铁道牵引供电系统电能质量控制的研究及仿真
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摘要
电力牵引负荷作为大功率单相整流负荷,其电流具有很大的随机性和不对称性,是一种严重的干扰性负荷,对电力系统的安全带来了严重的影响。本文首先分析了铁道牵引供电系统存在的问题,讨论了基于有源滤波器技术的一种牵引供电系统的平衡变换方案,以综合解决铁道牵引供电系统上三相负载不平衡、无功和谐波等问题。针对目前广泛采用的斯科特变压器,从有源滤波器与供电系统的连接关系、有源滤波器采用的变流器的电路形式等方面,提出了适用于三相平衡变换的牵引供电系统的有源滤波器方案。
本文简要介绍了有源滤波器的基本原理和现有电路结构。以电压型变流器构成的单个并联型有源滤波器为研究对象,全面考察了现有有源滤波器指令电流的生成方法,提出了一种从畸变和不对称电源电压中提取基波正序电压的快捷方法,基于这种方法构造了指令电流的生成策略。同时,详细的分析和研究了定边带控制方式和基于三角波调制的PWM控制等方式,根据工程实践要求,提出了一种状态优化的定边带宽度控制策略,在满足电流跟踪精度的条件下,大幅度降低了开关元件的频率。
通过分析平衡变换方案参数设计的总体要求,找到了有源滤波器各参数之间的关系式,提出了有源滤波器主电路参数设计的方法。根据电气化铁道牵引供电系统的特点,在PSCAD/EMTDC下建立了包含平衡变换系统的仿真模型,对平衡变换系统进行了较全面深入的研究。所得到的仿真实验的结果证实了系统结构、控制策略及参数计算方法的正确性和可行性。
As a large power single phase rectified load, the electric traction load has many disadvantages like heavy distortion, acute fluctuation and severe asymmetry. The safe and economic operation of power systems is badly influenced. A novel power supply system for railway traction is presented in this paper, where the active power filters (APF) is utilized to eliminate the disadvantages of the system that is widely adopted at present. By compensating the negative, reactive and harmonic current simultaneously, the proposed system can avoid deteriorating the problem of the power quality.
In corresponding to the asymmetrical transformers that is used in the traction supply system, one scheme is developed to realize the proposed balance electrical system (BED). The structure of APF suitable for implementing the BED is proposed, on a survey of the existing topology of the passive, active and hybrid filters, and the current, voltage, multi-level and cascade converters.
An evaluation on most of methods proposed by other publication for generating the reference current/voltage is done in the paper, and the characteristic and applicability of these methods are analyzed. A high-speed and simple reference generating method is suggested, which can extract the positive sequence voltage from the asymmetrical, distorted source voltage, and the reference current can be generated by utilizing this voltage. Meanwhile, PWM control mode based on the triangular-wave modulation and set sideband control mode are analyzed and researched in detail. According to the practical requirements, a state optimal vector control strategy in which the correlation among the legs is harnessed is developed, leading to the result of low switching frequency, higher switching efficiency and accuracy.
Through analyzing the general requirements on the design parameters of the BED, the relationship of the APF parameters is found, and the design method of the main circuit of APF is proposed. In corresponding to the features of the electrified railway traction power supply system, a traction power System Simulation model with BED is established in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment. Comprehensive research is done on the reactive power compensation and harmonic characteristics of the BED, and the correctness and feasibility of the system structure, control strategy and parameter calculation method are confirmed by the simulation results obtained.
本文简要介绍了有源滤波器的基本原理和现有电路结构。以电压型变流器构成的单个并联型有源滤波器为研究对象,全面考察了现有有源滤波器指令电流的生成方法,提出了一种从畸变和不对称电源电压中提取基波正序电压的快捷方法,基于这种方法构造了指令电流的生成策略。同时,详细的分析和研究了定边带控制方式和基于三角波调制的PWM控制等方式,根据工程实践要求,提出了一种状态优化的定边带宽度控制策略,在满足电流跟踪精度的条件下,大幅度降低了开关元件的频率。
通过分析平衡变换方案参数设计的总体要求,找到了有源滤波器各参数之间的关系式,提出了有源滤波器主电路参数设计的方法。根据电气化铁道牵引供电系统的特点,在PSCAD/EMTDC下建立了包含平衡变换系统的仿真模型,对平衡变换系统进行了较全面深入的研究。所得到的仿真实验的结果证实了系统结构、控制策略及参数计算方法的正确性和可行性。
As a large power single phase rectified load, the electric traction load has many disadvantages like heavy distortion, acute fluctuation and severe asymmetry. The safe and economic operation of power systems is badly influenced. A novel power supply system for railway traction is presented in this paper, where the active power filters (APF) is utilized to eliminate the disadvantages of the system that is widely adopted at present. By compensating the negative, reactive and harmonic current simultaneously, the proposed system can avoid deteriorating the problem of the power quality.
