低纬（海南）地区电离层变化和扰动特性研究
|
摘要
本文在观测数据分析的基础上研究了不同地磁活动和太阳活动条件下低纬电离层的变化和扰动特性，包括海南电离层各分层的参数变化和扰动特性，电离层漂移的变化特性，并与低纬度地区其他台站进行了对比分析，还对暴时东亚地区高中纬度地区台站的观测资料进行了分析，研究了电离层扰动从高纬到低纬的响应过程。特别是采用扣除中性风的方法，研究了海南地区电场的变化特性，并对海南地区的漂移变化因素进行了分析。
本文较为系统地给出了海南地区电离层的参数变化特征，特别是得到了一些暴时与以往不同的季节特性；第一次给出了海南地区的电离层等离子体漂移特征，发现等离子体漂移暴时扰动在三个方向上有内在的联系，得到了电场变化曲线；研究结果还表明海南电离层的半厚指数和形状参数等与国际参考电离层IRI-2001存在很大差别；通过对强磁扰动事件期间的参数变化特性分析发现，在磁暴恢复相期间海南地区电离层底部存在一个电子密度非常大的高密度区，高密度区底部电子密度梯度随高度急剧增加，该区域的水平尺度可达100公里以上时间尺度约为2小时，连续出现过三次，这是一个在海南从来未发现的新现象；研究还发现了暴时东亚地区电离层扰动会出现高低纬负相而中纬正相的现象。
上述新结果对于认识低纬电离层特性具有重要的科学意义，对于电离层预报模型的建立也有重要的应用价值。
Characteristics of variation and disturbances in low-latitude ionosphere were investigated based on the data observed in Hainan under different magnetic activities and solar activities including variations and disturbances of parameters in different ionospheric layers, behaviors of plasma drift and a comparison with other low-latitude ionospheric station. The disturbance propagations from high to low latitude region during magnetic storm time are also investigated with analyzing the data obtained from the East-Asian high-middle latitude stations. Especially, the ionospheric electric field in Hainan was studied according to the ionospheric plasma drift velocity by removing the neutral wind effect. Several influence factors to result plasma drift in Hainan were analyzed.
In this paper the characteristics of ionospheric parameters variation were analyzed systematically and some new results in storm-time such as seasonal behaviors were obtained; it is the first time to investigate the ionospheric drift behavior in Hainan and some new results was obtained, the relationships between each two plasma drift velocity components in storm time in Hainan were found and the electric filed variation in Hainan ionosphere also was obtained; the results also show that there are big differences of the ionosphere parameters BO and Bl obtained from the data with that obtained from the IRI-2001 applied for Hainan; a new phenomena was found during a strong magnetic storm, that a layer with very strong electron density and density grad was found during the recovery phase of the storm, its horizontal scale is beyond 100km and temporal scale is about 2 hours, this phenomena repeated 3 times continuously. A type of negative disturbance in high and low latitude but positive disturbance in East-Asia also has been found.
The results mentioned above are important for studying the characteristics of low latitude ionosphere and are significant to develop an ionospheric prediction model.
本文较为系统地给出了海南地区电离层的参数变化特征，特别是得到了一些暴时与以往不同的季节特性；第一次给出了海南地区的电离层等离子体漂移特征，发现等离子体漂移暴时扰动在三个方向上有内在的联系，得到了电场变化曲线；研究结果还表明海南电离层的半厚指数和形状参数等与国际参考电离层IRI-2001存在很大差别；通过对强磁扰动事件期间的参数变化特性分析发现，在磁暴恢复相期间海南地区电离层底部存在一个电子密度非常大的高密度区，高密度区底部电子密度梯度随高度急剧增加，该区域的水平尺度可达100公里以上时间尺度约为2小时，连续出现过三次，这是一个在海南从来未发现的新现象；研究还发现了暴时东亚地区电离层扰动会出现高低纬负相而中纬正相的现象。
上述新结果对于认识低纬电离层特性具有重要的科学意义，对于电离层预报模型的建立也有重要的应用价值。
Characteristics of variation and disturbances in low-latitude ionosphere were investigated based on the data observed in Hainan under different magnetic activities and solar activities including variations and disturbances of parameters in different ionospheric layers, behaviors of plasma drift and a comparison with other low-latitude ionospheric station. The disturbance propagations from high to low latitude region during magnetic storm time are also investigated with analyzing the data obtained from the East-Asian high-middle latitude stations. Especially, the ionospheric electric field in Hainan was studied according to the ionospheric plasma drift velocity by removing the neutral wind effect. Several influence factors to result plasma drift in Hainan were analyzed.
