层状双金属氢氧化物/碳纳米管杂化复合材料的制备、结构及其性能研究
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摘要
自从1991年被发现以来,碳纳米管(CNTs)独特的结构和优异的物理、化学性能,使得碳纳米管基复合材料的研究中受到广泛关注。CNTs大的比表面积、高的长径比的结构特点以及热稳定性,使得CNTs在载体方面,特别是催化载体方面成为广泛的研究热点。基于其优异的导电性能和生物兼容性能,CNTs在电化学方面,包括电极材料、传感器等方面也具有广泛的应用。而且经过研究表明,在一维纳米结构上,CNTs具有高的机械强度,其杨氏模量和强度分别为1 TPa和20 GPa,是钢铁的5倍和100倍,而密度仅为钢的六分之一到七分之一,因此CNTs常被用做材料的增强剂。但是原质的CNTs表现化学惰性,不易溶于常见溶剂,也难以在基体中分散或者与基体复合,这样的弊端成为制备稳定的、结构均一的CNTs基复合材料的瓶颈。鉴于这个问题,CNTs表面的化学修饰处理已成为国际上CNTs科学研究的一个重要领域。化学修饰包括非共价键和共价键的方法,它会在CNTs表面修饰上各种功能基团,不仅有利于提高其在溶剂中的分散性,而且也有利于与其它物种的反应。
层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)是一类阴离子型层状无机功能材料。在LDHs晶体结构中存在着晶格能最低效应及晶格定位效应,金属离子在LDHs层板上以一定方式均匀分布,形成了特定的化学组成和结构。LDHs在化学组成和微观结构上具有均匀性与可调控性的特点,因此这类材料在催化材料、催化载体、吸附剂、电化学、药物缓释剂、阻燃剂等方面具有很广泛的应用。经过高温焙烧后,LDHs层板坍塌,生成金属氧化物或者尖晶石相,这类材料在催化、吸附等领域也有重要的应用,因此说LDHs也是制备催化剂、吸附剂的优良前体。但是LDHs纳米粒子会发生团聚,而且在升温焙烧过程中,LDHs层板逐渐坍塌、颗粒间烧结团聚,这些都会导致LDHs或者焙烧后的产物分散性差、比表面降低、活性中心数目减少的弊端,也在很大程度上限制LDHs材料作为功能材料前体的应用。为了克服这一缺点,提高LDHs晶粒及焙烧产物的分散性、减少活性粒子的聚集,本文采用不同的方法将不同组成的LDHs负载在CNTs表面,制备了一系列的杂化结构的LDHs与CNTs的复合材料(LDHs/CNTs),从而提高LDHs的分散性,并且降低焙烧产物的团聚,暴露较多的活性中心,以增强其活性。而且CNTs的结构和性能也有利于复合物的性能。
利用酸修饰后呈电负性的碳纳米管表面和电正性的NiAl-层状双金属氢氧化物(NiAl-LDH)层板之间的静电作用,采用共沉淀的方法将NiAl-层状双金属氢氧化物原位组装在碳纳米管表面,得到NiAl-LDH与CNTs的复合物(NiAl-LDH/CNTs)。将NiAl-LDH负载在CNTs表面,能够提高NiAl-LDHs的分散性,而且随着复合物中CNTs含量的增加,NiAl-LDH在CNTs表面上的分散性提高,能够实现从CNTs表面上紧密地包裹着NiAl-LDH纳米粒子的形貌向CNTs表面零散的负载着NiAl-LDH粒子的形貌转变。由于NiAl-LDH层板与CNTs表面之间的静电作用导致NiAl-LDH与层间阴离子之间的作用力减弱,从而使金属离子和氧的电子结合能增加,大约增加1.8 eV。电催化氧化葡萄糖的性能表明将NiAl-LDHs负载在CNTs表面上后,复合物的电催化性能得到明显的提高,其电催化氧化峰电流值可以达到纯NiAl-LDH的8倍。这可能是因为一方面CNTs加速电子传递的特点有利于电催化反应的进行；另一方面,CNTs与NiAl-LDH之间的作用力有利于提高NiAl-LDH在电极表面的稳定性。除此之外,复合物在电极表面的网络结构也有利于反应物分子向电极表面的扩散。
一方面,采用阴离子聚合物(聚苯乙烯磺酸钠,poly(sodium styrenesulfonate))修饰碳纳米管表面的方法制备ZnAl-层状双金属氢氧化物(ZnAl-LDH)与CNTs的复合物(ZnAl-LDH-p-CNTs)。聚苯乙烯磺酸钠通过π-π共轭作用均匀地修饰在CNTs表面,改性后的CNTs表面负电荷均匀分布,有利于金属阳离子在CNTs表面的固定及ZnAl-LDH在CNTs表面的成核生长。结果说明采用此方法能够得到结构均一、分散性好的复合物。另