In corresponding to the asymmetrical transformers that is used in the traction supply system, one scheme is developed to realize the proposed balance electrical system (BED). The structure of APF suitable for implementing the BED is proposed, on a survey of the existing topology of the passive, active and hybrid filters, and the current, voltage, multi-level and cascade converters.
An evaluation on most of methods proposed by other publication for generating the reference current/voltage is done in the paper, and the characteristic and applicability of these methods are analyzed. A high-speed and simple reference generating method is suggested, which can extract the positive sequence voltage from the asymmetrical, distorted source voltage, and the reference current can be generated by utilizing this voltage. Meanwhile, PWM control mode based on the triangular-wave modulation and set sideband control mode are analyzed and researched in detail. According to the practical requirements, a state optimal vector control strategy in which the correlation among the legs is harnessed is developed, leading to the result of low switching frequency, higher switching efficiency and accuracy.
Through analyzing the general requirements on the design parameters of the BED, the relationship of the APF parameters is found, and the design method of the main circuit of APF is proposed. In corresponding to the features of the electrified railway traction power supply system, a traction power System Simulation model with BED is established in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment. Comprehensive research is done on the reactive power compensation and harmonic characteristics of the BED, and the correctness and feasibility of the system structure, control strategy and parameter calculation method are confirmed by the simulation results obtained.
引文
[1]赵成勇.基于电铁牵引变电站的单相混合型谐波补偿系统研究.华北电力大学博士学位论文,2001王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿[M].第二版.北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[2]曾国宏.基于三/单相平衡变换的铁道新型牵引供电系统研究[D].北京交通大学博士论文,2002
[3]铁道部人事司组织编写.电力牵引供电系统技术及装备[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社,1998.10
[4]张卫平等编著.绿色电源:现代电能变换技术及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001
[5]王兆安,刘进军.电力电子装置谐波抑制及无功补偿技术的进展[J].电力电子技术,1997,30(1):100-104
[6]G W J Anderson,N R Watson,C P Arnold,J Arrillaga.A new hybrid Algorithm for analysis of HVDC and FACTS system[A].Proceeding of the International Conference of the Energy Management and Power Delivery[C],1995,2:462-467
[7]王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿[M].第二版.北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[8]颜晓庆,杨君,王兆安.并联混合型电力有源滤波器的研究[J].电力电子技术,1998,4(11):4-7
[9]付振宇,刘觉民,张彦林.瞬时检测谐波及无功电流的单相有源滤波器研究[J].电气传动,2006,36(3):29-31
[10]冯金柱.世界电气化铁路概况[J].铁道知识,2003,3:14-15
[11]李之乐.世界电气化铁道发展概况[J].电气化铁道,2004,3:37-39
[12]Singh,B.,Chandra,A.,Al-Haddad,K.A three-phase active power filter for harmonic and reactive power compensation[J],Electrical and Computer Engineering,1996.Canadian Conference on Volume 2,26-29 May 1996,2:838-841
[13]Dixon,J.,del Valle,Y.,Orchard,M.,Ortuzar,M.;Moran,L.,Maffrand,C..A full compensating system for general loads,based on a combination of thyristor binary compensator,and a PWM-IGBT active power filter[J],Industrial Electronics,IEEE Transactions on Volume 50,Issue 5,Oct.2003:982-989
[14]刘进军,王兆安.基于旋转空间矢量分析瞬时无功功率理论及应用[J].电工技术学报,1999,14(1):49-54
[15]郑琼林.有源补偿滤波统一理论和关联指令分区控制技术的研究[D].北方交通大学硕士论文,1992
[16]罗承廉,纪勇,刘遵义.静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)的原理与实现[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2005
[17]Akagi H,Kanazawa Y,Nabae A.Generalized theory of the instantaneous reactive power in three-phase circuits[J].IEEE.Proceedings IPEC.Tokyo:IEEE,1983:1375-1386
[18]Watanabe E H,Stephan R M,Aredes M.New concepts of instantaneous active and reactive powers inelectrical systems with generic loads[J].IEEE Trans Power Delivery,1993,8(2):697-703
[19]Furuhashi T,Okuma S,Uchikawa Y.A study on the theory of instantaneous reactive power[J].IEEE Trans Ind Electron,1990,37(1):86-90
[20]Akagi H,Kanazawa Y,Nabae A.Instantaneous reactive power compensators comprising switching deviceswithout energy storage components[J].IEEE Trans Ind Appl,1984,20(3):625-630
[21]Shoji Fukuda,Member,IEEE,and Yoshitaka Iwaji.Introduction of the Harmonic Distortion Determining Factor and Its Application to Evaluating Real Time PWM Inverters[J].IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,1995,31(1):149-154
[22]苏晓渤,杨君,王跃.电气化铁道的谐波现状及其治理方法[J].第七届电力电子与传动控制学术会议文集.天水,2001.