In this paper the characteristics of ionospheric parameters variation were analyzed systematically and some new results in storm-time such as seasonal behaviors were obtained; it is the first time to investigate the ionospheric drift behavior in Hainan and some new results was obtained, the relationships between each two plasma drift velocity components in storm time in Hainan were found and the electric filed variation in Hainan ionosphere also was obtained; the results also show that there are big differences of the ionosphere parameters BO and Bl obtained from the data with that obtained from the IRI-2001 applied for Hainan; a new phenomena was found during a strong magnetic storm, that a layer with very strong electron density and density grad was found during the recovery phase of the storm, its horizontal scale is beyond 100km and temporal scale is about 2 hours, this phenomena repeated 3 times continuously. A type of negative disturbance in high and low latitude but positive disturbance in East-Asia also has been found.
The results mentioned above are important for studying the characteristics of low latitude ionosphere and are significant to develop an ionospheric prediction model.
引文
陈培仁 赤道电离层泡与大气准两年振荡球物理学报．1994,37(A02)．-9-14
陈培仁 赤道异常的经度效应 地球物理学报．1991，34(2)．-147-153
陈培仁 赤道异常峰区电离层的某些特点空间科学学报．1990,10(3)．-221-229
方成，蓬勃发展的空间天气学，第四纪研究，22(6)，497-499，2002
蒋和荣 杨美华 电离层暴的全球形态 电波科学学报．1993，8(1)．-50-56
刘瑞源 朱源泉 南极中山站电离层漂移特性及其对行星际磁场的响应 地球物理学报．1999，42(1)．-30-40
罗发根 海口电离层变化特征 电波科学学报．1995,10(4)．-90-93
马瑞平、徐寄遥等，F2层对地磁扰动的响应，空间科学学报，p118-126，vol．23 No．2，Mar 2003
宁百齐，吴振华，李钧，电离层信道的时变特性对短波授时的影响，电波科学学报，Vol．9，No．2，78-84，1994
宁百齐，李钧，电离层不规则结构的多普勒谱特性，空间科学学报，Vol．16，No．1，44-50，1996
沈长寿 磁暴期内中低纬电离层扰动实例分析 电波科学学报．1998,13(1)．p69-93
沈长寿 资民筠 中纬电离层 fOF2的暴时变化 地球物理学报．1999，42(2)．-154-162
沈长寿 肖佐IRI-90及其与中国电离层资料foF2的比较空间科学学报．1993，13(4)．-316-321
尚社平 郭兼善等，不同地磁扰动事件期间全球电离层的扰动形态分析，地球物理学报2003，46(1)．p11-17
谭辉 谭子勋 东亚地区电离层ES出现率峰值的时空演变 空间科学学报．1998，18(2)．-186-189
涂剑南 保宗悌 一个低纬电离层理论模式 空间科学学报．1997，17(3)．-212-219
熊年禄等，电离层物理概论．武汉 武汉大学出版社，1999
余涛等，中低纬电离层电场理论模式，中国科学(A)vol．32，8，688-695，2002
袁志刚，宁百齐，高频多普勒和到达角实时探测与分析，电波科学学报，Vol．16，No．4，2001
张奇伟 郭兼善， 不同类型磁暴和中低纬电离层暴的关系地球物理学报．1995,38(5)．-581-589
张奇伟 郭兼善 磁暴期间中低纬电离层暴形态和物理机制分析空间科学学报．1993,13(4)．-262-270
张顺荣，黄信榆 电离层等离子体漂移的振荡 地球物理学报．1994,37(1)．-10-16
张天华 肖佐Spread-F的经度效应北京大学学报：自然科学版．2001,37(3)．-348-352
资民筠 沈长寿 磁层-电离层电动耦合的中纬电离层效应 地球物理学报．1992,35(1)．-17-24
Abur-Robb, M. E K., and D. W. Windle, On the day and night reversal in NmF2 north-south asymmetry, Planet. Space Sci.,19, 97-106, 1969.
Appleton, E. V., Two anomalies in the ionosphere, Nature, 157, 691, 1946.
Bailey, D. K., The geomagnetic nature of the F2 layer longitude effect, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elect., 53, 35-39, 1948.
Balsley, B. B., E-region dynamics, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1087-1096, 1977.
Barbier, D., Interpretation de la luminescence nocturne de la raierouge d'oxygene, Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sciences Paris, 244, 2077-2080, 1957.
Becker, W., The temperature of the F region deduced from electron number density profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 72,
2001-2006, 1967.
