双模态电学成像系统数字解调方法研究
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摘要
双模态电学成像系统是将电容成像(Electrical Capacitance Tomography)和电阻成像(Electrical Resistance Tomography)集成到同一敏感系统,测取敏感场区域物场分布的介电常数和电导率的过程层析成像技术。该技术具有无辐射、非侵入、响应速度快、成本低廉以及可视化测量等优点。在图像重建的过程中,信息的提取是整个技术的关键之一,信号的解调方法可以分为模拟解调和数字解调两种方式。
本课题着重于双模态成像系统测量方法和数字解调方法的研究,主要研究工作和结果如下:
(1)对已构建的数字化硬件系统进行了调试和改进,主要包括系统激励和测量选通电路、C/V转换电路的调试,限幅电路的设计,并对等效电路的测量方法进行了分析总结。
(2)用以TMS320C6701为主要芯片的数据采集卡控制整套硬件系统并且对A/D的采样结果进行信息处理,针对数字滤波和数字解调的方法进行了研究,将双窗法FFT谱分析和参数解调等方法应用于双模态成像系统,有效提高了数字解调的速度和精度。
(3)对数字化成像系统进行了误差分析,主要包括电容测量电路中放大器本身的误差及对测量结果的影响,数字解调过程中引入的误差和对测量结果的影响;通过对测量公式的分析,得到反馈电阻、反馈电容以及激励信号频率选择的标准。
Dual-mode electrical tomography system including electrical capacitance tomography and electrical resistance tomography in the same system is a PT technology to obtain dielectric constant and electric conductivity of the sensing field. It has the advantages of non-radiant, non-intrusive, rapid response and low cost. Data acquisition are the key links of the technique in the image reconstruction. The method of the demodulation of the signal can be divided to analog demodulation and digital demodulation.
The author focuses on the measurement methods and digital demodulation method of dual-mode tomographic system. The following achievements have been obtained:
1. The digital hardware system is tested and improved on the basis of the former system including the exciting module, the measurement module and data acquisition module. The amplitude limiter circuit is designed, and the measurement methods were generalized.
2. The whole hardware system is controlled by the 6701PA data acquiring card and the data is analysed. The digital demodulation methods are researched, dual-window FFT spectral analysis and parametric demodulation are introduced to the system, and improve the speed and the precision to some extent.
3. The error analysis of the digital system is done, including the error introduced by the amplifier and the influence to the result, the error introduced by the digital demodulation, the influence to the result.The standard to choice the feedback resistance, the feedback capacitance and the frenquency of the exciting signals.
本课题着重于双模态成像系统测量方法和数字解调方法的研究,主要研究工作和结果如下:
(1)对已构建的数字化硬件系统进行了调试和改进,主要包括系统激励和测量选通电路、C/V转换电路的调试,限幅电路的设计,并对等效电路的测量方法进行了分析总结。
(2)用以TMS320C6701为主要芯片的数据采集卡控制整套硬件系统并且对A/D的采样结果进行信息处理,针对数字滤波和数字解调的方法进行了研究,将双窗法FFT谱分析和参数解调等方法应用于双模态成像系统,有效提高了数字解调的速度和精度。
(3)对数字化成像系统进行了误差分析,主要包括电容测量电路中放大器本身的误差及对测量结果的影响,数字解调过程中引入的误差和对测量结果的影响;通过对测量公式的分析,得到反馈电阻、反馈电容以及激励信号频率选择的标准。
Dual-mode electrical tomography system including electrical capacitance tomography and electrical resistance tomography in the same system is a PT technology to obtain dielectric constant and electric conductivity of the sensing field. It has the advantages of non-radiant, non-intrusive, rapid response and low cost. Data acquisition are the key links of the technique in the image reconstruction. The method of the demodulation of the signal can be divided to analog demodulation and digital demodulation.
The author focuses on the measurement methods and digital demodulation method of dual-mode tomographic system. The following achievements have been obtained:
1. The digital hardware system is tested and improved on the basis of the former system including the exciting module, the measurement module and data acquisition module. The amplitude limiter circuit is designed, and the measurement methods were generalized.
2. The whole hardware system is controlled by the 6701PA data acquiring card and the data is analysed. The digital demodulation methods are researched, dual-window FFT spectral analysis and parametric demodulation are introduced to the system, and improve the speed and the precision to some extent.
3. The error analysis of the digital system is done, including the error introduced by the amplifier and the influence to the result, the error introduced by the digital demodulation, the influence to the result.The standard to choice the feedback resistance, the feedback capacitance and the frenquency of the exciting signals.
