基于阻抗信息的乳腺组织SVM辨识方法
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摘要
近年来,乳腺癌已经成为“女性健康的第一杀手”,对女性生命构成了巨大威胁,保乳手术是当前乳腺癌的主要治疗方式,决定保乳手术是否成功的关键因素之一,就是术中乳腺癌灶边缘界定的效果,即能否实时、准确地评价手术切缘,帮助施术医师在手术中合理选择组织切除范围,确保在手术结束前清除残留病灶。
将生物电阻抗测量技术应用到术中乳腺癌灶边缘界定中,是本课题的重要研究内容。生物电阻抗测量技术(BIMT)是利用生物组织与器官的电特性及其变化,提取与人体生理、病理相关信息的一种无损伤检测技术。相对于病理切片而言,生物阻抗测量技术基本可以实现实时测量,大大缩短了等待时间。
本课题重点研究乳腺癌组织与正常组织(腺体和脂肪组织)电特性差异,从组织频阻特性曲线中寻找特征参数,对乳腺组织进行识别。搭建组织阻抗的测量系统,测量得到组织的阻抗实部虚部值,绘制成频阻特性曲线。通过对组织特性曲线的分析,确定了特性曲线的分段一次拟合斜率和分段平均阻抗作为特征参数;实现训练集测试集的循环选取,因而实验的平均准确率可以正确反映样本特性;按照逐步接近术中乳腺癌灶边缘界定的实际情况的思想,设计了四种分类方式;利用支持向量机和主成分分析等数学方法实现了组织辨识。
实验结果表明,40Hz~1.1MHz频段内的组织频阻特性具有最好的区分效果,对其进行29均分并提取连续的一次拟合斜率和平均阻抗作为特征参数,提供给支持向量机和主成分分析进行组织辨识,得到了较好的分类准确率。
In recent years, breast cancer has become the first most commonly diagnosed types of cancer among women. The breast conservative operation is the major treatment. Its successful execution depends on several key points, one of which is the intraoperative margin assessment of breast cancer. It can help the surgeon judge the margin instantly and then choose the excising area reasonably. So that the remained focus could be cleaned in time. It can also shorten the waiting time and lighten patients’pain in partial mastectomy.
It is the main purpose of this paper to apply Bio-Impedance Measuring Technology (BIMT) to intraoperative margin assessment of breast cancer. BIMT is a noninvasive measuring technology, the purpose of which is to extract physiological and pathological information by detecting the electrical properties of tissues and organs. BIMT is able to attain measurement result more quickly as opposed to pathological section, So it is been paid special attention by the researchers in clinical medicine areas.
This paper focuses on researching the differences of electrical properties between breast cancer and normal breast tissues (mammary gland and adipose). The characteristic parameters searched from the frequency-resistance curve are studied to distinguish different tissues. The measurement system for breast tissues impedance is designed to get the real and imaginary part of tissues impedance values, and the frequency-resistance curves are drawn based on these impedance datum.
Frequency-resistance slopes and resistance averages are found good enough to be used in the distinction of breast tissues. Train set and test set are cycle picking to make the average accuracies of the experiments can accurately reflect the sample characteristics. In order to get closer to the practical situation of intraoperative margin assessment of breast cancer, 4 different distinction modes are designed. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are used in differentiate, which have a better performance.
It is well shown that tissues impedance in the frequency range of 40Hz~1.1MHz has the best expression in distinguishment. The frequency range is split into 29 sections to attain the slopes and impedances averages, which are provided to SVM and PCA to differentiate tissues as characteristic parameters. The classification precision shows that this distinction method a worthwhile research of topic.
