燃料电池独立发电系统DC/AC功率变换器的设计
摘要
燃料电池是一种将储存在燃料和氧化剂中的化学能直接转化为电能的装置,是一种高效的绿色能源。燃料电池发电系统以其安装简单、高效洁净、功率密度大、运行稳定可靠等特点,日益成为分布式电源系统最有前景的能源技术之一,从而越来越被人们所重视。
在中小型燃料电池发电系统中,燃料电池本机输出电压一般不高,且由于燃料电池的电化学特性,其输出的直流电压明显地随着负载的变化而变化。因此在燃料电池发电系统中,功率变换是其重要组成部分。燃料电池输出的电压必须经过具有升压稳压功能的功率变换装置,将不稳定的直流电变换成符合要求的直流或交流电。本文主要研究了燃料电池发电系统中的功率变换装置。
首先,本论文介绍了燃料电池的原理、特点和选题意义,给出了质子交换膜燃料电池的输出特性曲线,从而得到了质子交换膜燃料电池的运行特性模型。其次,根据燃料电池的输出特性,通过比较DC/DC变换器的常见的拓扑结构和性能,设计了一个串联Boost型双管正激式高频功率变换器,将其用作容量为5kVA燃料电池发电系统的前级,并对此进行了详细的硬件参数设计和控制软件设计,实现了输入电源在30V-80VDC变化时,全功率范围稳定输出电压为220V/50Hz交流电能。再次,论文分析了系统各部分的损耗,给出了改进建议.最后,论文分别给出了功率变换器在系统中工作的仿真波形与部分实验波形,证明了设计的可行性和合理性。结果表明采用本文提出的控制方法可以获得稳定的220V/50Hz交流输出电压,变换器效率约84.9%。
本文基于我国电网额定参数,研究了220V/50Hz燃料电池发电系统中的功率变换技术,其成果对建设我国燃料电池发电系统,从而解决能源与环境之间的矛盾、提高通信等机要部门的供电可靠性具有重要的前瞻意义。
Fuel Cell is a device which can transform chemical energy stored in fuel and oxidizer directly into electric energy. It is a green energy of high efficiency. Fuel Cell generation system is regarded as one of the most promising energy sources in the field of distributed power system. It has various advantages such as easy-to-install, high efficiency of power generation and density, free from natural conditions, environment friendly, stability and reliable operation, so it is regarded seriously by more and more people.
In the small and middle scale Fuel Cell generation power system, the output voltage of the FC is not always very high and varies largely as the load changes. Therefore, power converter is essential in the Fuel cell generation system. Fuel Cell should be connected with a power converter which can boost the voltage of the FC and stabilize the voltage of the output of the power converter. The power converter also can transform the unstable DC into required DC/AC . And this paper mainly studies the power converter of the fuel cell generation system.
This paper first introduces the background of selection of this subject, analyses the working theory of PEMFC and gets the output performance equation of PEMFC. Then according to the output performance of PEMFC, this paper compares different topologies of DC/DC converter and designs the power converter of 5kVA with a detailed hardware design and control software design. When 30-80V DC is inputted, the power converter transforms it into 220V/50Hz AC. Then , the paper analyses the loss distributing, and puts forward some methods to improve the efficiency. Finally, the paper shows the experiment results of the converter to prove its feasibility and rationality. The efficiency of the power converter is about 83%.
This paper studies the power conversion technology of Fuel Cell generation system on 220V/50Hz. It has important significances to improve the Fuel Cell power generation system, solve the contradictions between energy and the environment, enhance the power supply reliability of communications and other departments in the future.