Bramley, E. N., and M. Peart, Diffusion and electromagnetic drift in the equatorial F2-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 27, 1201-1211, 1965.
Bramley, E. N., and M. Young, Winds and electromagnetic drifts in the equatorial F2-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 30, 99-111, 1968. Chan, H. F., and'(20. Walker, Computer simulation of the ionospheric equatorial anomaly in East Asia for equinoctial, solar minimum conditions. Part I Formulation of model, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 1103-1112, 1984a.
Chart, H. F., and G. O. Walker, Computer simulation of the ionospheric equatorial anomaly in East Asia for equinoctial, solar minimum conditions. Part Ⅱ - Results and discussion of wind effects, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 1113-1120, 1984b.
Chin, Y. T., An improved phenomenological model of ionospheric density, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 37, 1563-1570, 1975.
Croom, S. A., A. R. Robbins, and J. O. Thomas, Tables of ionospheric electron density, Watheroo, Maui, Huancayo, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, 1959.
D.Bilitza, INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE 2000:EXAMPLES OF IMPROVEMENTS AND NEW FEATURES, Adv. Space Res. 31(3), 757-767, 2003
Duncan, R. A., The equatoriall F-region of the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 18, 89-100, 1960.
Dunford, E., The relationship between the ionospheric equatorial anomaly and the E-region current system, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 29, 1489-1498, 1967.
Egedal, J., Daily variation of the horizontal magnetic force at the geomagnetic equator, Nature, 161, 443-444, 1948.
Fagnndes, P. R., Y. Sahai, J. A. Bittencourt, and H. Takahashi, Plasma drifts inferred from thermospheric neutral winds and temperature gradients observed at low latitudes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 1219-1228, 1996.
Farley, D. T., Early incoherent scatter observations at Jicamarca, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 665-675, 1991.
Fejer, B. G., The equatorial ionospheric electric fields. A review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 377-386, 1981.
Fejer, B. G., Low latitude electrodynamic plasma drifts: a review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 677-695, 1991.
Fejer, B. G., The electrodynamics of the low latitude ionosphere: recent results and future challenges, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 1465-1482, 1997.
Ferraro, V. C. A., Diffusion in the ionosphere, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elect., 50, 215-222, 1945.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., The "thermospheric spoon": a mechanism for the semiannual density variation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3951-3956, 1998.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., and D. S. Evans, Height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivity patterns inferred from the TIROS-NOAA satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 7606-7618, 1987.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., M. V. Codrescu, R. J. Moffett, and S. Quegan, Response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3893-3914, 1994.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., M. V. Codrescu, B. G. Fejer, W. Boror, E Marcos, and D. N. Anderson, Dynamics of the low-latitude thermosphere: quiet and disturbed conditions, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 1533-1540, 1997.
Hanson, W. B., and R. J. Moffett, Ionization transport effects in the equatorial F region, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5559-5572, 1966.
Heelis, R. A., P. C. Kendall, R. J. Moffett, D. W. Windle, and H. Rishbeth, Electrical coupling of the E- and Fregions and its effect on F-region drifts and winds, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 743-756, 1974.
Hedin, A. E., and H. G. Mayr, Magnetic control of the near equatorial neutral thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 1688-1691, 1973.
Herrero, F. A., H. G. Mayr, N. W. Spencer, A. E. Hedin, B. G. Fejer, Interaction of zonal winds with the equatorial
midnight pressure bulge in the Earth's thermosphere: empirical check of momentum balance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 491-494, 1985.
J. R. Sousa, G. J. Baileg, M. A. Abdu, and I. S. Batista, Comparison of low latitude F region peak densities, heights and equatorial E×B drift from IRI with observational data and the Sheffield University plasmasphere ionosphere model, Adv. Space Res. 31 (3). 501-505, 2003
Kelley, M. C. The Earth's ionosphere: Plasma physics and electrodynamics. International Geophysics Series, vol 43. San Diego, Ca: Academic Press, 1989
Kelley, M. C., and D. L. Hysell, Equatorial spread-F and neutral atmospheric turbulence: a review and comparative anatomy, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 695-708, 1991.
Kelley, M. C., B. G. Fejer, and C. A. Gonzales, An explanation for anomalous equatorial ionospheric electric fields associated with a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 301-304, 1979.
Kendall, P. C., Geomagnetic control of diffusion in the F2 region of the ionosphere. I. The form of the diffusion operator, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 24, 805-811, 1962.