方面,以L-半胱氨酸(L-cysteine)为桥联剂,采用桥联的方法将ZnAl-LDH负载在CNTs表面。在水溶液中,L-半胱氨酸能够发生电离生成电正性的-NH3+和电负性的-COO-基团,它们通过静电作用或者配位作用分别与电负性的CNTs表面和组成ZnAl-LDH层板元素的金属阳离子相结合,然后通过调节溶液的pH,在CNTs表面成核生长ZnAl-LDH纳米粒子,从而得到稳定性好、结构均一的ZnAl-LDH与CNTs的复合物(ZnAl-LDH-cy-CNTs)。研究结果表明：L-半胱氨酸作为一种桥联分子不仅能够增强ZnAl-LDH纳米粒子与CNTs表面之间的相互作用,提高ZnAl-LDH纳米粒子在CNTs表面的分散性,而且能够抑制ZnAl-LDH晶粒的生长。由于ZnAl-LDH与CNTs之间的相互作用力,Eu(Ⅲ)配合物插层的ZnAl-LDH(EY)-cy-CNTs复合物出现了荧光淬灭的现象。以甲基橙染料分子光降解为模型反应,性能测试结果表明复合物结构能够增强其紫外光条件下的光降解性能。
以L-半胱氨酸桥联法制备的CoAl-LDH与CNTs复合物(CoAl-LDH-cy-CNTs)为前体,在N2气氛下焙烧500℃后,CoAl-LDH转化为CoO和COAl2O4混合氧化物,得到CoAl-金属氧化物(ZnAl-MMO)与CNTs的复合物(CoAl-MMO-cy-CNTs)复合物,并研究其对高氯酸铵分解的热催化性能。前体合成过程中L-半胱氨酸的投料量影响复合物前体中CoAl-LDH在CNTs表面的分散状态,进而影响焙烧产物的组成。CoAl-MMO-cy-CNTs复合物表现了很好的CNTs和CoAl-金属氧化物的催化协同效应,能够使高氯酸铵分解温度降低至271.3℃,分解速率提高至13.0 mg/min。
Since discovered in 1991, carbon nanotube (CNTs), by virtue of its unique molecular geometry structure and physical and chemical properties, have been paid much attention in the field of CNTs-based hybrid materials. Of its property, high special surface area, high ratio of length to diameter and high thermal stability have made great contribution in exploration of CNTs as support, especially catalyst support, which have become a rapidly expanding research field. CNTs have been widely used in electrochemistry including electrode and sensor because of good conductivity and biocompatibility. It was reported that CNTs own excellent mechanical properties, and its high Young's modulus and strong strength is 1 TPa and 20 GPa, respectively, which is nearly 5 times and 100 times stronger than these of steel. Therefore, CNTs have been used as enhanced materials. However, CNTs are inert and are not susceptible to dissolve common reagents or disperse in matrix. This disadvantage becomes the troublesome bottleneck in the preparesion of CNTs-based materials with stable and uniform structure. Therefore, the modification of CNTs surface by non-covalent bond or covalent bond is carried out in the international carbon nanotube science research, which is not only improve the distribution in organic and inorganic reagent, but also is favorable to reaction with other materials.
