电磁脉冲生物效应的剂量研究及安全标准探讨
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摘要
电磁辐射可能导致各种健康效应已引起人们越来越多的关注。随着全球化贸易和世界范围内移动通讯的快速发展，需要对电磁场的辐射安全标准的进行协调统一。电磁脉冲辐射存在非热生物效应的证明不断地增加，对以往完全基于吸收能量获得的电磁辐射安全标准提出疑问。
实验研究了两种典型电磁脉冲对正常人肝细胞(L-02)及人真皮成纤维细胞增殖能力的影响，及对成纤维细胞膜流动性的影响，分析了电磁脉冲暴露产生的细胞生物效应与介质内部电场参数的关系。结合电磁脉冲细胞生物效应的实验结果和色散介质时域有限差分方法分析电磁脉冲(EMP)对三维人体模型作用的数值计算结果，阐明辐照剂量远低于现有的安全标准的脉冲电场暴露可以产生十分显著的生物效应。
引入比电冲量SEI的概念。通过对比吸收率SAR、比吸收能量SA、比电冲量SEI作为电磁脉冲细胞生物效应辐射剂量表征量的比较，阐明对于电磁脉冲而言，采用比电冲量SEI作为安全剂量标准量化指标可能更为合理。
最后，分析了简化细胞模型跨膜电位的基本特征，探讨了细胞跨膜电位的变化与脉冲电场在细胞内部产生的比电冲量SEI之间的关系。并对比电冲量SEI引起细胞跨膜电位的变化进行估算，结合脉冲电场细胞生物效应的实验结果，指出比电冲量SEI引起跨膜电位的变化可能是电磁脉冲生物效应的机理之一。
With growing concern being expressed that exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) may cause various health effects, the EMF Project has been established by many countries to determine if there were adverse health effects that could result which need to be addressed. Globalization of trade and the rapid increasing of mobile telecommunications worldwide have caused the WHO's (the World Health Organization) focus attention on the large differences existing in the EMF exposure standards performed by different institutions. The increasing evidence from the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) non-thermal bioeffects suggested that the safety assessment based on energy absorption is questionable.
The results from EMP non-thermal bioeffects experiments ( the EMP affect cell proliferation experiments and the EMP affect cell membrane fluidity experiments) and from the simulation of 3D human body model exposed to EMP with frequency-dependence time-domain finite-difference ((FD)2TD) method showed that the EMP bioeffects could be remarkable though the absorbed energy is far below the existing safety limit.
The Sepcific electric impulse (SEI) is introduced as a new expresser of EMP radiation dosimetry. Comparing with the Specific absorption (SA) and the Specific absorption rate (SAR), the SEI may be more reasonable for described the EMP bioeffects. The basal characters of the transmembrane voltage in a simplified cell model were studied and the change of the transmemebrane voltage when exposure to EMP were analyzed. It indicated that the SEI-caused-transmembrane voltage change may be one of the EMP bioeffects mechanisms.
实验研究了两种典型电磁脉冲对正常人肝细胞(L-02)及人真皮成纤维细胞增殖能力的影响，及对成纤维细胞膜流动性的影响，分析了电磁脉冲暴露产生的细胞生物效应与介质内部电场参数的关系。结合电磁脉冲细胞生物效应的实验结果和色散介质时域有限差分方法分析电磁脉冲(EMP)对三维人体模型作用的数值计算结果，阐明辐照剂量远低于现有的安全标准的脉冲电场暴露可以产生十分显著的生物效应。
引入比电冲量SEI的概念。通过对比吸收率SAR、比吸收能量SA、比电冲量SEI作为电磁脉冲细胞生物效应辐射剂量表征量的比较，阐明对于电磁脉冲而言，采用比电冲量SEI作为安全剂量标准量化指标可能更为合理。
最后，分析了简化细胞模型跨膜电位的基本特征，探讨了细胞跨膜电位的变化与脉冲电场在细胞内部产生的比电冲量SEI之间的关系。并对比电冲量SEI引起细胞跨膜电位的变化进行估算，结合脉冲电场细胞生物效应的实验结果，指出比电冲量SEI引起跨膜电位的变化可能是电磁脉冲生物效应的机理之一。
With growing concern being expressed that exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) may cause various health effects, the EMF Project has been established by many countries to determine if there were adverse health effects that could result which need to be addressed. Globalization of trade and the rapid increasing of mobile telecommunications worldwide have caused the WHO's (the World Health Organization) focus attention on the large differences existing in the EMF exposure standards performed by different institutions. The increasing evidence from the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) non-thermal bioeffects suggested that the safety assessment based on energy absorption is questionable.