Kendall, P. C., and W. M. Picketing, Magnetoplasma diffusion at F2-region altitudes, Planet. Space Sci., 15, 825-833, 1977.
King-Hele, D. G., The rotational speed of the upper atmosphere, determined from changes in satellite orbits, Planet. Space Sci., 12, 835-853, 1964.
King-Hele, D. G., and D. M. C. Walker, Upper-atmosphere zonal winds from satellite orbit analysis: an update, Planet. Space Sci., 36, 1085-1093, 1988.
Kohl, H., and J. W. King, Atmospheric winds between 100 and 700 km and their effects on the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 29, 1045-1062, 1967.
Kohl, H., J. W. King, and D. Eccles, An explanation of the magnetic declination effect in the ionospheric F2-layer, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 31, 1011-1016, 1969.
Lyon, A. J., and L. Thomas, The F2-region equatorial anomaly in the African, American and East Asian sectors during sunspot minimum, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 25, 373-386, 1963.
McNish, A. G., Institute of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, Bulletin 10, 271-280, 1937.
McNish, A. G., and T. N. Gautier, Theory of lunar effects and midday decrease in F2 ion-density at Huancayo, Peru, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elect., 54, 303-304, 1949.
Martyn, D. F., Atmospheric tides in the ionosphere. I. Solar tides in the F2 region, Proc. R. Soc. London, A189, 241-260, 1947.
Meriwether, J. W., M. A. Biondi, and D. N. Anderson, Equatorial airglow depletions induced by thermospheric winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 487-490, 1985.
Meriwether, J. W., M. A. Biondi, F. A. Herrero, C. G. Fesen, and D. C. Hallenback, Optical interferometric studies of the night-time equatorial thermosphere: enhanced temperatures and zonal wind gradients, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20 041-20 058, 1997.
Mitra, S. K., Geomagnetic control of region F2 of the ionosphere, Nature, 158, 668-669, 1946.
Moffett, R. J., The equatorial anomaly in the electron distribution of the terrestrial F-region, Fund. Cosmic Phys., 4, 313-391, 1979.
Namba, S., and K.-I. Maeda, Radio wave propagation, Corona Publishing, Tokyo, p. 86, 1939.
Raghavarao, R., J. N. Desai, B. G. Anandarao, R. Narayanan, R. Sekar, and R. Gupta, Evidence for a large scale electric field gradient at the onset of equatorial spread-F, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 355-362, 1984.
Baghavarao, R., L. E. Wharton, N. W. Spencer, H. G. Mayr, and L. H. Brace, An equatorial temperature and wind anomaly (ETWA), Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1193-1196, 1991.
Raghavarao, R., W. R. Hoegy, N. W. Spencer, and L. E. Wharton, Neutral temperature anomaly in the equatorial thermosphere - a source of vertical winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1027-1030, 1993.
Raghavarao, R., R. Suhasini, W. R. Hoegy, H. G. Mayr, and L. Wharton, Local time variation of equatorial temperature and zonal wind anomaly (ETWA), J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 60, 631-642, 1998.
Rajaram, G., Structure of the equatorial F-region, topside and bottomside - a review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1125-1144, 1977.
Rajaram, G., and R. G. Rastogi, Low-latitude F-region anomalies and the equatorial electric field, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 3, 323-331, 1974.
Rajaram, G., and P. R. Pisharoty, The Earth's magnetic field, Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, Chapter 7, 1998.
Rastogi, R. G., H. Chandra, R. P. Sharma, and G. Rajaram, Ground-based measurements of ionospheric phenomena associated with the equatorial electrojet, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 1,119-135, 1972.
Ratcli.e, J. A., The formation of the ionospheric layers F-1 and F-2, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 8, 260-269, 1956.
Richmond, A. D., Modeling equatorial ionospheric electric fields, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57, 1103-1115, 1995.
Richmond, A. D., E. C. Ridley, and R. G. Roble, A thermosphere/ionosphere general circulation model with coupled electrody-namics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 601-604, 1992.
Richmond, A. D., M. Blanc, B. A. Emery, R. H. Wand, B. G. Fejer, R. F. Woodman, S. Ganguly, P. Amayenc, R. A. Behnke, C. Calderon, and J. V. Evans, An empirical model of quiet-day ionospheric electric fields at middle and low latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 4658-4664, 1980.
Rishbeth, H., Dynamics of the equatorial F-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1159-1168, 1977.
Rishbeth, H., Ion-drag effects in the thermosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 885-894, 1979.
Rishbeth, H., A. J. Lyon, and M. Peart, Diffusion in the equatorial F-layer, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 2559-2569, 1963.