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), known as a family of synthetic anionic clays, are a class of brucite-like layered inorganic materials. Within the layers, the cations are uniformly distributed on an atomic level without segregation of "lakes" of separate cations. Due to the characteristics of tunable compositions and exchangeable anions, LDH have been widely used in various fields like catalysts or catalyst support, adsorbent, electrochemistry materials, drug delivery materials, and retardant. Calcination of LDHs may lead to the collapse of LDHs layer and conversion of LDHs to metal oxides and/or spinel, which have been exploited in catalyst and adsorption. However, LDHs nanoparticles aggregate to each other to some extent, and the calcinated product can occur second reunion during the process of calcination. These phenomenon lead to the poor distribution of nanoparticles, low special surface area and the decrease of active site amount, which inhibits the application of LDHs as function materials. In order to overcome this shortage and improve distribution, we utilized different methods to assemble LDHs nanoparticles on the surface of CNTs to prepare a serial of LDH/CNTs composites with excellent hybrid structure. The high distribution of LDHs facilitates the increase of specific surface area and the exposure of more active site. Furthermore, the remarkable structure and property of CNTs are advantageous for the property of composite.
Nanostructured Ni-Al layered double hydroxide/carbon nanotubes (NiAl-LDH/CNTs) composites, where NiAl-LDH nanocrystallites could highly disperse on the surface of CNTs matrix through the interfacial electrostatic interaction between the positively-charged layers of NiAl-LDH and the negatively-charged functional groups of modified CNTs, have been successfully synthesized by a simple one-pot coprecipitation method. The results reveal that the surface coverage of NiAl-LDH nanoparticles onto CNTs could be tuned easily by changing the mass ratios of CNTs to NiAl-LDH. The strong electrostatic interaction between NiAl-LDH and CNTs gives rise to both the weakened affinity between the layers and the interlayer species of NiAl-LDH and the high positive shift of binding energy for metal and oxygen elements (around 1.8 eV) in NiAl-LDH/CNT composite. Further the electrode modified by NiAl-LDH/CNTs nanocomposite exhibits eight times higher electrocatalytic activity for glucose electrooxidation than those modified by either pristine NiAl-LDH or CNTs, which is attributable to the fact that CNTs can efficiently promote the charge transport between the active Ni centers and the electrode and the high affinity of NiAl-LDH to CNTs matrix in composite favors the stabilization of electro-active NiAl-LDH nanoparticles on the surface of CNTs at the operating potentials of electrode. In addition, porous network-like microstructure of composite on the electrode favorites the diffusion of reactant molecules.
On the one hand, we chose poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (PSS) to modify the surface of CNTs and prepare the ZnAl-LDH/CNTs nanocomposites. The negatively charged polyelectrolyte PSS can graft the surface of CNTs throughπ-πinteraction, thus providing a homogeneous distribution of negative charges on CNTs, which is beneficial for the homogeneous adsorption of metal ions through electrostatic interactions and the nucleation and growth of ZnAl-LDH nanoparticles. The results reveal that the composite with well distribution and stable structure can be obtained by this method. On the other hand, a facile and effective strategy has been utilized for assembling hybrid ZnAl-layered double hydroxide/carbon nanotubes (ZnAl-LDH-cy-CNTs) nanocomposites in the presence of L-cysteine molecules. L-cysteine can exist in the form of -NH3+ and -COO- in the solution. The electrostatic interaction between -NH3+ of L-cysteine and-COO- on the modified CNTs contributes greatly to the immobilization of L-cysteine onto the surface of CNTs. Furthermore,-COO- groups of immobilized L-cysteine can selectively coordinate and/or electrostatically interact with Zn2+ cations in the solution. Subsequently, with the successive titration of alkali, ZnAl-LDH nucleates in situ onto CNTs through coprecipitation process. The results indicate that L-cysteine as bridging linker plays a key role for enhancing both adhesion and dispersion of ZnAl-LDH nanocrystallites onto the surface of CNTs matrix through the interfacial interaction, and effectively inhibits the in situ growth of ZnAl-LDH crystallites, thus resulting in remarkably reduced ZnAl-LDH crystallite sizes. The Eu(Ⅲ) fluorescence quenching in intercalated-Eu(Ⅲ) complex ZnAl-LDH(EY)-cy-CNTs nanocomposite can occur because of the interaction between ZnAl-LDH crystallites and CNTs matrix. Furthermore, it is found that as-assembled hybrid ZnAl-LDH/CNTs nanocomposites exhibit excellent performance for photodegradation of methyl orange molecules under UV irradiation, which is closely related to the unique hybrid nanostructure and composition of composites.