在中小型燃料电池发电系统中,燃料电池本机输出电压一般不高,且由于燃料电池的电化学特性,其输出的直流电压明显地随着负载的变化而变化。因此在燃料电池发电系统中,功率变换是其重要组成部分。燃料电池输出的电压必须经过具有升压稳压功能的功率变换装置,将不稳定的直流电变换成符合要求的直流或交流电。本文主要研究了燃料电池发电系统中的功率变换装置。
首先,本论文介绍了燃料电池的原理、特点和选题意义,给出了质子交换膜燃料电池的输出特性曲线,从而得到了质子交换膜燃料电池的运行特性模型。其次,根据燃料电池的输出特性,通过比较DC/DC变换器的常见的拓扑结构和性能,设计了一个串联Boost型双管正激式高频功率变换器,将其用作容量为5kVA燃料电池发电系统的前级,并对此进行了详细的硬件参数设计和控制软件设计,实现了输入电源在30V-80VDC变化时,全功率范围稳定输出电压为220V/50Hz交流电能。再次,论文分析了系统各部分的损耗,给出了改进建议.最后,论文分别给出了功率变换器在系统中工作的仿真波形与部分实验波形,证明了设计的可行性和合理性。结果表明采用本文提出的控制方法可以获得稳定的220V/50Hz交流输出电压,变换器效率约84.9%。
本文基于我国电网额定参数,研究了220V/50Hz燃料电池发电系统中的功率变换技术,其成果对建设我国燃料电池发电系统,从而解决能源与环境之间的矛盾、提高通信等机要部门的供电可靠性具有重要的前瞻意义。
Fuel Cell is a device which can transform chemical energy stored in fuel and oxidizer directly into electric energy. It is a green energy of high efficiency. Fuel Cell generation system is regarded as one of the most promising energy sources in the field of distributed power system. It has various advantages such as easy-to-install, high efficiency of power generation and density, free from natural conditions, environment friendly, stability and reliable operation, so it is regarded seriously by more and more people.
In the small and middle scale Fuel Cell generation power system, the output voltage of the FC is not always very high and varies largely as the load changes. Therefore, power converter is essential in the Fuel cell generation system. Fuel Cell should be connected with a power converter which can boost the voltage of the FC and stabilize the voltage of the output of the power converter. The power converter also can transform the unstable DC into required DC/AC . And this paper mainly studies the power converter of the fuel cell generation system.
This paper first introduces the background of selection of this subject, analyses the working theory of PEMFC and gets the output performance equation of PEMFC. Then according to the output performance of PEMFC, this paper compares different topologies of DC/DC converter and designs the power converter of 5kVA with a detailed hardware design and control software design. When 30-80V DC is inputted, the power converter transforms it into 220V/50Hz AC. Then , the paper analyses the loss distributing, and puts forward some methods to improve the efficiency. Finally, the paper shows the experiment results of the converter to prove its feasibility and rationality. The efficiency of the power converter is about 83%.
This paper studies the power conversion technology of Fuel Cell generation system on 220V/50Hz. It has important significances to improve the Fuel Cell power generation system, solve the contradictions between energy and the environment, enhance the power supply reliability of communications and other departments in the future.
引文
[1]T.A.Nergaard.J.F.Ferrell,L.G.Leslie,and J.S.Lai.Design considerations for a 48V fuel cell to split single phase inverter system with ultra capacitor energy storage[C].IEEE PESC' 02,2002:2007-2012
[2]G.K.Andersen,C.Klumpner,S.B.Kjar and Freda Blaabjerg.Anew green power inverter for fuel cells[C].IEEE PESC' 02,2002:727-733
[3]P.T.Krein and R.Balog.Low cost inverter suitable for medium power fuel cell sources[C].IEEE PESC' 02,2002:321-326
[4]Coles L.R.,Chapel S.W.,Iamucci J.J..Valuation of modular generation,storage,and targeted emend-side management[M].IEEE Tran.on EC,Mar 1995,10(1):182-187
[5]江船.燃料电池[M],能源电池系统.化学工业出版社,1996
[6]刘建国,孙公权.燃料电池概述[J].物理,2004,33(2):79-84
[7]衣宝廉.燃料电池现与未来[J].电源技术,1998,22(5):216-221
[8]Rong-Jong Wai,Rou-Yong Duan.High-Efficiency Power Conversion for Low Power Fuel Cell Generation System[M].IEEE Tran.On PE,2005,20(4):847-856.
[9]詹姆斯·拉米尼,安德鲁·迪克斯著,朱红译.燃料电池系统-原理、设计、应用[M].科学出版社,2004
[10]周未,王金全,仲未秧.PEMFC燃料电池的应用前景[J].电池工业,2004,9(4):208-212.
[11]陆天虹,唐亚文,刘长鹏等。小型燃料电池商品化展望[J].电池工业,2005,10(6):361-363.
[12]王赞,肖岚,严仰光.基于推挽正激变换器的燃料电池发电系统的研究[C].中国电工技术学会电力电子学会第十届学术年会,西安,2006:3155-3158.
[13]周未,王金全,仲未秧.PEMFC燃料电池的应用前景[J].电池工业,2004,9(4):208-212.
[14]陆天虹,唐亚文,刘长鹏等.小型燃料电池商品化展望[J].电池工业,2005,10(6):361-363.
[15]孙频东.用于燃料电池的双向中频耦合逆变电源[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(5):125-130.
[16]Masanobu W,Omourtag A V,Supramaniam S.Analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance with alternate membranes[J].Electrochemical Acta,1995,40(3):335-344.