将生物电阻抗测量技术应用到术中乳腺癌灶边缘界定中,是本课题的重要研究内容。生物电阻抗测量技术(BIMT)是利用生物组织与器官的电特性及其变化,提取与人体生理、病理相关信息的一种无损伤检测技术。相对于病理切片而言,生物阻抗测量技术基本可以实现实时测量,大大缩短了等待时间。
本课题重点研究乳腺癌组织与正常组织(腺体和脂肪组织)电特性差异,从组织频阻特性曲线中寻找特征参数,对乳腺组织进行识别。搭建组织阻抗的测量系统,测量得到组织的阻抗实部虚部值,绘制成频阻特性曲线。通过对组织特性曲线的分析,确定了特性曲线的分段一次拟合斜率和分段平均阻抗作为特征参数;实现训练集测试集的循环选取,因而实验的平均准确率可以正确反映样本特性;按照逐步接近术中乳腺癌灶边缘界定的实际情况的思想,设计了四种分类方式;利用支持向量机和主成分分析等数学方法实现了组织辨识。
实验结果表明,40Hz~1.1MHz频段内的组织频阻特性具有最好的区分效果,对其进行29均分并提取连续的一次拟合斜率和平均阻抗作为特征参数,提供给支持向量机和主成分分析进行组织辨识,得到了较好的分类准确率。
In recent years, breast cancer has become the first most commonly diagnosed types of cancer among women. The breast conservative operation is the major treatment. Its successful execution depends on several key points, one of which is the intraoperative margin assessment of breast cancer. It can help the surgeon judge the margin instantly and then choose the excising area reasonably. So that the remained focus could be cleaned in time. It can also shorten the waiting time and lighten patients’pain in partial mastectomy.
It is the main purpose of this paper to apply Bio-Impedance Measuring Technology (BIMT) to intraoperative margin assessment of breast cancer. BIMT is a noninvasive measuring technology, the purpose of which is to extract physiological and pathological information by detecting the electrical properties of tissues and organs. BIMT is able to attain measurement result more quickly as opposed to pathological section, So it is been paid special attention by the researchers in clinical medicine areas.
This paper focuses on researching the differences of electrical properties between breast cancer and normal breast tissues (mammary gland and adipose). The characteristic parameters searched from the frequency-resistance curve are studied to distinguish different tissues. The measurement system for breast tissues impedance is designed to get the real and imaginary part of tissues impedance values, and the frequency-resistance curves are drawn based on these impedance datum.
Frequency-resistance slopes and resistance averages are found good enough to be used in the distinction of breast tissues. Train set and test set are cycle picking to make the average accuracies of the experiments can accurately reflect the sample characteristics. In order to get closer to the practical situation of intraoperative margin assessment of breast cancer, 4 different distinction modes are designed. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are used in differentiate, which have a better performance.
It is well shown that tissues impedance in the frequency range of 40Hz~1.1MHz has the best expression in distinguishment. The frequency range is split into 29 sections to attain the slopes and impedances averages, which are provided to SVM and PCA to differentiate tissues as characteristic parameters. The classification precision shows that this distinction method a worthwhile research of topic.
引文
[1]牛昀,乳腺肿瘤病理诊断学,天津:天津科学技术出版社,2006.5~79
[2]Ahmedin Jemal, Rebecca Siegel, Elizabeth Ward, et al. Cancer Statistics, 2008, CA Cancer J Clin 2008; 58: 71–96
[3]周雪瑞,黄选东,乳腺与乳腺癌,生物学通报,2004,39(7):26~27
[4]天津日报,肿瘤医院一项调查表明本市乳腺癌发病率上升,天津日报,2001
[5]JM.Yuan, QS.wang, RK.Ross, Diet and breast cancer in Shanghai and Tianjin, China, 1995, 71(6): 1353~1358
[6]Zhang BN, Zhan g T, Hu WG, Localized resection and pathological biopsy of micro—calcifications in breast. Cancer ReS Prevention Treatment,2004,3l:44-45, 53
