行说明并通过推演电磁波折射率有起伏大气的反射率以-1/3次幂的规律随波长变化的关系式,验证新一代天气雷达探测晴空回波的能力。
第四章分析引起多普勒天气雷达探测到的谱宽展宽的因素,并得出谱宽数据与表征湍流强度的湍流耗散率的关系,为下文的计算提供理论依据。
第五章利用广州新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/SA)于2004年8月11日下午强对流天气现象发生前观测到的晴空回波谱宽资料,经过数据质量控制和预处理,估算不同探测仰角高度的湍流耗散率,发现这次强对流天气过程发生前,低层的湍流耗散率明显增强;突出地揭示了这次强对流天气过程的前兆特征。
第六章总结全文并对今后的工作进行展望。
Now the construction of the new generation Doppler weather radar (NEXTRAD) network which is composed of 158 S-band and C-band coherent Doppler weather radar has been nearly completed. Up to date in the weather sites where the NEXRAD have been operated, the meteorological workers and researchers have studied on the intensity and Doppler velocity information which relate to severe weather, while there are few research on spectrum width information, the unique character, obtained from Doppler radar. In this paper, one method is induced to extract a useful factor forecasting and warning severe weather from the spectrum information which is attained in clear-air echo before severe convection occur, excepting it will improve the short-term forecast to some extent.In chapter one, the development of weather radar at home and abroad, the purposes of this research and structures of this research are given.Clear-air echo concept is induced and the cause of its formulation is analyzed in chapter two. It is believed that the clear-air echo which is non-birds, non-insects, non-airplane echo in boundary layer detected by high sensitive pulse Doppler weather radar are formulated by the scattering when the electromagnetic wave irradiate on the turbulent mass and its refraction index is non-homogeneous random distributed. And then turbulence and its character are concerned. According to the turbulent spectrum theory, the Kolmogorov's similarity hypothesis is induced to analyze the turbulent inertial range, and it is concluded that as the Reynolds number increases the turbulent energy cascade transportation will be strengthened and the rate of turbulent energy dissipation will be larger.Then in chapter three, it is described that the method to extract the CINRAD's information (Doppler velocity and spectrum width data). And then by deducing the formula to show the -1/3 exponent rule of the refract index varying according to
wavelength, this paper verifies the ability of detecting the clear-air echo using weather radar.Subsequently, the factors affecting the spectrum width are discussed in chapter four. Then the relation in the form of theory formula between the spectral data and the turbulent energy dissipation rate e is provided.In chapter five, we use the clear-air echo spectrum width data acquired by CINRAD/S A in Guangzhou during the severe weather procedure occurred on August 11, 2004 to do some study work. The quality control of data is pre-processed and the turbulence energy dissipation rates of different lower angle are calculated according to the formula as foregoing. It can be found that the rate of turbulent energy dissipation in lower layer is reinforced before the rough weather system came. It distinctly exposes the noticeable character before this severe weather event.Finally, in chapter six the conclusions in this paper are showed and the future refinement is suggested.
引文
[1] 塔塔尔斯基著,温景嵩等译.湍流大气中波的传播理论.北京:科学出版社出版,1978.
[2] 葛润生等(编).新一代天气雷达系统功能规格需求书.北京:中国气象局,1997.
[3] 俞小鼎等(编).新一代天气雷达讲义.北京:中国气象局培训中心,2001.
[4] 我国天气雷达网密度迅速增加 气象仪器装备.2002.(4).46.
[5] 高梅,仪清菊,接连淑等.气象信息共享研究.资源科学,2001,23(1):81—84.
[6] 朱君鉴,刁秀广,黄秀韶.一次冰雹风暴的CINRAD/SA产品分析.应用气象学报.2004,15(5).579-589.
[7] 郑媛媛,愈小鼎,方翀等.一次典型超级单体风暴的多普勒天气雷达观测分析.气象学报.2005,62(3).317—328.
[8] 廖玉芳,俞小鼎,郭庆.一次强对流系列风暴个例的多普勒雷达资料分析.应用气象学报.2003,14(6).656—662.
[9] 宋丽莉,毛慧琴,黄浩辉.登陆台风进地层湍流特征观测分析.气象学报.2005,63(6):915-921.
