电网同步采集相位精度影响因素的权重分布与补偿研究
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摘要
先进的相量测量(PMU)与广域测量技术(WAMS)是未来智能电网的发展方向之一,开发新技术,提高测量与计算精度被认为是该领域今后的主要研究方向。采集装置作为WAMS系统重要组成部分,要求其测量数据严格同步,各节点采集数据具有可比性精度(即整体相位误差小于1%)是其关键技术指标,也是智能电网的推广与安全可靠运行不可或缺的重要环节。国内外大量研究揭示,不同系统产生相量测量结果仅在稳态条件下具有可比性,且强调相位延时及其它误差需由测量系统本身补偿,但没有给出一种统一可行的测量方法,亦未明确的指出相位差在具有“可比性”的前提下,对电力系统具体应用的精度影响。由于缺乏可信的相位测量校准仪器和统一配置条件,相位测量装置的精度标定存在很大的模糊性。
本文旨在研究稳定可靠的实时数据采集平台,结合已有相位测量标准以及电力系统中典型应用对相位测量精度需求,综合考虑相位精确测量、计算与补偿方法,在广域测量的源头“遏制”误差累计与蔓延。文中对系统中的数据流跟随访问机制、相位误差测量方法、补偿机制以及故障时刻相位精度等问题进行深入分析,该研究对电力系统的实时数据分析与离线数据应用具有重要价值。
针对目前国内采集装置存在采集数据不连续、功能单一、分析困难等问题,研究基于多处理器同步控制的数据监测系统,测试稳态与暂态录波功能在各处理器模块中执行时间以及各模块接口访问速度。采用一种统筹方法优先处理故障数据,同步控制各处理模块内部及模块接口任务逻辑切换,并留有一定时间裕量,达到对电网进行长期有效监测的目的。
研究数据流采集、存储、传输与控制逻辑,分析影响数据处理速度的瓶颈因素及优化设计方法,兼顾实时性与可靠性,设计实时多任务并行处理机制,对电力采集系统的性能进行全面评估与优化。研究采样电气传输特性对单路相位误差的贡献和规律,通过对多种测量方法对比分析,采用增益相位测量方法测量采集系统单路信号传输中各因素相移,计及测量系统误差对多因素进行综合估算,给出各因素对相位精度影响概率分布。
进一步分析多路相位误差计算与补偿方法,考虑同步误差对相量算法精度影响,采用带补偿基波相位分离法,并研究补偿方法中的重要环节——测频。考虑实时性,采用简化的递归软件测频方法,兼顾采样频率对相量算法精度影响,并给出统筹兼顾的采样频率配置方法。分析不同频偏范围内,影响相位精度的几大因素权重分布,并采用分布式补偿方法对相位误差进行补偿,从根本上提高各节点采集数据的可比性精度,减小电力系统数据分析算法计算量。
分析故障时刻影响相位精度的因素,基于采集系统间相位状态估计的高速采集算法,改进故障时刻相位精度。对电网各子站节点数据进行长期有效监测,建立采集系统间相角差预测模型,设置相应计算参数,对子站间相位差进行预测,并分析双端电压与电流相位差非一致性对故障测距,以及故障初始相位对继电保护控制精度影响。
本文研制的电力采集系统的电气性能与各项功能均已达到设计指标要求,部分研究成果已通过相关单位认证,在华北与华南等地变电站运行良好,目前处于批量生产阶段。
Advanced phasor measurement unit (PMU) and wide-area measurement system (WAMS) is one of the developing trends of the future smart grid. It is considered as the main research interests that are developing new technologies and improving the accuracy of measurement and calculation. Data sampling system, as an important component of WAMS, is required to measure the data strictly synchronously. And its key technical indicator is that sampling data from different sampling system has comparability accuracy, which is also the indispensable part for promotion and safety reliability operation of smart grid. Significant amount of research at home and abroad have revealed that phasor from different measurement systems has lower“comparability”only in the steady state, and stressed that the phase delay and other errors must be compensated by sampling devices themselves. But so far, a kind of possible uniform measurement algorithm is not proposed. It is not clearly pointed out how the accuracy of specific power system applications are influenced by phase error based on“comparability”. The accuracy of phase measurement device calibration is of significant ambiguity due to the lack of reliable calibration and unified configuration conditions for phase measurement instruments.