[7]续哲莉,邢华,乳腺癌的手术治疗,中国社区医师,2003,19(7):13~14
[8]吴春泉,马榕,乳腺癌手术治疗历史演变,中国现代外科学杂志,2005,2(21):1971~1972
[9]张保宁,乳腺癌保乳手术的研究进展,中国普外基础与临床杂志,2005,12(3):204~206
[10]Veronesi U, Salvadori B, Iuini A, Conservative treatment of early breast cancer, Ann Surg, 1990, 211(3): 250~253
[11]Borgen PI, Management of locally advanced breast cancer, World Surg, 1994, 18: 81~83
[12]Mansfield C M.Early breast cancer:its history and result of treatment.Exp Bid Med,1976,5(1):1
[13]王先明,乳腺癌手术治疗的历史演变与现代进展,中国现代手术学杂志,2003,7(6):467
[14]左文述,徐忠法,刘奇,现代乳腺肿瘤学,山东科学技术出版社,1996,306
[15]David C,Sabiston_1R.克氏外科学,第15版,北京:人民卫生出版社,2000,478
[16]傅立人,王微,王辉,功能性乳腺癌根治术,实用外科杂志,1986,6(11):573
[17]SABISTON,Text book of surgery(上册),第15版,北京:北京出版社,1999,311
[18]林本耀,王天峰,乳腺癌保留乳房之我见,中国肿瘤,1999,8(3):130
[19]Giuliano AE.Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenect0my for breast cancer.Am Surg,1994,220(4):391
[20]刘君,方志沂,于泳,乳腺癌保乳手术安全范围的研究,中国肿瘤临床,2005,32(15):856~860
[21]孙慎友,乳腺癌保留乳房手术治疗新进展,中国普通外科杂志,2004,13(5):363~366
[22]Burns RP, Image guided breast biopsy, Am J Surg, 1997, 73: 9~11
[23]张剑权,刘永江,黄桂林,乳腺癌手术方式若干改进,农垦医学,2005,27(2):109~111
[24]DC.Farrow, WC.Hunt, JM.Samet, Geographic variation in the treatment of localized breast cancer, The new England journal of medicine, 1992, 326: 1097~1101
[25]Cserni. G, Pitfalls in frozen section interpretation: A retrospective study of palpable breast tumors, TUMORI, 1999, 85(1): 15~18
[26]廖琪梅,董秀珍,付峰,人体乳腺组织电阻抗特性的研究,国际生物医学工程杂志,2006,29(4):218~221
[27]Chaudhary SS,Mishra RK,Swamp A, Dielectric properties of normal and malignan t human breast tissues at radiowave an d microwave frequencies.Indian J Biochem Biophys,1984:76~79
[28]Campbell AM,Land DV,Dielectric properties of female breast tissue measured in vitro at 3.2 GHz.Phys Med Biol,1992,37:193~210
[29]Surowiec AJ,Stuchly SS,Barr JB, Dielectric properties of breast carcinoma and the surrounding tissues, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1988, 35: 257~263
[30]Morimoto T, Kinouchi Y, Iritani T, Measurement of the electrical bio-impedance of breast tumors, Eur Surg Res , 1990, 22: 86~92
[31]Morimoto T, Kimura S, Konishi Y, Komaki K, Uyama T, Monden Y, Kinouchi Y, Iritani T. A study of the electrical bio-impedance of tumors. J Invest Surg, 1993, 6: 25~32
[32]Heinitz J,Minet O,Dielectric properties offemale breast tumors,Proceedings of Ninth International Conference on Electrical BioImpedance , Heidelberg :UniversityofHeidelberg,1995,356~359
[33]Jossinet J, Variability of impedivity in normal and pathological breast tissue, Med.&Biol.Eng.&Computing, 1986, 34: 346~350
[34]Jossinet J, The impedivity of freshly excised human breast tissue, Physiol. Meas., 1998, 19: 61~75
[35]Jossinet, J, Schmitt M, A review of parameters for the bioelectrical characterization of breast tissue, Ann NY Acad Sci, 1999, 873: 30~41
[36]Chauveau N, Hamzaoui L, Rochaix P, Rigaud B, Voigt JJ, Morucci JP. Ex vivo discrimination between normal and pathological tissues in human breast surgical biopsies using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Ann NY Acad Sci, 1999, 873: 42~50
[37]刘锐岗,付峰,史学涛,正常妇女电阻抗扫描乳腺检测数据的初步分析,第四军医大学学报,2004,25(21):1994~1999
[38]A. M. Dijkstra, B. H. Brown, A. D. Leathard, Review Clinical Application of Electrical Impedance Tomography, Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 1993, 3 (17): 89~98
[39]杜大莉,基于阻抗信息的乳腺组织BP网络识别方法:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2008