The results from EMP non-thermal bioeffects experiments ( the EMP affect cell proliferation experiments and the EMP affect cell membrane fluidity experiments) and from the simulation of 3D human body model exposed to EMP with frequency-dependence time-domain finite-difference ((FD)2TD) method showed that the EMP bioeffects could be remarkable though the absorbed energy is far below the existing safety limit.
The Sepcific electric impulse (SEI) is introduced as a new expresser of EMP radiation dosimetry. Comparing with the Specific absorption (SA) and the Specific absorption rate (SAR), the SEI may be more reasonable for described the EMP bioeffects. The basal characters of the transmembrane voltage in a simplified cell model were studied and the change of the transmemebrane voltage when exposure to EMP were analyzed. It indicated that the SEI-caused-transmembrane voltage change may be one of the EMP bioeffects mechanisms.
引文
1. ICNIRP (1998) Guidelines on limits of exposure to time-vary electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300GHz). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.
2. IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3kHz to 300GHz, The Institute of Electronics Engineers, Inc.
3. The 25th Bioelectromagnetics Society Annual Meeting, Hawaii, 2003.
4．中国电磁辐射防护规定GB 8702-88．
5．第三届电磁辐射与健康国际研讨会论文集 中国桂林，2003．
6．高攸纲，刁庆安．电磁场环境对生态的危害及防护．基础医学与临床，2000，20：1-7．
7. Repacholi MH & Greenebaum B (1999): Interaction of static and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with living systems: Health effects and research needs. Bioelectromagnetics 20: 133-160.
8. E Litvak, KR Foster and MH Repacholi (2002) Health and safety implications of exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range 300 Hz to 10 MHz., Bioelectromagnetics 23(1) 68-82.
9. Thuroczy G, Kubinyi, et al. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Reviews on Environmental health, 1994, 10: 135-148.
10. Teng, H Yan, D Vanhoenacker, et al. Variations of pain threshold and norepinephrine release in rabbits due to microwave stimulation. In Proc. MTT Symp., Boston, 1991: 801-804.
11. G Salford, A Brun, et al. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by 915MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50 and 200 Hz. Microscopy Research Tech, 1994, 27: 535-542.
12. J Thuery. Microwaves: Industrial, Scientific and Medical Applications. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1992.