[23]徐永海,肖湘宁,杨以涵等.电力系统谐波与无功功率综合补偿方式的研究[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,1999,11(3):28－33
[24]王茂海,刘会金.通用瞬时功率定义及广义谐波理论[J].中国电机工程学报,2001,21(9):68-73
[25]Depenbrock M,Staudt V,Wrede H.A concise assessment of original and modified instantaneous power theory applied to:four-wire systems[C].Proceedings of the Power Conversion Conference,PCC-Osaka 2002,2002,vol.1:60-67
[26]罗安.电网谐波治理和无功补偿技术及装备.北京:中国电力出版社,2006.4.
[27]袁涛,郑建勇,曾伟,饶莹,康静.PSCAD/EMTDC中自定义模型研究及其在有源滤波器控制算法仿真中的应用[J].电气应用,2006,25(11):71-73
[28]L.Gyugyi,C.D.Schauder,et al.The Unified Power Flow Controller:A New Approach to Power Transmission Control[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1995,10(2):1085-1094
[29]Kalyan K.Sen,Eric J.Stacey.UPFC-Unified Power Flow Controller:Theory,Modeling and Applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1998,13(4):1453-1458
[30]鲍晓娟.基于TMS320F2812的静止无功发生器控制系统研究.北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2007
[31]张佳.基于DSP控制的并联型有源电力滤波器的研究.北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2007
[32]华伟.IGBT驱动及短路保护电路M57959L研究[J].电力电子技术,1998,32(1):88-91
[33]赵玲,王亮.基于瞬时无功功率理论检测谐波的Matlab仿真[J].广西师范大学学报,2005,23(1):46-49
[34]韩松,邱国跃.基于DSP的三相有源滤波器谐波检测研究[J].贵州工业大学学报,2003,32(6):20-23
[35]L.Gyugyi,C.D.Schauder,et al.The Unified Power Flow Controller:A New Approach to Power Transmission Control[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1995,10(2):1085-1094
[36]Kalyan K.Sen,Eric J.Stacey.UPFC-Unified Power Flow Controller:Theory,Modeling and Applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1998,13(4):1453-1458
[37]L.Rossetto and P.Tenti,"Evaluation of instantaneous power terms in multi-phase systems:Techniques and application to power conditioning equipment," ETEP,vol.4,no.6,1994
[38]F.Z.Peng and J.S.Lai,"Generalized instantaneous reactive power theory for three-phase power systems," IEEE Trans Instrum Meas,1996,45(1):293-297
[39]戴瑜兴,张义兵,陈际达.检测单相系统谐波电流和无功电流的一种新方法.电工技术学报,2004,19(2):93-97
[40]陈怀琛等译.数字信号处理及其MATLAB实现[M].北京:电子工业出版社,1997
[41]王金星.Matlab在有源滤波器仿真中的应用[J].电力系统自动化学报,2001,113(4):43-46
[2]曾国宏.基于三/单相平衡变换的铁道新型牵引供电系统研究[D].北京交通大学博士论文,2002
[3]铁道部人事司组织编写.电力牵引供电系统技术及装备[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社,1998.10
[4]张卫平等编著.绿色电源:现代电能变换技术及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001
[5]王兆安,刘进军.电力电子装置谐波抑制及无功补偿技术的进展[J].电力电子技术,1997,30(1):100-104
[6]G W J Anderson,N R Watson,C P Arnold,J Arrillaga.A new hybrid Algorithm for analysis of HVDC and FACTS system[A].Proceeding of the International Conference of the Energy Management and Power Delivery[C],1995,2:462-467
[7]王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿[M].第二版.北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[8]颜晓庆,杨君,王兆安.并联混合型电力有源滤波器的研究[J].电力电子技术,1998,4(11):4-7
[9]付振宇,刘觉民,张彦林.瞬时检测谐波及无功电流的单相有源滤波器研究[J].电气传动,2006,36(3):29-31
[10]冯金柱.世界电气化铁路概况[J].铁道知识,2003,3:14-15
[11]李之乐.世界电气化铁道发展概况[J].电气化铁道,2004,3:37-39
[12]Singh,B.,Chandra,A.,Al-Haddad,K.A three-phase active power filter for harmonic and reactive power compensation[J],Electrical and Computer Engineering,1996.Canadian Conference on Volume 2,26-29 May 1996,2:838-841
[13]Dixon,J.,del Valle,Y.,Orchard,M.,Ortuzar,M.;Moran,L.,Maffrand,C..A full compensating system for general loads,based on a combination of thyristor binary compensator,and a PWM-IGBT active power filter[J],Industrial Electronics,IEEE Transactions on Volume 50,Issue 5,Oct.2003:982-989