A stable and reliable platform is developed for real-time data sampling. Taking the present phase measurement standard and precision requirement in typical application of power system into consideration, it is intended to make the phase error accumulation and spread to be limited in the pre-unit of wide-area measurement system with accuracy algorithm for phase measurement and compensation. Several key issues have been deeply analyzed in this paper that are data follow access mechanism, the measurement method of phase error, compensation algorithm and phase accuracy at fault time. And the study of phase accuracy measurement has important value for data analysis and application on real-time and off-line state.
The power sampling system is studied based on multi-processor synchronous control to solve problems in current domestic sampling devices, such as, sampling data discontinuous, single function, analysis difficult, and so on. And the execution time of steady and transient recording functions in processor modules has been tested, and as well as the access speed between module interfaces. It can be achieved that long-term effective monitoring for power grid by accommodating the priority of all functions and setting high priority for fault sampling, synchronously controlling tasks logic switch of the internal and interface modules, and leaving enough time for data processing.
The bottlenecks factors which affect the data processing speed and its optimization algorithm are analyzed by the processing procedure including data collection, storage, transmission and control logic. The real-time parallel processing mechanism is designed by taking both the real-time and reliability into consideration to assess and optimize the performance of power system comprehensively.The contribution and influence regularity of signal transmission characteristics on phase error of single channel is researched, and gain phase measurement method is adopted after comparing various measurement methods. The probability distribution of phase error due to different factors is achieved by synthetically estimating various errors and the measuring system’s own error.
The calculations and compensation methods for phase relative error are analyzed, and the FFT method with compensation is adopted when considering the affect of phasor calculation precision by synchronization error. Frequency measurement, as an important link in the compensation algorithm, is also studied. The frequency measurement algorithm with simple recursive software architecture is adopted considering real-time processing. Because calculation precision can be affected by sampling frequency, the allocation method of sampling frequency is given by making overall plans. The weight distribution of several factors which affect phase precision is analyzed, and the corresponding compensation algorithm is adopted in different frequency ranges to improve the comparability of sampling data from different power stations. In addition the data analysis algorithm has low computation complexity.
Influence factors for phase accuracy at fault time are analyzed. The phase accuracy at fault time is improved by adopting hign-speed data sampling algorithm based on phase state estimation among the sampling systems. The phase difference forecasting model between asynchronous power stations is established based on the long-term effective monitoring for power grid. The phase difference is forecasted by setting the corresponding parameter. Further, two-terminal fault location is analyzed due to the asynchronous phase difference between two-end current and voltage signal. The relay protection accuracy is discussed by the initial phase in fault time.
The power sampling system has been developed. The electrical properties and functions have satisfied the design requirements, and the partial research results have passed the certification in the relevant units. And it has been kept in good working condition in parts of power stations in China. At present, the power sampling system has been produced on a large scale.
本文旨在研究稳定可靠的实时数据采集平台,结合已有相位测量标准以及电力系统中典型应用对相位测量精度需求,综合考虑相位精确测量、计算与补偿方法,在广域测量的源头“遏制”误差累计与蔓延。文中对系统中的数据流跟随访问机制、相位误差测量方法、补偿机制以及故障时刻相位精度等问题进行深入分析,该研究对电力系统的实时数据分析与离线数据应用具有重要价值。
针对目前国内采集装置存在采集数据不连续、功能单一、分析困难等问题,研究基于多处理器同步控制的数据监测系统,测试稳态与暂态录波功能在各处理器模块中执行时间以及各模块接口访问速度。采用一种统筹方法优先处理故障数据,同步控制各处理模块内部及模块接口任务逻辑切换,并留有一定时间裕量,达到对电网进行长期有效监测的目的。
研究数据流采集、存储、传输与控制逻辑,分析影响数据处理速度的瓶颈因素及优化设计方法,兼顾实时性与可靠性,设计实时多任务并行处理机制,对电力采集系统的性能进行全面评估与优化。研究采样电气传输特性对单路相位误差的贡献和规律,通过对多种测量方法对比分析,采用增益相位测量方法测量采集系统单路信号传输中各因素相移,计及测量系统误差对多因素进行综合估算,给出各因素对相位精度影响概率分布。
进一步分析多路相位误差计算与补偿方法,考虑同步误差对相量算法精度影响,采用带补偿基波相位分离法,并研究补偿方法中的重要环节——测频。考虑实时性,采用简化的递归软件测频方法,兼顾采样频率对相量算法精度影响,并给出统筹兼顾的采样频率配置方法。分析不同频偏范围内,影响相位精度的几大因素权重分布,并采用分布式补偿方法对相位误差进行补偿,从根本上提高各节点采集数据的可比性精度,减小电力系统数据分析算法计算量。
分析故障时刻影响相位精度的因素,基于采集系统间相位状态估计的高速采集算法,改进故障时刻相位精度。对电网各子站节点数据进行长期有效监测,建立采集系统间相角差预测模型,设置相应计算参数,对子站间相位差进行预测,并分析双端电压与电流相位差非一致性对故障测距,以及故障初始相位对继电保护控制精度影响。
本文研制的电力采集系统的电气性能与各项功能均已达到设计指标要求,部分研究成果已通过相关单位认证,在华北与华南等地变电站运行良好,目前处于批量生产阶段。