13．黄卡玛等．近年来弱电磁场(波)生物效应机理研究的进展．中国医学物理学杂志，2000，17：36-40，3．
14．王保义等，915MHz低强度微波辐射对红细胞膜特性的影响，中国医学物理学杂志，1996a，13：1-3．
15．王保义等，脉冲电磁场对细胞的特异性作用研究，生物医学工程学杂志，1996，13：133-135．
16．刘长军等，低强度快速电磁脉冲导致细胞电穿孔的研究，科学通报，1999，44：1157-1161．
17．刘长军等，脉冲电磁场对细胞模型特异性作用机理研究，生物医学工程学杂志，1998，15：294-297．
18．张弘等，低强度瞬态电磁脉冲对细胞膜的电穿孔效应及机理研究，生物医学工程学杂志，1999，16：467-470．
19．张弘等，鸡红细胞在弱的瞬态电磁脉冲作用下的电穿孔研究，微波学报，2000，16：92-95．
20．任东青等，电磁脉冲和电离辐射对人肠上皮细胞存活力影响的异同，第四军医大学学报，2000，21：289-291．
21．曹晓哲等，电磁脉冲诱导肺癌细胞株A549凋亡的研究，细胞与分子免疫学杂志，2002a，18：285-287．
22．曹晓哲等，高能电磁脉冲诱导肺癌细胞株GLC-82凋亡的研究，癌症，2002b，21：929-933．
23．赵梅兰等，电磁脉冲辐照大鼠海马区细胞凋亡与形态学变化，生物物理学报，2001a，17：741-746．
24．赵梅兰等，电磁脉冲辐照对海马神经元膜流动性的影响，中国医学物理学杂志，2001b，18：171-172．
25．邹方东等，瞬态电磁脉冲对细胞增殖的影响，四川大学学报，2000，37：748-752．
26．陈树德等，低频电磁场对细胞生物效应的研究，中华物理医学杂志，1998，20：78-80．
27．张红锋等，脉冲电场对真皮成纤维细胞生长和膜流动性的影响，细胞生物学杂志，1998，20：82-85．
28．李祥等，荧光光谱法研究低频脉冲电场对胰岛素分子的作用，2001，21：406-408．
29．林凡等，电磁脉冲生物效应的剂量研究，高功率微波技术，2003，11：8-15．
30．林凡等，电磁脉冲细胞生物效应剂量的实验研究和机理分析，高功率微波技术，2003，11：8-15
2. IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3kHz to 300GHz, The Institute of Electronics Engineers, Inc.
3. The 25th Bioelectromagnetics Society Annual Meeting, Hawaii, 2003.
4．中国电磁辐射防护规定GB 8702-88．
5．第三届电磁辐射与健康国际研讨会论文集 中国桂林，2003．
6．高攸纲，刁庆安．电磁场环境对生态的危害及防护．基础医学与临床，2000，20：1-7．
7. Repacholi MH & Greenebaum B (1999): Interaction of static and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with living systems: Health effects and research needs. Bioelectromagnetics 20: 133-160.
8. E Litvak, KR Foster and MH Repacholi (2002) Health and safety implications of exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range 300 Hz to 10 MHz., Bioelectromagnetics 23(1) 68-82.
9. Thuroczy G, Kubinyi, et al. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Reviews on Environmental health, 1994, 10: 135-148.
10. Teng, H Yan, D Vanhoenacker, et al. Variations of pain threshold and norepinephrine release in rabbits due to microwave stimulation. In Proc. MTT Symp., Boston, 1991: 801-804.
11. G Salford, A Brun, et al. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by 915MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50 and 200 Hz. Microscopy Research Tech, 1994, 27: 535-542.
12. J Thuery. Microwaves: Industrial, Scientific and Medical Applications. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1992.
13．黄卡玛等．近年来弱电磁场(波)生物效应机理研究的进展．中国医学物理学杂志，2000，17：36-40，3．
14．王保义等，915MHz低强度微波辐射对红细胞膜特性的影响，中国医学物理学杂志，1996a，13：1-3．
15．王保义等，脉冲电磁场对细胞的特异性作用研究，生物医学工程学杂志，1996，13：133-135．
16．刘长军等，低强度快速电磁脉冲导致细胞电穿孔的研究，科学通报，1999，44：1157-1161．
17．刘长军等，脉冲电磁场对细胞模型特异性作用机理研究，生物医学工程学杂志，1998，15：294-297．
18．张弘等，低强度瞬态电磁脉冲对细胞膜的电穿孔效应及机理研究，生物医学工程学杂志，1999，16：467-470．
19．张弘等，鸡红细胞在弱的瞬态电磁脉冲作用下的电穿孔研究，微波学报，2000，16：92-95．
20．任东青等，电磁脉冲和电离辐射对人肠上皮细胞存活力影响的异同，第四军医大学学报，2000，21：289-291．
21．曹晓哲等，电磁脉冲诱导肺癌细胞株A549凋亡的研究，细胞与分子免疫学杂志，2002a，18：285-287．
22．曹晓哲等，高能电磁脉冲诱导肺癌细胞株GLC-82凋亡的研究，癌症，2002b，21：929-933．
23．赵梅兰等，电磁脉冲辐照大鼠海马区细胞凋亡与形态学变化，生物物理学报，2001a，17：741-746．
24．赵梅兰等，电磁脉冲辐照对海马神经元膜流动性的影响，中国医学物理学杂志，2001b，18：171-172．
25．邹方东等，瞬态电磁脉冲对细胞增殖的影响，四川大学学报，2000，37：748-752．
26．陈树德等，低频电磁场对细胞生物效应的研究，中华物理医学杂志，1998，20：78-80．
27．张红锋等，脉冲电场对真皮成纤维细胞生长和膜流动性的影响，细胞生物学杂志，1998，20：82-85．
28．李祥等，荧光光谱法研究低频脉冲电场对胰岛素分子的作用，2001，21：406-408．
29．林凡等，电磁脉冲生物效应的剂量研究，高功率微波技术，2003，11：8-15．
30．林凡等，电磁脉冲细胞生物效应剂量的实验研究和机理分析，高功率微波技术，2003，11：8-15