[14]刘进军,王兆安.基于旋转空间矢量分析瞬时无功功率理论及应用[J].电工技术学报,1999,14(1):49-54
[15]郑琼林.有源补偿滤波统一理论和关联指令分区控制技术的研究[D].北方交通大学硕士论文,1992
[16]罗承廉,纪勇,刘遵义.静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)的原理与实现[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2005
[17]Akagi H,Kanazawa Y,Nabae A.Generalized theory of the instantaneous reactive power in three-phase circuits[J].IEEE.Proceedings IPEC.Tokyo:IEEE,1983:1375-1386
[18]Watanabe E H,Stephan R M,Aredes M.New concepts of instantaneous active and reactive powers inelectrical systems with generic loads[J].IEEE Trans Power Delivery,1993,8(2):697-703
[19]Furuhashi T,Okuma S,Uchikawa Y.A study on the theory of instantaneous reactive power[J].IEEE Trans Ind Electron,1990,37(1):86-90
[20]Akagi H,Kanazawa Y,Nabae A.Instantaneous reactive power compensators comprising switching deviceswithout energy storage components[J].IEEE Trans Ind Appl,1984,20(3):625-630
[21]Shoji Fukuda,Member,IEEE,and Yoshitaka Iwaji.Introduction of the Harmonic Distortion Determining Factor and Its Application to Evaluating Real Time PWM Inverters[J].IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,1995,31(1):149-154
[22]苏晓渤,杨君,王跃.电气化铁道的谐波现状及其治理方法[J].第七届电力电子与传动控制学术会议文集.天水,2001.
[23]徐永海,肖湘宁,杨以涵等.电力系统谐波与无功功率综合补偿方式的研究[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,1999,11(3):28－33
[24]王茂海,刘会金.通用瞬时功率定义及广义谐波理论[J].中国电机工程学报,2001,21(9):68-73
[25]Depenbrock M,Staudt V,Wrede H.A concise assessment of original and modified instantaneous power theory applied to:four-wire systems[C].Proceedings of the Power Conversion Conference,PCC-Osaka 2002,2002,vol.1:60-67
[26]罗安.电网谐波治理和无功补偿技术及装备.北京:中国电力出版社,2006.4.
[27]袁涛,郑建勇,曾伟,饶莹,康静.PSCAD/EMTDC中自定义模型研究及其在有源滤波器控制算法仿真中的应用[J].电气应用,2006,25(11):71-73
[28]L.Gyugyi,C.D.Schauder,et al.The Unified Power Flow Controller:A New Approach to Power Transmission Control[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1995,10(2):1085-1094
[29]Kalyan K.Sen,Eric J.Stacey.UPFC-Unified Power Flow Controller:Theory,Modeling and Applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1998,13(4):1453-1458
[30]鲍晓娟.基于TMS320F2812的静止无功发生器控制系统研究.北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2007
[31]张佳.基于DSP控制的并联型有源电力滤波器的研究.北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2007
[32]华伟.IGBT驱动及短路保护电路M57959L研究[J].电力电子技术,1998,32(1):88-91
[33]赵玲,王亮.基于瞬时无功功率理论检测谐波的Matlab仿真[J].广西师范大学学报,2005,23(1):46-49
[34]韩松,邱国跃.基于DSP的三相有源滤波器谐波检测研究[J].贵州工业大学学报,2003,32(6):20-23
[35]L.Gyugyi,C.D.Schauder,et al.The Unified Power Flow Controller:A New Approach to Power Transmission Control[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1995,10(2):1085-1094
[36]Kalyan K.Sen,Eric J.Stacey.UPFC-Unified Power Flow Controller:Theory,Modeling and Applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1998,13(4):1453-1458
[37]L.Rossetto and P.Tenti,"Evaluation of instantaneous power terms in multi-phase systems:Techniques and application to power conditioning equipment," ETEP,vol.4,no.6,1994
[38]F.Z.Peng and J.S.Lai,"Generalized instantaneous reactive power theory for three-phase power systems," IEEE Trans Instrum Meas,1996,45(1):293-297
[39]戴瑜兴,张义兵,陈际达.检测单相系统谐波电流和无功电流的一种新方法.电工技术学报,2004,19(2):93-97
[40]陈怀琛等译.数字信号处理及其MATLAB实现[M].北京:电子工业出版社,1997
[41]王金星.Matlab在有源滤波器仿真中的应用[J].电力系统自动化学报,2001,113(4):43-46