[10] F. Davies, C.G. Collier, G.N. Pearson. Doppler Lidar Measurements of Turbulent Structure Function over an Urban Area. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2004, 21(5):753-761.
[11] Igor Smalikho, Friedrich Kopp,Stephan Rahm. Measurement of Atmospheric Turbulence by2-μm Doppler Lidar. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology.2005, 22 (11):1733-1747.
[12] Frisch, Clifford. A Study of Convection Capped by a Stable Layer Using Doppler Radar and Acoustic Echo Sounders[J]. Journal of The Atmospheric Science. 1974,31 (2). 1623-1628.
[13] Frisch, Doviak. RJ, ZrnicSD. Doppler Radar and Weather Observations[M].Orlando:FL.AcademyPress, 1984.
[14] 葛润生.CAMS多普勒天气雷达探测能力的估算.气象科学研究院院刊.1989,4(2):133-140.
[15] 蒋瑞宾,朱平.一次中尺度天气过程中湍流特征分析.气象.21(4):11-15.
[16] Gordon, W.E.A theory of radar reflections of the lower atmosphere, Proc. Inst. Radio Eng. 1949,37,41-43.
[17] Swingle, D.W.. Reflections of electromagnetic waves from media of continuously variable refractive index, Proc. Conf. Radio Meteor. 1953,4(2).
[18] Plant.V.G., Cunningham, R.M., and Campen, C.F.. The refractive index structure of a cumulus boundary and implications concerning radio wave reflections, Proc. Sixth Wea.Radar Conf., Amer.Meteor.Soc.,Boston. 1957,.273-280.
[19] 余志豪,王彦昌,流体力学,气象出版社,1982,pp217.
[20] Richardson LF. Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. Cambridge University Press, 1922.
[21] Yih C S. Fluid Mechanics. New York;McGraw-Hill, 1969,1～66.
[22] Frisch U. Turbulence.Cambridge:Cambridge University. Press, 1995,1～289.
[23] Rummler, W.D.,Introduction of a new estimator for velocity spectral parameters, Bell Telephone Laboratory Memorandum for File(April 3 1968),Tech.Memo, 1968,MM-68-4121-5.
[24] Chimera,A.M., 1960,Meteorological radar echo study, Final Rep., Contract AF33(616)-6352,Comeli Aeronaut Lab.,Buffalo,N.Y..
[25] Atlas,D.,Optical extinction by rainfall, J.Meteor., 195310,486-488.
[26] Atlas,D. and Chmela,A.C., Physical synoptic variations of raindrop size parameters, Proc.sixth Weather radar Conf., Amer.Meteor.Soc.,Boston, 1957,21-29.
[27] Lhermitte R., Acquisition and processing of tri-Doppler radar data, preprint 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Amer. Soc., Boston.1976.1-6.
[28] Lumley, J. L. and H. A. Panofsky, The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence. London, Wiley, 1964,2391pp.
[29] 刘咏.3830多普勒天气雷达的回波信号流程分析.新疆气象,2004,27(5)38-43.
[30] 张培昌.多普勒天气雷达探测原理简述.山东气象.2000,20(3),9-13.
[31] 刘式适,刘式达.湍流的第4效应——频散.自然科学进展.1998,8(5),631-633.
[32] Battan, L.J., 1973,Radar Observation of the Atmosphere, Uni. of Chicago Press.
[33] 陈宝平,赵俊岚,尹志凌.双线性插植算法的一种快速实现方式.北京电子科技学院学报.2004,12(4),21-23.
[34] R.R.Brook. The Measurement of Turbulence in a City Environment. J.App..Meteor. 1972.11 (4) 443-450.
[35] Louis J.Battan and John B.Theiss.Observed Doppler Spectra of Hail.J.Appl.Meteor. 1972,11 (9), 1001-1007.
[36] William T.Cronenwett, Gene B.Walker and Rex L.Inman.Acoustic Sounding of Meteorological Phenomena in Planetary Boundary Layer.J.Appl.Meteor. 1972,11(12),1351-1358
[37] 倪东鸿,马奋华,王小曼。大气科学类论文的撰写、投稿和修改,南京气象学院学报,2004,27(5).