Advanced phasor measurement unit (PMU) and wide-area measurement system (WAMS) is one of the developing trends of the future smart grid. It is considered as the main research interests that are developing new technologies and improving the accuracy of measurement and calculation. Data sampling system, as an important component of WAMS, is required to measure the data strictly synchronously. And its key technical indicator is that sampling data from different sampling system has comparability accuracy, which is also the indispensable part for promotion and safety reliability operation of smart grid. Significant amount of research at home and abroad have revealed that phasor from different measurement systems has lower“comparability”only in the steady state, and stressed that the phase delay and other errors must be compensated by sampling devices themselves. But so far, a kind of possible uniform measurement algorithm is not proposed. It is not clearly pointed out how the accuracy of specific power system applications are influenced by phase error based on“comparability”. The accuracy of phase measurement device calibration is of significant ambiguity due to the lack of reliable calibration and unified configuration conditions for phase measurement instruments.
A stable and reliable platform is developed for real-time data sampling. Taking the present phase measurement standard and precision requirement in typical application of power system into consideration, it is intended to make the phase error accumulation and spread to be limited in the pre-unit of wide-area measurement system with accuracy algorithm for phase measurement and compensation. Several key issues have been deeply analyzed in this paper that are data follow access mechanism, the measurement method of phase error, compensation algorithm and phase accuracy at fault time. And the study of phase accuracy measurement has important value for data analysis and application on real-time and off-line state.
The power sampling system is studied based on multi-processor synchronous control to solve problems in current domestic sampling devices, such as, sampling data discontinuous, single function, analysis difficult, and so on. And the execution time of steady and transient recording functions in processor modules has been tested, and as well as the access speed between module interfaces. It can be achieved that long-term effective monitoring for power grid by accommodating the priority of all functions and setting high priority for fault sampling, synchronously controlling tasks logic switch of the internal and interface modules, and leaving enough time for data processing.
The bottlenecks factors which affect the data processing speed and its optimization algorithm are analyzed by the processing procedure including data collection, storage, transmission and control logic. The real-time parallel processing mechanism is designed by taking both the real-time and reliability into consideration to assess and optimize the performance of power system comprehensively.The contribution and influence regularity of signal transmission characteristics on phase error of single channel is researched, and gain phase measurement method is adopted after comparing various measurement methods. The probability distribution of phase error due to different factors is achieved by synthetically estimating various errors and the measuring system’s own error.
The calculations and compensation methods for phase relative error are analyzed, and the FFT method with compensation is adopted when considering the affect of phasor calculation precision by synchronization error. Frequency measurement, as an important link in the compensation algorithm, is also studied. The frequency measurement algorithm with simple recursive software architecture is adopted considering real-time processing. Because calculation precision can be affected by sampling frequency, the allocation method of sampling frequency is given by making overall plans. The weight distribution of several factors which affect phase precision is analyzed, and the corresponding compensation algorithm is adopted in different frequency ranges to improve the comparability of sampling data from different power stations. In addition the data analysis algorithm has low computation complexity.
Influence factors for phase accuracy at fault time are analyzed. The phase accuracy at fault time is improved by adopting hign-speed data sampling algorithm based on phase state estimation among the sampling systems. The phase difference forecasting model between asynchronous power stations is established based on the long-term effective monitoring for power grid. The phase difference is forecasted by setting the corresponding parameter. Further, two-terminal fault location is analyzed due to the asynchronous phase difference between two-end current and voltage signal. The relay protection accuracy is discussed by the initial phase in fault time.
The power sampling system has been developed. The electrical properties and functions have satisfied the design requirements, and the partial research results have passed the certification in the relevant units. And it has been kept in good working condition in parts of power stations in China. At present, the power sampling system has been produced on a large scale.
引文
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