电容型设备介质损耗因数在线监测研究
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摘要
高压电气设备绝缘的劣化、失效是一个缓慢的过程，变电站内电容型设备数量很多，一旦发生失效，造成的损失或影响很大。因此，电力部门制订了定期预防性维修制度，但是定期预防性试验存在一些缺陷，有时候不能真实地反映设备的绝缘状况，还会造成大量的人力物力的耗费。因此，把在线监测技术引入到绝缘在线监测中来，对电容型设备的运行状态进行实时监测，及早地发现设备的绝缘故障，使电容型设备从定期维修转变为状态检修，成为电力部门需要迫切解决的问题。
本文在阐述介质损耗因数物理概念的基础上，以电容型设备介质损耗因数和电容量作为反映绝缘状况的特征量，采用基于傅立叶变换的谐波分析法，通过快速傅立叶变换计算出由传感器获得的被测设备运行电压信号和泄漏电流信号基波傅立叶系数，进一步求出二者的相位差，计算出介质损耗因数。
其次，本文采用分层分布式结构作为介质损耗因数在线监测系统的结构形式，设计了在线监测系统的前端数据采集装置，主要负责数据的采集、处理以及和上位PC机的数据通信。为减少快速傅立叶变换泄漏效应和栅栏效应的影响，提高快速傅立叶变换的精度，软件上采用对采样序列进行加窗处理的方法，硬件上采用锁相倍频电路配合A／DC完成对两路信号的同步整周期采样。前端数据采集装置和后台上位机之间数据通信采用RS485总线，设计了RS485通信接口电路和通信协议。完成了在系统的软件设计，主要包括系统主控程序、A／D采样子程序、数据通信程序以及FFT计算子程序。
最后，对在线监测系统的抗干扰问题作了论述，提出了一些抗干扰措施。
The aging and invalidation of high voltage electric power equipments insulation is a slow process. There are many capacitive equipment in the transformer substation. Using the dielectric dissipation factor and capacity as the characteristic parameter to reflect the insulation status and by analyzing the measures, we can make an impersonal evaluation to the equipments' insulation performance. So it can enhance the stability and reliability of insulation system.
Firstly in this paper, the important significance of developing the on-line monitoring about the insulation, the technique status actualities and the development trend of this project in the world is narrated. In succession it expounds the physics concept of dielectric dissipation factor and introduces the digital wave analytical method based on the Fourier Transform. By the Fast Fourier Transform the fourier coefficients of the base wave both normative voltage signal and leakage current can be calculated. Then through working out the phase angle difference between them, it is easy to figure out the dielectric dissipation factor. In order to reduce the influence of the leakage effect and the barrier effect and advance the precision of the Fast Fourier Transform, the Windows function is adopted to the sampling serials.
Secondly, selecting the distributing system as the structure of the on-line monitoring system, giving the circuit of data acquisition device. It takes charge of sampling data, disposing data and communicating with the topper computer. The DSP CMOS chip TMS320F206 is selected as the CPU. Cooperating with the magnifying circuit, filter circuit and PLL circuit, it is easy to realize the synchronizing and whole periodic sampling. The data communicating between the data sampling unit and the computer adopts RS485 fieldbus. At the same time, the communication protocols and RS485 communication interface are designed. Subsequently, the software for the data-acquisition unit is designed. The software is made up of the main program, A/D sampling data sub-program and the communication sub-program.
At last, the paper discusses the anti-jamming problem of the on-line monitoring system and puts forward some anti-jamming measure.
本文在阐述介质损耗因数物理概念的基础上，以电容型设备介质损耗因数和电容量作为反映绝缘状况的特征量，采用基于傅立叶变换的谐波分析法，通过快速傅立叶变换计算出由传感器获得的被测设备运行电压信号和泄漏电流信号基波傅立叶系数，进一步求出二者的相位差，计算出介质损耗因数。
其次，本文采用分层分布式结构作为介质损耗因数在线监测系统的结构形式，设计了在线监测系统的前端数据采集装置，主要负责数据的采集、处理以及和上位PC机的数据通信。为减少快速傅立叶变换泄漏效应和栅栏效应的影响，提高快速傅立叶变换的精度，软件上采用对采样序列进行加窗处理的方法，硬件上采用锁相倍频电路配合A／DC完成对两路信号的同步整周期采样。前端数据采集装置和后台上位机之间数据通信采用RS485总线，设计了RS485通信接口电路和通信协议。完成了在系统的软件设计，主要包括系统主控程序、A／D采样子程序、数据通信程序以及FFT计算子程序。
最后，对在线监测系统的抗干扰问题作了论述，提出了一些抗干扰措施。
The aging and invalidation of high voltage electric power equipments insulation is a slow process. There are many capacitive equipment in the transformer substation. Using the dielectric dissipation factor and capacity as the characteristic parameter to reflect the insulation status and by analyzing the measures, we can make an impersonal evaluation to the equipments' insulation performance. So it can enhance the stability and reliability of insulation system.
Firstly in this paper, the important significance of developing the on-line monitoring about the insulation, the technique status actualities and the development trend of this project in the world is narrated. In succession it expounds the physics concept of dielectric dissipation factor and introduces the digital wave analytical method based on the Fourier Transform. By the Fast Fourier Transform the fourier coefficients of the base wave both normative voltage signal and leakage current can be calculated. Then through working out the phase angle difference between them, it is easy to figure out the dielectric dissipation factor. In order to reduce the influence of the leakage effect and the barrier effect and advance the precision of the Fast Fourier Transform, the Windows function is adopted to the sampling serials.