Rishbeth, H., I. C. F. Muller-Wodarg, L. Zou, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, G. H. Millward, R. J. Moffett, D. W. Idenden, and A.D. Aylward, Annual and semiannual variations in the ionospheric F2-layer: Ⅱ. Physical discussion, Ann. Geophysicae, (in press), 2000.
Ruster, R., and J. R. Dudeney, The importance of the non-linear term in the equation of motion of the neutral atmosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 34, 1075-1083, 1972.
Scali, J.L., Reinisch, B.W., Heinselman, C.J., and Bullett, T., Coordinated digisonde and incoherent scatter radar F region drift measurements at Sondre Stromfjord, Radio Sci., Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 1481-1498, 1995
Shimazaki, T., World-wide variations in the height of maximum electron density of the ionospheric F2-layer, J. Radio. Res. Labs, 2(7), 85-97, 1955.
Spencer, N. W., G. R. Carignan, H. G. Mayr, H. B. Niemann, R. F. Theis, and L. E. Wharton, The midnight temperature maximum in the earth's equatorial thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 444-446, 1979.
Stealing, D. L., W. B. Hanson, R. J. Moffett, and R. G. Baxter, Influence of electromagnetic drifts and neutral air winds on some features of the F2 region, Radio Sci., 4, 1005-1023, 1969.
Sterling, D. L., W. B. Hanson, and R. F. Woodman, Synthesis of data obtained at Jicamarca, Peru, during the September 11, 1969, eclipse, Radio Sci., 7, 279-289, 1972.
Tinsley, B. A., Neutral atom precipitation - a review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 617-632, 1981.
Thomas, L., The F2-region equatorial anomaly during solstice periods at sunspot maximum, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 30, 1631-1640, 1968.
Van Zandt T. E., R. B. Norton, and G. H. Stonehocker, Photo-chemical rates in the equatorial F2 region from the 1958 eclipse, J. Geophys. Res., 65, 2003-2009, 1960.
Van Zandt, T. E., W. L. Clark, and J. M. Warnock, Magnetic apex coordinates: a magnetic coordinate system for
the ionospheric F2 layer, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 2406-2411, 1972.
Wharton, L. E., N. W. Spencer, and H. G. Mayr, The Earth's thermospheric superrotation from Dynamics Explorer 2, Geophys. Reso Lett., 11, 531-533, 1984.
Woodman R. F., Vertical drifts and east-west electric fields at the magnetic equator, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 6249-6259, 1970.
Yonezawa, T., On the seasonal, non-seasonal and semi-annual variations in the peak electron density of the F2-layer at noon in the equatorial zone, J. Radio Res. Labs., 14, 1-25, 1967.
Yonezawa T., Semi-annual variation in the true height of the F2-peak in low latitudes (at Puerto Rico), J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 35, 1181-1186, 1973.
陈培仁 赤道异常的经度效应 地球物理学报．1991，34(2)．-147-153
陈培仁 赤道异常峰区电离层的某些特点空间科学学报．1990,10(3)．-221-229
方成，蓬勃发展的空间天气学，第四纪研究，22(6)，497-499，2002
蒋和荣 杨美华 电离层暴的全球形态 电波科学学报．1993，8(1)．-50-56
刘瑞源 朱源泉 南极中山站电离层漂移特性及其对行星际磁场的响应 地球物理学报．1999，42(1)．-30-40
罗发根 海口电离层变化特征 电波科学学报．1995,10(4)．-90-93
马瑞平、徐寄遥等，F2层对地磁扰动的响应，空间科学学报，p118-126，vol．23 No．2，Mar 2003
宁百齐，吴振华，李钧，电离层信道的时变特性对短波授时的影响，电波科学学报，Vol．9，No．2，78-84，1994
宁百齐，李钧，电离层不规则结构的多普勒谱特性，空间科学学报，Vol．16，No．1，44-50，1996
沈长寿 磁暴期内中低纬电离层扰动实例分析 电波科学学报．1998,13(1)．p69-93
沈长寿 资民筠 中纬电离层 fOF2的暴时变化 地球物理学报．1999，42(2)．-154-162
沈长寿 肖佐IRI-90及其与中国电离层资料foF2的比较空间科学学报．1993，13(4)．-316-321
尚社平 郭兼善等，不同地磁扰动事件期间全球电离层的扰动形态分析，地球物理学报2003，46(1)．p11-17
谭辉 谭子勋 东亚地区电离层ES出现率峰值的时空演变 空间科学学报．1998，18(2)．-186-189
涂剑南 保宗悌 一个低纬电离层理论模式 空间科学学报．1997，17(3)．-212-219
熊年禄等，电离层物理概论．武汉 武汉大学出版社，1999
余涛等，中低纬电离层电场理论模式，中国科学(A)vol．32，8，688-695，2002
袁志刚，宁百齐，高频多普勒和到达角实时探测与分析，电波科学学报，Vol．16，No．4，2001
张奇伟 郭兼善， 不同类型磁暴和中低纬电离层暴的关系地球物理学报．1995,38(5)．-581-589
张奇伟 郭兼善 磁暴期间中低纬电离层暴形态和物理机制分析空间科学学报．1993,13(4)．-262-270
张顺荣，黄信榆 电离层等离子体漂移的振荡 地球物理学报．1994,37(1)．-10-16
张天华 肖佐Spread-F的经度效应北京大学学报：自然科学版．2001,37(3)．-348-352
资民筠 沈长寿 磁层-电离层电动耦合的中纬电离层效应 地球物理学报．1992,35(1)．-17-24
Abur-Robb, M. E K., and D. W. Windle, On the day and night reversal in NmF2 north-south asymmetry, Planet. Space Sci.,19, 97-106, 1969.