[38] Andree Tuzet and John D.wilson. Wind and Turbulence in a Sparse but Regular Plant Canopy.J.Appl.Meteor.2002,41 (5).573-587.
[39] Uri Dayan,Batia Lifshitz an Karel Pick. Spatial and Structural Variation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer during Summer in Israel—Profiler and Rawinisonde Measurements.J.Appl.Meteor.2002,41 (4),447-457.
[40] Roger C.Whiton and Paul L.Smith. History of Operational Use of Weather Radar by U.S. Weather Services.Part Ⅰ: The Pre-NEXRAD Era. Weather and Forecating.1998,13,219-243.
[41] Roger C.Whiton and Paul L.Smith. History of Operational Use of Weather Radar by U.S. Weather Services. Part Ⅱ: Development of Operational Doppler Weather Radars. Weather and Forecating. 1998,13,244-252.
[42] Nathanson,F.E., 1969,Radar Design Principle, Mc Graw Hill Book Co..
[43] 王松,Visual C++6.0程序设计与开发指南,北京:高等教育出版社,1999年10月.
[44] 张培昌,杜秉玉,戴铁丕,雷达气象学,北京:气象出版社,2001年1月.
[45] 张志涌,精通Matlab 6.5版,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003年3月.
[46] 王育坚,Visual C++面向对象编程教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2003年9月.
[47] 总参气象局,多普勒天气雷达资料分析与应用,北京:解放军出版社,2000年1月.
[48] 侯俊杰,深入浅出MFC,华中科技大学出版社,武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001年1月.
[2] 葛润生等(编).新一代天气雷达系统功能规格需求书.北京:中国气象局,1997.
[3] 俞小鼎等(编).新一代天气雷达讲义.北京:中国气象局培训中心,2001.
[4] 我国天气雷达网密度迅速增加 气象仪器装备.2002.(4).46.
[5] 高梅,仪清菊,接连淑等.气象信息共享研究.资源科学,2001,23(1):81—84.
[6] 朱君鉴,刁秀广,黄秀韶.一次冰雹风暴的CINRAD/SA产品分析.应用气象学报.2004,15(5).579-589.
[7] 郑媛媛,愈小鼎,方翀等.一次典型超级单体风暴的多普勒天气雷达观测分析.气象学报.2005,62(3).317—328.
[8] 廖玉芳,俞小鼎,郭庆.一次强对流系列风暴个例的多普勒雷达资料分析.应用气象学报.2003,14(6).656—662.
[9] 宋丽莉,毛慧琴,黄浩辉.登陆台风进地层湍流特征观测分析.气象学报.2005,63(6):915-921.
[10] F. Davies, C.G. Collier, G.N. Pearson. Doppler Lidar Measurements of Turbulent Structure Function over an Urban Area. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2004, 21(5):753-761.
[11] Igor Smalikho, Friedrich Kopp,Stephan Rahm. Measurement of Atmospheric Turbulence by2-μm Doppler Lidar. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology.2005, 22 (11):1733-1747.
[12] Frisch, Clifford. A Study of Convection Capped by a Stable Layer Using Doppler Radar and Acoustic Echo Sounders[J]. Journal of The Atmospheric Science. 1974,31 (2). 1623-1628.
[13] Frisch, Doviak. RJ, ZrnicSD. Doppler Radar and Weather Observations[M].Orlando:FL.AcademyPress, 1984.
[14] 葛润生.CAMS多普勒天气雷达探测能力的估算.气象科学研究院院刊.1989,4(2):133-140.
[15] 蒋瑞宾,朱平.一次中尺度天气过程中湍流特征分析.气象.21(4):11-15.
[16] Gordon, W.E.A theory of radar reflections of the lower atmosphere, Proc. Inst. Radio Eng. 1949,37,41-43.
[17] Swingle, D.W.. Reflections of electromagnetic waves from media of continuously variable refractive index, Proc. Conf. Radio Meteor. 1953,4(2).
[18] Plant.V.G., Cunningham, R.M., and Campen, C.F.. The refractive index structure of a cumulus boundary and implications concerning radio wave reflections, Proc. Sixth Wea.Radar Conf., Amer.Meteor.Soc.,Boston. 1957,.273-280.