Secondly, selecting the distributing system as the structure of the on-line monitoring system, giving the circuit of data acquisition device. It takes charge of sampling data, disposing data and communicating with the topper computer. The DSP CMOS chip TMS320F206 is selected as the CPU. Cooperating with the magnifying circuit, filter circuit and PLL circuit, it is easy to realize the synchronizing and whole periodic sampling. The data communicating between the data sampling unit and the computer adopts RS485 fieldbus. At the same time, the communication protocols and RS485 communication interface are designed. Subsequently, the software for the data-acquisition unit is designed. The software is made up of the main program, A/D sampling data sub-program and the communication sub-program.
At last, the paper discusses the anti-jamming problem of the on-line monitoring system and puts forward some anti-jamming measure.
引文
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[2] 电力部电力科学研究院．1990年全国110kV及以上电压等级变压器类设备事故分析．1991．10
[3] 严璋．电气绝缘在线检测技术．水利电力出版社．1995．11
[4] 胡文平，尹相根，张哲．电气设备在线监测技术的研究与发展．华北电力技术．2003，NO．2：23-29
[5] 黄建华等．电容型设备绝缘在线监测系统及其选用原则．高电压技术．2001，127(5)：13-16
[6] 汪宏正，何志兴，张古银．绝缘介质损耗与带电测试．安徽科学技术出版社．1988．8
[7] 吴集光等．高压电气设备介质损耗测量方法综述．电子技术应用．1999，NO4．：36-38
[8] 吕延锋，钟连宏．介损测量技术及其最新发展．高电压技术．1996，22(2)：53
[9] 傅宾兰．变电所电气设备运行状况在线监测．电网技术．1996，22(2)
[10] 廖瑞金等．电气设备介质损耗监测的谐波分析法及其特性．重庆大学学报．1999，22(3)：67
[11] 赵秀山，谈克雄，朱德恒．介质损耗角的数字化测量[J]．清华大学学报(自然科学版)．1996，36(9)：51-56
[12] 王微乐，李福骐，谈克雄．测量介质损耗角的高阶正弦拟合算法．清华大学学报(自然科学版)．2001．41(9)：5-8
[13] 胡广书．数字信号处理——理论、算法与实现．清华大学出版社．1997．8
[14] 陈隆道，钱照明，张圣训．周期域分析中非同步取样数据的同步化[J]．电子学报．2001，29(7)：950-953
[15] THOMAS G．Interpolation algorithms for discrete fourie transform of weighed signals[J]．IEEE Trans，1983，32(2)：350-355
[16] 张伏生，耿中行，葛耀中等．电力系统谐波分析的高精度FFT算法．中国电机工程学报．1999，19(3)：63—66
[17] 贾逸梅．高电压电气设备现场测试技术．水利电力出版社．
[18] 祁才君，陈隆道，王小海．应用插值FFT算法精确估计电网谐波参数．浙江大学学报(工学版)．2003．1，37(1)：112-115
[19] Paul Dev, Venugopalan S 1. Low-resistence grounding method for
medium voltage power system[A].IEEEE Industry Application Society Annual Meeting[C].Dear-born, Mi, USA:1991,1571-1578
[20] 本书编写组．电力设备预防性试验归程修订说明．中国电力出版社．1997
[21] 史保壮，杨莉，冯德开．智能技术在绝缘诊断系统中的应用．高压电器．2001．37(1)：32-34．
[22] 杨位钦，顾岚．时间序列分析与动态数据建模[M]．北京理工大学出版社．1988．12
[23] 李刚，林凌，叶文宇．TMS320F206DSP 结构、原理及应用．北京航空航天大学出版社．2002．5
[24] 张厥盛，郑继禹，万心平．锁相技术．西安电子科技大学出版社．1994．6
[25] 陶时澍．电气测量技术．中国计量出版社．1991．3
[26] 张胜发．绝缘介质损耗测量技术及变频测量装置研究．武汉大学博士论文．2001：86-87
[27] Jan Axelson．串行端口大全．精英科技译．中国电力出版社．2001：181-232
[28] 黄益庄．变电站综合自动化技术．中国电力出版社．2000．3
[29] 雷国富，陈占梅．高压电气设备绝缘诊断技术．水利电力出版社．1994．6
[30] Anton P Van Putten．电子测量系统——理论与实践．张伦译．中国计量出版社。2000．11
[31] 陶时澍．电子测量中的工频干扰及屏蔽．中国计量出版社．1991．7
[32] 卢文科．实用电子测量技术及其电路精解．国防工业出版社．2000．6
[33] N.A. Jaeger, et al. Online dissipation factor monitoring of high-voltage current transformers and Bushings. CIGRE[C],paper. 1998:12-102
[34] B. Shi, et al. An investigation on the influencing factors on online insulation monitoring of HV apparatus[A].IEEE Symposium on Electrical Insulation[C],Anaherim, USA, 2000:81-83
[35] B. Shi, et al. Instrumentation of on-line insulation monitoring of HV apparatus[A].6th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials[C],Xi' an, China 2000:713-716
[36] 王伯雄．测试技术基础．清华大学出版社．2003．4
[37] 戴明桢．数字信号处理的硬件实现．航空工业出版社．1998．3
[38] 沈兰荪．智能仪器与信号处理技术．科学出版社．1990．6
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