We researched the thermal catalytic property of CoAl-MMO-cy-CNTs compsite towards ammonium perchlorate decomposition, which was prepared by the calcination of CoAl-LDH-cy-CNTs composite precursor at 500℃under N2 atmosphere. After calcinated at 500℃, CoAl-LDH is transformed to CoO and CoAl2O4 mixture. The distribution of CoAl-LDH on the surface of CNTs, which influences the composition of calcainated product, can be controlled by the dosage of L-cysteine in the synthesis process of CoAl-LDH. CoAl-MMO-cy-CNTs composite exhibited excellent cooperative performance of CoAl-MMO and CNTs for the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, the decrease of decomposition temperature to 271.3℃, and the increase of decomposition rate to 13.0 mg/min.
层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)是一类阴离子型层状无机功能材料。在LDHs晶体结构中存在着晶格能最低效应及晶格定位效应,金属离子在LDHs层板上以一定方式均匀分布,形成了特定的化学组成和结构。LDHs在化学组成和微观结构上具有均匀性与可调控性的特点,因此这类材料在催化材料、催化载体、吸附剂、电化学、药物缓释剂、阻燃剂等方面具有很广泛的应用。经过高温焙烧后,LDHs层板坍塌,生成金属氧化物或者尖晶石相,这类材料在催化、吸附等领域也有重要的应用,因此说LDHs也是制备催化剂、吸附剂的优良前体。但是LDHs纳米粒子会发生团聚,而且在升温焙烧过程中,LDHs层板逐渐坍塌、颗粒间烧结团聚,这些都会导致LDHs或者焙烧后的产物分散性差、比表面降低、活性中心数目减少的弊端,也在很大程度上限制LDHs材料作为功能材料前体的应用。为了克服这一缺点,提高LDHs晶粒及焙烧产物的分散性、减少活性粒子的聚集,本文采用不同的方法将不同组成的LDHs负载在CNTs表面,制备了一系列的杂化结构的LDHs与CNTs的复合材料(LDHs/CNTs),从而提高LDHs的分散性,并且降低焙烧产物的团聚,暴露较多的活性中心,以增强其活性。而且CNTs的结构和性能也有利于复合物的性能。
利用酸修饰后呈电负性的碳纳米管表面和电正性的NiAl-层状双金属氢氧化物(NiAl-LDH)层板之间的静电作用,采用共沉淀的方法将NiAl-层状双金属氢氧化物原位组装在碳纳米管表面,得到NiAl-LDH与CNTs的复合物(NiAl-LDH/CNTs)。将NiAl-LDH负载在CNTs表面,能够提高NiAl-LDHs的分散性,而且随着复合物中CNTs含量的增加,NiAl-LDH在CNTs表面上的分散性提高,能够实现从CNTs表面上紧密地包裹着NiAl-LDH纳米粒子的形貌向CNTs表面零散的负载着NiAl-LDH粒子的形貌转变。由于NiAl-LDH层板与CNTs表面之间的静电作用导致NiAl-LDH与层间阴离子之间的作用力减弱,从而使金属离子和氧的电子结合能增加,大约增加1.8 eV。电催化氧化葡萄糖的性能表明将NiAl-LDHs负载在CNTs表面上后,复合物的电催化性能得到明显的提高,其电催化氧化峰电流值可以达到纯NiAl-LDH的8倍。这可能是因为一方面CNTs加速电子传递的特点有利于电催化反应的进行；另一方面,CNTs与NiAl-LDH之间的作用力有利于提高NiAl-LDH在电极表面的稳定性。除此之外,复合物在电极表面的网络结构也有利于反应物分子向电极表面的扩散。
一方面,采用阴离子聚合物(聚苯乙烯磺酸钠,poly(sodium styrenesulfonate))修饰碳纳米管表面的方法制备ZnAl-层状双金属氢氧化物(ZnAl-LDH)与CNTs的复合物(ZnAl-LDH-p-CNTs)。聚苯乙烯磺酸钠通过π-π共轭作用均匀地修饰在CNTs表面,改性后的CNTs表面负电荷均匀分布,有利于金属阳离子在CNTs表面的固定及ZnAl-LDH在CNTs表面的成核生长。结果说明采用此方法能够得到结构均一、分散性好的复合物。另
方面,以L-半胱氨酸(L-cysteine)为桥联剂,采用桥联的方法将ZnAl-LDH负载在CNTs表面。在水溶液中,L-半胱氨酸能够发生电离生成电正性的-NH3+和电负性的-COO-基团,它们通过静电作用或者配位作用分别与电负性的CNTs表面和组成ZnAl-LDH层板元素的金属阳离子相结合,然后通过调节溶液的pH,在CNTs表面成核生长ZnAl-LDH纳米粒子,从而得到稳定性好、结构均一的ZnAl-LDH与CNTs的复合物(ZnAl-LDH-cy-CNTs)。研究结果表明：L-半胱氨酸作为一种桥联分子不仅能够增强ZnAl-LDH纳米粒子与CNTs表面之间的相互作用,提高ZnAl-LDH纳米粒子在CNTs表面的分散性,而且能够抑制ZnAl-LDH晶粒的生长。由于ZnAl-LDH与CNTs之间的相互作用力,Eu(Ⅲ)配合物插层的ZnAl-LDH(EY)-cy-CNTs复合物出现了荧光淬灭的现象。以甲基橙染料分子光降解为模型反应,性能测试结果表明复合物结构能够增强其紫外光条件下的光降解性能。
以L-半胱氨酸桥联法制备的CoAl-LDH与CNTs复合物(CoAl-LDH-cy-CNTs)为前体,在N2气氛下焙烧500℃后,CoAl-LDH转化为CoO和COAl2O4混合氧化物,得到CoAl-金属氧化物(ZnAl-MMO)与CNTs的复合物(CoAl-MMO-cy-CNTs)复合物,并研究其对高氯酸铵分解的热催化性能。前体合成过程中L-半胱氨酸的投料量影响复合物前体中CoAl-LDH在CNTs表面的分散状态,进而影响焙烧产物的组成。CoAl-MMO-cy-CNTs复合物表现了很好的CNTs和CoAl-金属氧化物的催化协同效应,能够使高氯酸铵分解温度降低至271.3℃,分解速率提高至13.0 mg/min。