[19] 余志豪,王彦昌,流体力学,气象出版社,1982,pp217.
[20] Richardson LF. Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. Cambridge University Press, 1922.
[21] Yih C S. Fluid Mechanics. New York;McGraw-Hill, 1969,1～66.
[22] Frisch U. Turbulence.Cambridge:Cambridge University. Press, 1995,1～289.
[23] Rummler, W.D.,Introduction of a new estimator for velocity spectral parameters, Bell Telephone Laboratory Memorandum for File(April 3 1968),Tech.Memo, 1968,MM-68-4121-5.
[24] Chimera,A.M., 1960,Meteorological radar echo study, Final Rep., Contract AF33(616)-6352,Comeli Aeronaut Lab.,Buffalo,N.Y..
[25] Atlas,D.,Optical extinction by rainfall, J.Meteor., 195310,486-488.
[26] Atlas,D. and Chmela,A.C., Physical synoptic variations of raindrop size parameters, Proc.sixth Weather radar Conf., Amer.Meteor.Soc.,Boston, 1957,21-29.
[27] Lhermitte R., Acquisition and processing of tri-Doppler radar data, preprint 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Amer. Soc., Boston.1976.1-6.
[28] Lumley, J. L. and H. A. Panofsky, The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence. London, Wiley, 1964,2391pp.
[29] 刘咏.3830多普勒天气雷达的回波信号流程分析.新疆气象,2004,27(5)38-43.
[30] 张培昌.多普勒天气雷达探测原理简述.山东气象.2000,20(3),9-13.
[31] 刘式适,刘式达.湍流的第4效应——频散.自然科学进展.1998,8(5),631-633.
[32] Battan, L.J., 1973,Radar Observation of the Atmosphere, Uni. of Chicago Press.
[33] 陈宝平,赵俊岚,尹志凌.双线性插植算法的一种快速实现方式.北京电子科技学院学报.2004,12(4),21-23.
[34] R.R.Brook. The Measurement of Turbulence in a City Environment. J.App..Meteor. 1972.11 (4) 443-450.
[35] Louis J.Battan and John B.Theiss.Observed Doppler Spectra of Hail.J.Appl.Meteor. 1972,11 (9), 1001-1007.
[36] William T.Cronenwett, Gene B.Walker and Rex L.Inman.Acoustic Sounding of Meteorological Phenomena in Planetary Boundary Layer.J.Appl.Meteor. 1972,11(12),1351-1358
[37] 倪东鸿,马奋华,王小曼。大气科学类论文的撰写、投稿和修改,南京气象学院学报,2004,27(5).
[38] Andree Tuzet and John D.wilson. Wind and Turbulence in a Sparse but Regular Plant Canopy.J.Appl.Meteor.2002,41 (5).573-587.
[39] Uri Dayan,Batia Lifshitz an Karel Pick. Spatial and Structural Variation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer during Summer in Israel—Profiler and Rawinisonde Measurements.J.Appl.Meteor.2002,41 (4),447-457.
[40] Roger C.Whiton and Paul L.Smith. History of Operational Use of Weather Radar by U.S. Weather Services.Part Ⅰ: The Pre-NEXRAD Era. Weather and Forecating.1998,13,219-243.
[41] Roger C.Whiton and Paul L.Smith. History of Operational Use of Weather Radar by U.S. Weather Services. Part Ⅱ: Development of Operational Doppler Weather Radars. Weather and Forecating. 1998,13,244-252.
[42] Nathanson,F.E., 1969,Radar Design Principle, Mc Graw Hill Book Co..
[43] 王松,Visual C++6.0程序设计与开发指南,北京:高等教育出版社,1999年10月.
[44] 张培昌,杜秉玉,戴铁丕,雷达气象学,北京:气象出版社,2001年1月.
[45] 张志涌,精通Matlab 6.5版,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003年3月.
[46] 王育坚,Visual C++面向对象编程教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2003年9月.
[47] 总参气象局,多普勒天气雷达资料分析与应用,北京:解放军出版社,2000年1月.
[48] 侯俊杰,深入浅出MFC,华中科技大学出版社,武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001年1月.