Appleton, E. V., Two anomalies in the ionosphere, Nature, 157, 691, 1946.
Bailey, D. K., The geomagnetic nature of the F2 layer longitude effect, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elect., 53, 35-39, 1948.
Balsley, B. B., E-region dynamics, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1087-1096, 1977.
Barbier, D., Interpretation de la luminescence nocturne de la raierouge d'oxygene, Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sciences Paris, 244, 2077-2080, 1957.
Becker, W., The temperature of the F region deduced from electron number density profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 72,
2001-2006, 1967.
Bramley, E. N., and M. Peart, Diffusion and electromagnetic drift in the equatorial F2-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 27, 1201-1211, 1965.
Bramley, E. N., and M. Young, Winds and electromagnetic drifts in the equatorial F2-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 30, 99-111, 1968. Chan, H. F., and'(20. Walker, Computer simulation of the ionospheric equatorial anomaly in East Asia for equinoctial, solar minimum conditions. Part I Formulation of model, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 1103-1112, 1984a.
Chart, H. F., and G. O. Walker, Computer simulation of the ionospheric equatorial anomaly in East Asia for equinoctial, solar minimum conditions. Part Ⅱ - Results and discussion of wind effects, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 1113-1120, 1984b.
Chin, Y. T., An improved phenomenological model of ionospheric density, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 37, 1563-1570, 1975.
Croom, S. A., A. R. Robbins, and J. O. Thomas, Tables of ionospheric electron density, Watheroo, Maui, Huancayo, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, 1959.
D.Bilitza, INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE 2000:EXAMPLES OF IMPROVEMENTS AND NEW FEATURES, Adv. Space Res. 31(3), 757-767, 2003
Duncan, R. A., The equatoriall F-region of the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 18, 89-100, 1960.
Dunford, E., The relationship between the ionospheric equatorial anomaly and the E-region current system, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 29, 1489-1498, 1967.
Egedal, J., Daily variation of the horizontal magnetic force at the geomagnetic equator, Nature, 161, 443-444, 1948.
Fagnndes, P. R., Y. Sahai, J. A. Bittencourt, and H. Takahashi, Plasma drifts inferred from thermospheric neutral winds and temperature gradients observed at low latitudes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 1219-1228, 1996.
Farley, D. T., Early incoherent scatter observations at Jicamarca, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 665-675, 1991.
Fejer, B. G., The equatorial ionospheric electric fields. A review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 377-386, 1981.
Fejer, B. G., Low latitude electrodynamic plasma drifts: a review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 677-695, 1991.
Fejer, B. G., The electrodynamics of the low latitude ionosphere: recent results and future challenges, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 1465-1482, 1997.
Ferraro, V. C. A., Diffusion in the ionosphere, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elect., 50, 215-222, 1945.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., The "thermospheric spoon": a mechanism for the semiannual density variation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3951-3956, 1998.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., and D. S. Evans, Height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivity patterns inferred from the TIROS-NOAA satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 7606-7618, 1987.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., M. V. Codrescu, R. J. Moffett, and S. Quegan, Response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3893-3914, 1994.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., M. V. Codrescu, B. G. Fejer, W. Boror, E Marcos, and D. N. Anderson, Dynamics of the low-latitude thermosphere: quiet and disturbed conditions, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 1533-1540, 1997.