Since discovered in 1991, carbon nanotube (CNTs), by virtue of its unique molecular geometry structure and physical and chemical properties, have been paid much attention in the field of CNTs-based hybrid materials. Of its property, high special surface area, high ratio of length to diameter and high thermal stability have made great contribution in exploration of CNTs as support, especially catalyst support, which have become a rapidly expanding research field. CNTs have been widely used in electrochemistry including electrode and sensor because of good conductivity and biocompatibility. It was reported that CNTs own excellent mechanical properties, and its high Young's modulus and strong strength is 1 TPa and 20 GPa, respectively, which is nearly 5 times and 100 times stronger than these of steel. Therefore, CNTs have been used as enhanced materials. However, CNTs are inert and are not susceptible to dissolve common reagents or disperse in matrix. This disadvantage becomes the troublesome bottleneck in the preparesion of CNTs-based materials with stable and uniform structure. Therefore, the modification of CNTs surface by non-covalent bond or covalent bond is carried out in the international carbon nanotube science research, which is not only improve the distribution in organic and inorganic reagent, but also is favorable to reaction with other materials.
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), known as a family of synthetic anionic clays, are a class of brucite-like layered inorganic materials. Within the layers, the cations are uniformly distributed on an atomic level without segregation of "lakes" of separate cations. Due to the characteristics of tunable compositions and exchangeable anions, LDH have been widely used in various fields like catalysts or catalyst support, adsorbent, electrochemistry materials, drug delivery materials, and retardant. Calcination of LDHs may lead to the collapse of LDHs layer and conversion of LDHs to metal oxides and/or spinel, which have been exploited in catalyst and adsorption. However, LDHs nanoparticles aggregate to each other to some extent, and the calcinated product can occur second reunion during the process of calcination. These phenomenon lead to the poor distribution of nanoparticles, low special surface area and the decrease of active site amount, which inhibits the application of LDHs as function materials. In order to overcome this shortage and improve distribution, we utilized different methods to assemble LDHs nanoparticles on the surface of CNTs to prepare a serial of LDH/CNTs composites with excellent hybrid structure. The high distribution of LDHs facilitates the increase of specific surface area and the exposure of more active site. Furthermore, the remarkable structure and property of CNTs are advantageous for the property of composite.