[17]Randall S.Gemmen,Analysis for the Effect of the Ripple Current On Fuel Cell Operating Condition[C].ASME 2001 IMECE,New York,2001(11),NY
[18]黄敏超,徐德鸿.全桥双向电流高频链逆变器[J].电力电子技术,1999(1):5-7
[19]钱照明,张军明,吕征宇,彭方正,汪樵生.我国电力电子与电力传动面临的挑战与机遇[J].电工技术学报,2004,Vol.19 No.8:pp10-20
[20]CORREAJM,FARRET FA,CANHALN,et al.An electrochemical-based fuel-cell model suitable,for electrical engineering automation approach[M].IEEE Tran.on IE.2004.51(5):1103-1112.
[21]莫志军,朱新坚,曹广益.质子交换膜燃料电池建模与稳态分析[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(9):2 255-2 259.
[22]Ronald F Mann,John C.Amphlett,Michael A I Hooper,etal.Development and application of a generalized steady state electrochemical model of a PEM fuel cell[J].Journal of Power Sources,2000,86:173-80.
[23]Andrew Rowe,Xianguo Li.Mathematical modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2001,102:82-96.
[24]Sampath Yerramalla,Asad Davari,Ali Feliachi,et al.Modeling and simulation of the dynamic behavior of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel[J].Journal of Power Sources,2003,124:104-113.
[25]赵巍.系统建模与仿真在PEMFC中的应用研究[D].济南:山东大学,2005,19-35.
[26]邹华,鲁德平,龚春丽等.质子交换膜燃料电池模型研究进展Ⅰ.膜的模型、电极的模型和经验模型[J].电源技术,2004,28(3):191-194.
[27]吴屏.燃料电池发电系统前端DC/DC变换器设计[D].杭州:浙江大学,2007.
[28]Jin Wang,Fang Z.Peng,Anderson,Joel,Alan Joseph,Ryan Buffenbarger.Low cost fuel cell Converter system for residential power generation[M].IEEE Tran.on PE,2004,19(5):1315-1322
[29]邱光源.电路[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999
[30]王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[31]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社,1999
[32]冯瀚.双管正激变换器组合技术的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2001
[33]阮新波,严仰光.直流电源的软开关技术.科学出版社,2000
[34]C.H.G Treviso,A.A.Pereira,VJ.Farias,J.B.Vieira Jr,L.C.de Freitas.A 1.5Kw Operation with 90%Efficiency of a Two Transistors Forward Converter with Non-Dissipative Snubber[C].IEEE PESC Nee,1998,Pages:696-700
[35]Wei Bao,Xuansan Cai,Guisong Huang.A Novel ZCT PWM Two Transistor Forward Converter[C],Proc.IPEMC' 1997,Pages:526-530
[36]盛专成,李广勇,贺怀谦.一种双止激电路的软关断拓扑[J].电力电子技术,2001(3):43-46
[37]陈道炼.DC-AC逆变技术及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[38]姚高尚,梁凯,简虎等.半桥逆变电路中高频变压器的设计[J].电源技术应用,2007(4):50-53
[39]潭颖琦,范大鹏,陶溢.基于线性光耦HCNR200的DSP采集电路设计与实现[J].电测与仪表,2006(6):46-48
[40]张卫宁.TMS320C28X系列DSP的CPU与外设(下)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[41]王国礼,金新民,采用LCD箱位电路的DC-DC变换器[J],电工技术杂志,2000(12):24-26
[2]G.K.Andersen,C.Klumpner,S.B.Kjar and Freda Blaabjerg.Anew green power inverter for fuel cells[C].IEEE PESC' 02,2002:727-733
[3]P.T.Krein and R.Balog.Low cost inverter suitable for medium power fuel cell sources[C].IEEE PESC' 02,2002:321-326
[4]Coles L.R.,Chapel S.W.,Iamucci J.J..Valuation of modular generation,storage,and targeted emend-side management[M].IEEE Tran.on EC,Mar 1995,10(1):182-187
[5]江船.燃料电池[M],能源电池系统.化学工业出版社,1996
[6]刘建国,孙公权.燃料电池概述[J].物理,2004,33(2):79-84
[7]衣宝廉.燃料电池现与未来[J].电源技术,1998,22(5):216-221
[8]Rong-Jong Wai,Rou-Yong Duan.High-Efficiency Power Conversion for Low Power Fuel Cell Generation System[M].IEEE Tran.On PE,2005,20(4):847-856.