[40]王春艳,应用于肺部检测的电阻成像系统:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2007
[41]Geddes, L.A., Baker, L.E., Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1968, 5 (2): 150~205
[42]Cole KS, Electric Impedance of Suspensions of Spheres, J.Gen.physicol., 1928, 12 (1): 29~36
[43]Cole KS, Cole RH, Dispersion and Absorption in Dielectrics, J.Chem.phys., 1941, 9 (4): 341~351
[44]任超世,生物电阻抗技术与人体功能信息,电子科技导报,1998,11(1):17~19
[45]Sverre Grimnes, Orjan Grottem Martinsen, Bio-impedance and Bioelectricity Basics, Great Britain: ACADEMIC PRESS, 2000
[46]Schwan HP, Determination of Biological Impedance, Physical techniques in biomedical research, 1963, 6 (4): 323~406
[47]马嘉,LabVIEW——一种全新的仪器开发系统,电子测量技术,1994,2:35~40
[48]牟廉明,统计学习与支持向量机,内江师范学院学报,2002,17(6):3~7
[49]邵华平,覃征,游诚曦,SVM算法及其应用研究,兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版),2006,25(1):104~106
[50]Aliaksei Kerheta, Mirco Raffetto, A SVM-based approach to microwave breast cancer detection, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2006, 19: 807~818
[51]Tingting Mu,Asoke K. Nandi, Breast cancer detection from FNA using SVM with different parameter tuning systems and SOM–RBF classifier, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 2007, 344: 285~311
[52]柳回春,马树元,支持向量机的研究现状,中国图象图形学报,2002,7(6):618~623
[53]萧嵘,王继成,张福炎,支持向量机理论综述,计算机科学,2000,27(3):1~3
[54]魏广芬,唐祯安,余隽,基于主成分分析和BP神经网络的气体识别方法研究,大连:2001,292~298
[55]王春红,张弘强,齐吉泰,主成分分析在教师能力评估中的应用,佳木斯:2007,1~4
[2]Ahmedin Jemal, Rebecca Siegel, Elizabeth Ward, et al. Cancer Statistics, 2008, CA Cancer J Clin 2008; 58: 71–96
[3]周雪瑞,黄选东,乳腺与乳腺癌,生物学通报,2004,39(7):26~27
[4]天津日报,肿瘤医院一项调查表明本市乳腺癌发病率上升,天津日报,2001
[5]JM.Yuan, QS.wang, RK.Ross, Diet and breast cancer in Shanghai and Tianjin, China, 1995, 71(6): 1353~1358
[6]Zhang BN, Zhan g T, Hu WG, Localized resection and pathological biopsy of micro—calcifications in breast. Cancer ReS Prevention Treatment,2004,3l:44-45, 53
[7]续哲莉,邢华,乳腺癌的手术治疗,中国社区医师,2003,19(7):13~14
[8]吴春泉,马榕,乳腺癌手术治疗历史演变,中国现代外科学杂志,2005,2(21):1971~1972
[9]张保宁,乳腺癌保乳手术的研究进展,中国普外基础与临床杂志,2005,12(3):204~206
[10]Veronesi U, Salvadori B, Iuini A, Conservative treatment of early breast cancer, Ann Surg, 1990, 211(3): 250~253
[11]Borgen PI, Management of locally advanced breast cancer, World Surg, 1994, 18: 81~83
[12]Mansfield C M.Early breast cancer:its history and result of treatment.Exp Bid Med,1976,5(1):1
[13]王先明,乳腺癌手术治疗的历史演变与现代进展,中国现代手术学杂志,2003,7(6):467
[14]左文述,徐忠法,刘奇,现代乳腺肿瘤学,山东科学技术出版社,1996,306
[15]David C,Sabiston_1R.克氏外科学,第15版,北京:人民卫生出版社,2000,478
[16]傅立人,王微,王辉,功能性乳腺癌根治术,实用外科杂志,1986,6(11):573
[17]SABISTON,Text book of surgery(上册),第15版,北京:北京出版社,1999,311
[18]林本耀,王天峰,乳腺癌保留乳房之我见,中国肿瘤,1999,8(3):130
[19]Giuliano AE.Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenect0my for breast cancer.Am Surg,1994,220(4):391
[20]刘君,方志沂,于泳,乳腺癌保乳手术安全范围的研究,中国肿瘤临床,2005,32(15):856~860
[21]孙慎友,乳腺癌保留乳房手术治疗新进展,中国普通外科杂志,2004,13(5):363~366
[22]Burns RP, Image guided breast biopsy, Am J Surg, 1997, 73: 9~11
[23]张剑权,刘永江,黄桂林,乳腺癌手术方式若干改进,农垦医学,2005,27(2):109~111
[24]DC.Farrow, WC.Hunt, JM.Samet, Geographic variation in the treatment of localized breast cancer, The new England journal of medicine, 1992, 326: 1097~1101
[25]Cserni. G, Pitfalls in frozen section interpretation: A retrospective study of palpable breast tumors, TUMORI, 1999, 85(1): 15~18
[26]廖琪梅,董秀珍,付峰,人体乳腺组织电阻抗特性的研究,国际生物医学工程杂志,2006,29(4):218~221