Hanson, W. B., and R. J. Moffett, Ionization transport effects in the equatorial F region, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5559-5572, 1966.
Heelis, R. A., P. C. Kendall, R. J. Moffett, D. W. Windle, and H. Rishbeth, Electrical coupling of the E- and Fregions and its effect on F-region drifts and winds, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 743-756, 1974.
Hedin, A. E., and H. G. Mayr, Magnetic control of the near equatorial neutral thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 1688-1691, 1973.
Herrero, F. A., H. G. Mayr, N. W. Spencer, A. E. Hedin, B. G. Fejer, Interaction of zonal winds with the equatorial
midnight pressure bulge in the Earth's thermosphere: empirical check of momentum balance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 491-494, 1985.
J. R. Sousa, G. J. Baileg, M. A. Abdu, and I. S. Batista, Comparison of low latitude F region peak densities, heights and equatorial E×B drift from IRI with observational data and the Sheffield University plasmasphere ionosphere model, Adv. Space Res. 31 (3). 501-505, 2003
Kelley, M. C. The Earth's ionosphere: Plasma physics and electrodynamics. International Geophysics Series, vol 43. San Diego, Ca: Academic Press, 1989
Kelley, M. C., and D. L. Hysell, Equatorial spread-F and neutral atmospheric turbulence: a review and comparative anatomy, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 695-708, 1991.
Kelley, M. C., B. G. Fejer, and C. A. Gonzales, An explanation for anomalous equatorial ionospheric electric fields associated with a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 301-304, 1979.
Kendall, P. C., Geomagnetic control of diffusion in the F2 region of the ionosphere. I. The form of the diffusion operator, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 24, 805-811, 1962.
Kendall, P. C., and W. M. Picketing, Magnetoplasma diffusion at F2-region altitudes, Planet. Space Sci., 15, 825-833, 1977.
King-Hele, D. G., The rotational speed of the upper atmosphere, determined from changes in satellite orbits, Planet. Space Sci., 12, 835-853, 1964.
King-Hele, D. G., and D. M. C. Walker, Upper-atmosphere zonal winds from satellite orbit analysis: an update, Planet. Space Sci., 36, 1085-1093, 1988.
Kohl, H., and J. W. King, Atmospheric winds between 100 and 700 km and their effects on the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 29, 1045-1062, 1967.
Kohl, H., J. W. King, and D. Eccles, An explanation of the magnetic declination effect in the ionospheric F2-layer, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 31, 1011-1016, 1969.
Lyon, A. J., and L. Thomas, The F2-region equatorial anomaly in the African, American and East Asian sectors during sunspot minimum, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 25, 373-386, 1963.
McNish, A. G., Institute of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, Bulletin 10, 271-280, 1937.
McNish, A. G., and T. N. Gautier, Theory of lunar effects and midday decrease in F2 ion-density at Huancayo, Peru, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elect., 54, 303-304, 1949.
Martyn, D. F., Atmospheric tides in the ionosphere. I. Solar tides in the F2 region, Proc. R. Soc. London, A189, 241-260, 1947.
Meriwether, J. W., M. A. Biondi, and D. N. Anderson, Equatorial airglow depletions induced by thermospheric winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 487-490, 1985.
Meriwether, J. W., M. A. Biondi, F. A. Herrero, C. G. Fesen, and D. C. Hallenback, Optical interferometric studies of the night-time equatorial thermosphere: enhanced temperatures and zonal wind gradients, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20 041-20 058, 1997.
Mitra, S. K., Geomagnetic control of region F2 of the ionosphere, Nature, 158, 668-669, 1946.
Moffett, R. J., The equatorial anomaly in the electron distribution of the terrestrial F-region, Fund. Cosmic Phys., 4, 313-391, 1979.
Namba, S., and K.-I. Maeda, Radio wave propagation, Corona Publishing, Tokyo, p. 86, 1939.
Raghavarao, R., J. N. Desai, B. G. Anandarao, R. Narayanan, R. Sekar, and R. Gupta, Evidence for a large scale electric field gradient at the onset of equatorial spread-F, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 355-362, 1984.
Baghavarao, R., L. E. Wharton, N. W. Spencer, H. G. Mayr, and L. H. Brace, An equatorial temperature and wind anomaly (ETWA), Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1193-1196, 1991.
Raghavarao, R., W. R. Hoegy, N. W. Spencer, and L. E. Wharton, Neutral temperature anomaly in the equatorial thermosphere - a source of vertical winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1027-1030, 1993.