[9]詹姆斯·拉米尼,安德鲁·迪克斯著,朱红译.燃料电池系统-原理、设计、应用[M].科学出版社,2004
[10]周未,王金全,仲未秧.PEMFC燃料电池的应用前景[J].电池工业,2004,9(4):208-212.
[11]陆天虹,唐亚文,刘长鹏等。小型燃料电池商品化展望[J].电池工业,2005,10(6):361-363.
[12]王赞,肖岚,严仰光.基于推挽正激变换器的燃料电池发电系统的研究[C].中国电工技术学会电力电子学会第十届学术年会,西安,2006:3155-3158.
[13]周未,王金全,仲未秧.PEMFC燃料电池的应用前景[J].电池工业,2004,9(4):208-212.
[14]陆天虹,唐亚文,刘长鹏等.小型燃料电池商品化展望[J].电池工业,2005,10(6):361-363.
[15]孙频东.用于燃料电池的双向中频耦合逆变电源[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(5):125-130.
[16]Masanobu W,Omourtag A V,Supramaniam S.Analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance with alternate membranes[J].Electrochemical Acta,1995,40(3):335-344.
[17]Randall S.Gemmen,Analysis for the Effect of the Ripple Current On Fuel Cell Operating Condition[C].ASME 2001 IMECE,New York,2001(11),NY
[18]黄敏超,徐德鸿.全桥双向电流高频链逆变器[J].电力电子技术,1999(1):5-7
[19]钱照明,张军明,吕征宇,彭方正,汪樵生.我国电力电子与电力传动面临的挑战与机遇[J].电工技术学报,2004,Vol.19 No.8:pp10-20
[20]CORREAJM,FARRET FA,CANHALN,et al.An electrochemical-based fuel-cell model suitable,for electrical engineering automation approach[M].IEEE Tran.on IE.2004.51(5):1103-1112.
[21]莫志军,朱新坚,曹广益.质子交换膜燃料电池建模与稳态分析[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(9):2 255-2 259.
[22]Ronald F Mann,John C.Amphlett,Michael A I Hooper,etal.Development and application of a generalized steady state electrochemical model of a PEM fuel cell[J].Journal of Power Sources,2000,86:173-80.
[23]Andrew Rowe,Xianguo Li.Mathematical modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2001,102:82-96.
[24]Sampath Yerramalla,Asad Davari,Ali Feliachi,et al.Modeling and simulation of the dynamic behavior of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel[J].Journal of Power Sources,2003,124:104-113.
[25]赵巍.系统建模与仿真在PEMFC中的应用研究[D].济南:山东大学,2005,19-35.
[26]邹华,鲁德平,龚春丽等.质子交换膜燃料电池模型研究进展Ⅰ.膜的模型、电极的模型和经验模型[J].电源技术,2004,28(3):191-194.
[27]吴屏.燃料电池发电系统前端DC/DC变换器设计[D].杭州:浙江大学,2007.
[28]Jin Wang,Fang Z.Peng,Anderson,Joel,Alan Joseph,Ryan Buffenbarger.Low cost fuel cell Converter system for residential power generation[M].IEEE Tran.on PE,2004,19(5):1315-1322
[29]邱光源.电路[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999
[30]王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[31]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社,1999
[32]冯瀚.双管正激变换器组合技术的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2001
[33]阮新波,严仰光.直流电源的软开关技术.科学出版社,2000
[34]C.H.G Treviso,A.A.Pereira,VJ.Farias,J.B.Vieira Jr,L.C.de Freitas.A 1.5Kw Operation with 90%Efficiency of a Two Transistors Forward Converter with Non-Dissipative Snubber[C].IEEE PESC Nee,1998,Pages:696-700
[35]Wei Bao,Xuansan Cai,Guisong Huang.A Novel ZCT PWM Two Transistor Forward Converter[C],Proc.IPEMC' 1997,Pages:526-530
[36]盛专成,李广勇,贺怀谦.一种双止激电路的软关断拓扑[J].电力电子技术,2001(3):43-46
[37]陈道炼.DC-AC逆变技术及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[38]姚高尚,梁凯,简虎等.半桥逆变电路中高频变压器的设计[J].电源技术应用,2007(4):50-53
[39]潭颖琦,范大鹏,陶溢.基于线性光耦HCNR200的DSP采集电路设计与实现[J].电测与仪表,2006(6):46-48
[40]张卫宁.TMS320C28X系列DSP的CPU与外设(下)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[41]王国礼,金新民,采用LCD箱位电路的DC-DC变换器[J],电工技术杂志,2000(12):24-26