[27]Chaudhary SS,Mishra RK,Swamp A, Dielectric properties of normal and malignan t human breast tissues at radiowave an d microwave frequencies.Indian J Biochem Biophys,1984:76~79
[28]Campbell AM,Land DV,Dielectric properties of female breast tissue measured in vitro at 3.2 GHz.Phys Med Biol,1992,37:193~210
[29]Surowiec AJ,Stuchly SS,Barr JB, Dielectric properties of breast carcinoma and the surrounding tissues, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1988, 35: 257~263
[30]Morimoto T, Kinouchi Y, Iritani T, Measurement of the electrical bio-impedance of breast tumors, Eur Surg Res , 1990, 22: 86~92
[31]Morimoto T, Kimura S, Konishi Y, Komaki K, Uyama T, Monden Y, Kinouchi Y, Iritani T. A study of the electrical bio-impedance of tumors. J Invest Surg, 1993, 6: 25~32
[32]Heinitz J,Minet O,Dielectric properties offemale breast tumors,Proceedings of Ninth International Conference on Electrical BioImpedance , Heidelberg :UniversityofHeidelberg,1995,356~359
[33]Jossinet J, Variability of impedivity in normal and pathological breast tissue, Med.&Biol.Eng.&Computing, 1986, 34: 346~350
[34]Jossinet J, The impedivity of freshly excised human breast tissue, Physiol. Meas., 1998, 19: 61~75
[35]Jossinet, J, Schmitt M, A review of parameters for the bioelectrical characterization of breast tissue, Ann NY Acad Sci, 1999, 873: 30~41
[36]Chauveau N, Hamzaoui L, Rochaix P, Rigaud B, Voigt JJ, Morucci JP. Ex vivo discrimination between normal and pathological tissues in human breast surgical biopsies using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Ann NY Acad Sci, 1999, 873: 42~50
[37]刘锐岗,付峰,史学涛,正常妇女电阻抗扫描乳腺检测数据的初步分析,第四军医大学学报,2004,25(21):1994~1999
[38]A. M. Dijkstra, B. H. Brown, A. D. Leathard, Review Clinical Application of Electrical Impedance Tomography, Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 1993, 3 (17): 89~98
[39]杜大莉,基于阻抗信息的乳腺组织BP网络识别方法:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2008
[40]王春艳,应用于肺部检测的电阻成像系统:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2007
[41]Geddes, L.A., Baker, L.E., Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1968, 5 (2): 150~205
[42]Cole KS, Electric Impedance of Suspensions of Spheres, J.Gen.physicol., 1928, 12 (1): 29~36
[43]Cole KS, Cole RH, Dispersion and Absorption in Dielectrics, J.Chem.phys., 1941, 9 (4): 341~351
[44]任超世,生物电阻抗技术与人体功能信息,电子科技导报,1998,11(1):17~19
[45]Sverre Grimnes, Orjan Grottem Martinsen, Bio-impedance and Bioelectricity Basics, Great Britain: ACADEMIC PRESS, 2000
[46]Schwan HP, Determination of Biological Impedance, Physical techniques in biomedical research, 1963, 6 (4): 323~406
[47]马嘉,LabVIEW——一种全新的仪器开发系统,电子测量技术,1994,2:35~40
[48]牟廉明,统计学习与支持向量机,内江师范学院学报,2002,17(6):3~7
[49]邵华平,覃征,游诚曦,SVM算法及其应用研究,兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版),2006,25(1):104~106
[50]Aliaksei Kerheta, Mirco Raffetto, A SVM-based approach to microwave breast cancer detection, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2006, 19: 807~818
[51]Tingting Mu,Asoke K. Nandi, Breast cancer detection from FNA using SVM with different parameter tuning systems and SOM–RBF classifier, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 2007, 344: 285~311
[52]柳回春,马树元,支持向量机的研究现状,中国图象图形学报,2002,7(6):618~623
[53]萧嵘,王继成,张福炎,支持向量机理论综述,计算机科学,2000,27(3):1~3
[54]魏广芬,唐祯安,余隽,基于主成分分析和BP神经网络的气体识别方法研究,大连:2001,292~298
[55]王春红,张弘强,齐吉泰,主成分分析在教师能力评估中的应用,佳木斯:2007,1~4