Raghavarao, R., R. Suhasini, W. R. Hoegy, H. G. Mayr, and L. Wharton, Local time variation of equatorial temperature and zonal wind anomaly (ETWA), J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 60, 631-642, 1998.
Rajaram, G., Structure of the equatorial F-region, topside and bottomside - a review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1125-1144, 1977.
Rajaram, G., and R. G. Rastogi, Low-latitude F-region anomalies and the equatorial electric field, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 3, 323-331, 1974.
Rajaram, G., and P. R. Pisharoty, The Earth's magnetic field, Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, Chapter 7, 1998.
Rastogi, R. G., H. Chandra, R. P. Sharma, and G. Rajaram, Ground-based measurements of ionospheric phenomena associated with the equatorial electrojet, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 1,119-135, 1972.
Ratcli.e, J. A., The formation of the ionospheric layers F-1 and F-2, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 8, 260-269, 1956.
Richmond, A. D., Modeling equatorial ionospheric electric fields, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57, 1103-1115, 1995.
Richmond, A. D., E. C. Ridley, and R. G. Roble, A thermosphere/ionosphere general circulation model with coupled electrody-namics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 601-604, 1992.
Richmond, A. D., M. Blanc, B. A. Emery, R. H. Wand, B. G. Fejer, R. F. Woodman, S. Ganguly, P. Amayenc, R. A. Behnke, C. Calderon, and J. V. Evans, An empirical model of quiet-day ionospheric electric fields at middle and low latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 4658-4664, 1980.
Rishbeth, H., Dynamics of the equatorial F-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1159-1168, 1977.
Rishbeth, H., Ion-drag effects in the thermosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 885-894, 1979.
Rishbeth, H., A. J. Lyon, and M. Peart, Diffusion in the equatorial F-layer, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 2559-2569, 1963.
Rishbeth, H., I. C. F. Muller-Wodarg, L. Zou, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, G. H. Millward, R. J. Moffett, D. W. Idenden, and A.D. Aylward, Annual and semiannual variations in the ionospheric F2-layer: Ⅱ. Physical discussion, Ann. Geophysicae, (in press), 2000.
Ruster, R., and J. R. Dudeney, The importance of the non-linear term in the equation of motion of the neutral atmosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 34, 1075-1083, 1972.
Scali, J.L., Reinisch, B.W., Heinselman, C.J., and Bullett, T., Coordinated digisonde and incoherent scatter radar F region drift measurements at Sondre Stromfjord, Radio Sci., Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 1481-1498, 1995
Shimazaki, T., World-wide variations in the height of maximum electron density of the ionospheric F2-layer, J. Radio. Res. Labs, 2(7), 85-97, 1955.
Spencer, N. W., G. R. Carignan, H. G. Mayr, H. B. Niemann, R. F. Theis, and L. E. Wharton, The midnight temperature maximum in the earth's equatorial thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 444-446, 1979.
Stealing, D. L., W. B. Hanson, R. J. Moffett, and R. G. Baxter, Influence of electromagnetic drifts and neutral air winds on some features of the F2 region, Radio Sci., 4, 1005-1023, 1969.
Sterling, D. L., W. B. Hanson, and R. F. Woodman, Synthesis of data obtained at Jicamarca, Peru, during the September 11, 1969, eclipse, Radio Sci., 7, 279-289, 1972.
Tinsley, B. A., Neutral atom precipitation - a review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 617-632, 1981.
Thomas, L., The F2-region equatorial anomaly during solstice periods at sunspot maximum, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 30, 1631-1640, 1968.
Van Zandt T. E., R. B. Norton, and G. H. Stonehocker, Photo-chemical rates in the equatorial F2 region from the 1958 eclipse, J. Geophys. Res., 65, 2003-2009, 1960.
Van Zandt, T. E., W. L. Clark, and J. M. Warnock, Magnetic apex coordinates: a magnetic coordinate system for
the ionospheric F2 layer, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 2406-2411, 1972.
Wharton, L. E., N. W. Spencer, and H. G. Mayr, The Earth's thermospheric superrotation from Dynamics Explorer 2, Geophys. Reso Lett., 11, 531-533, 1984.
Woodman R. F., Vertical drifts and east-west electric fields at the magnetic equator, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 6249-6259, 1970.
Yonezawa, T., On the seasonal, non-seasonal and semi-annual variations in the peak electron density of the F2-layer at noon in the equatorial zone, J. Radio Res. Labs., 14, 1-25, 1967.
Yonezawa T., Semi-annual variation in the true height of the F2-peak in low latitudes (at Puerto Rico), J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 35, 1181-1186, 1973.