Nanostructured Ni-Al layered double hydroxide/carbon nanotubes (NiAl-LDH/CNTs) composites, where NiAl-LDH nanocrystallites could highly disperse on the surface of CNTs matrix through the interfacial electrostatic interaction between the positively-charged layers of NiAl-LDH and the negatively-charged functional groups of modified CNTs, have been successfully synthesized by a simple one-pot coprecipitation method. The results reveal that the surface coverage of NiAl-LDH nanoparticles onto CNTs could be tuned easily by changing the mass ratios of CNTs to NiAl-LDH. The strong electrostatic interaction between NiAl-LDH and CNTs gives rise to both the weakened affinity between the layers and the interlayer species of NiAl-LDH and the high positive shift of binding energy for metal and oxygen elements (around 1.8 eV) in NiAl-LDH/CNT composite. Further the electrode modified by NiAl-LDH/CNTs nanocomposite exhibits eight times higher electrocatalytic activity for glucose electrooxidation than those modified by either pristine NiAl-LDH or CNTs, which is attributable to the fact that CNTs can efficiently promote the charge transport between the active Ni centers and the electrode and the high affinity of NiAl-LDH to CNTs matrix in composite favors the stabilization of electro-active NiAl-LDH nanoparticles on the surface of CNTs at the operating potentials of electrode. In addition, porous network-like microstructure of composite on the electrode favorites the diffusion of reactant molecules.
On the one hand, we chose poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (PSS) to modify the surface of CNTs and prepare the ZnAl-LDH/CNTs nanocomposites. The negatively charged polyelectrolyte PSS can graft the surface of CNTs throughπ-πinteraction, thus providing a homogeneous distribution of negative charges on CNTs, which is beneficial for the homogeneous adsorption of metal ions through electrostatic interactions and the nucleation and growth of ZnAl-LDH nanoparticles. The results reveal that the composite with well distribution and stable structure can be obtained by this method. On the other hand, a facile and effective strategy has been utilized for assembling hybrid ZnAl-layered double hydroxide/carbon nanotubes (ZnAl-LDH-cy-CNTs) nanocomposites in the presence of L-cysteine molecules. L-cysteine can exist in the form of -NH3+ and -COO- in the solution. The electrostatic interaction between -NH3+ of L-cysteine and-COO- on the modified CNTs contributes greatly to the immobilization of L-cysteine onto the surface of CNTs. Furthermore,-COO- groups of immobilized L-cysteine can selectively coordinate and/or electrostatically interact with Zn2+ cations in the solution. Subsequently, with the successive titration of alkali, ZnAl-LDH nucleates in situ onto CNTs through coprecipitation process. The results indicate that L-cysteine as bridging linker plays a key role for enhancing both adhesion and dispersion of ZnAl-LDH nanocrystallites onto the surface of CNTs matrix through the interfacial interaction, and effectively inhibits the in situ growth of ZnAl-LDH crystallites, thus resulting in remarkably reduced ZnAl-LDH crystallite sizes. The Eu(Ⅲ) fluorescence quenching in intercalated-Eu(Ⅲ) complex ZnAl-LDH(EY)-cy-CNTs nanocomposite can occur because of the interaction between ZnAl-LDH crystallites and CNTs matrix. Furthermore, it is found that as-assembled hybrid ZnAl-LDH/CNTs nanocomposites exhibit excellent performance for photodegradation of methyl orange molecules under UV irradiation, which is closely related to the unique hybrid nanostructure and composition of composites.
We researched the thermal catalytic property of CoAl-MMO-cy-CNTs compsite towards ammonium perchlorate decomposition, which was prepared by the calcination of CoAl-LDH-cy-CNTs composite precursor at 500℃under N2 atmosphere. After calcinated at 500℃, CoAl-LDH is transformed to CoO and CoAl2O4 mixture. The distribution of CoAl-LDH on the surface of CNTs, which influences the composition of calcainated product, can be controlled by the dosage of L-cysteine in the synthesis process of CoAl-LDH. CoAl-MMO-cy-CNTs composite exhibited excellent cooperative performance of CoAl-MMO and CNTs for the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, the decrease of decomposition temperature to 271.3℃, and the increase of decomposition rate to 13.0 mg/min.
引文
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