引文
[1] 董峰,邓湘等,过程层析成像技术综述,仪器仪表用户,2001,8(1):6~11
[2] 杨宇松,电阻层析成象系统的研究:[硕士学位论文],天津;天津大学,1994
[3] M S Becky,R A Williams,Process tomography: a European innovation and its applications, Meas. Sci. Technol. 7 (1996) 215–224.
[4] Brian H Brown, Medical impedance tomography and process impedance tomography: a brief review, Meas. Sci. Technol. 2001(12):991~996
[5] Saeed, Maythem,Usefulness of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cardiac and Enovascular Intervention, Current Medical Imaging Reviews,2(2006): 299-313
[6] D. M. Otten, Cryosurgical monitoring using visible light imaging and electrical impedance tomography — A feasibility study, Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2000
[7] A. M. Dijkstra, B. H. Brown, A. D. Leathard, et al, Review Clinical Application of Electrical Impedance Tomography, Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 1993, 17(3): 89~98
[8] T. Dyakowski, G.A. Johansen, B.T. Hjertaker, et al, A Dual Modality Tomography System for Imaging Gas/Solids Flows, 4th World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Aizu, Japan, 2005, 669~674
[9] I Basarab-Horwath, A T Daniels and R G Green,Image analysis in dual modality tomography for material classification, Meas. Sci. Technol. 12 (2001) 1153–1156
[10] E. Waltz, The principles and practice of image and spatial data fusion, Proc. 8th Natl. Data Fusion Conf. Dallas, TX, pp. 15-17, Mar. 1995.
[11] R.C. Waterfall, R. He, P. Wolanski, Monitoring Flame Position and Stability in Combustion Cans Using ECT, 1st World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Buxton, Greater Manchester, April 14-17, 1999
[12] Feher.K.,Morris.M.,Simultaneous Transmission of Digital Phase-Shift Keying and of Analog Television Signals, Communicaton, IEEE Transaction 23(1975) 1509-1514
[13] Nick Polydorides, HughMcCann, Electrode configurations for improved spatial resolution in electrical impedance tomography, Meas. Sci. Technol. 13, 2002, 1862~1870
[14] 毕德显,电磁场理论,北京:电子工业出版社,1985
[15] Bragos R, Blanes P, Riu J, et al, Comparison of current measurement structures in voltage-driven tomographic systems, Innovations in Instrumentation for Electrical Tomography, IEE Colloquium on, 11 May 1995, 8/1 ~ 8/3
[16] 孙永进,姜常珍,徐立军,电阻层析成像(ERT)两相流检测激励源对比分析, 仪器仪表学报, 2001, 22(z3): 1~2
[17] 孙永进,电阻层析成像(ERT)计算机仿真研究,[硕士学位论文],天津大学,2002
[18] TMS320C6701 floating-point digital signal processor, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1998
[19] 王建和,段传华等,采用 DDS 技术实现的频率合成信号发生器,电子技术, 1997,1:30~32
[20] 周国富,具有 50MHz 时钟率的 AD7008 单片 CMOS DDS 调制器,电子技术应用,1994,3:32~34
[21] 方红斌,胡书屏等,AD7008在数字频率合成器中的应用,电子与仪表,1999, 1:35~37
[22] AD7008 Hand Book, Analog Device, 1995
[23] W. Q. Yang, A. L. Stott, et al., A high frequency and high resolution capacitance measuring circuit for process tomography, IEE Proceedings-Circuit Device System, 1994, 141(3): 215~219
[24] W. Q. Yang, T. A. York, New AC-based capacitance tomography system, IEE Proc.-Sci. Meas. Technol., 1999, 146(1): 47~53
[25]AD9042 Hand Book, Analog Device, 1996
[26] 李贵山,陈金鹏,PCI 局部总线及其应用,西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003
[27] 王念旭,DSP 基础与应用系统设计,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2001
[28] TMS320C6000 Programmer’s Guide, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 2002
[29] TMS320C67X DSP Library Programmer’s Reference Guide, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 2003
[30] TMS320C6201/6701 Evaluation Module Technical Reference, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1998
[31] 李方慧,王飞等,TMS320C6000 系列 DSPs 原理与应用(第二版),北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[32]季昱,林俊超,余本喜,DSP 嵌入式应用系统开发典型实例,北京:电力出版社,2005
[33] 代少升,袁祥辉,DMA 技术在实时图像处理中的应用,重庆大学学报,2003,26(12):22~24
[34] 金剑,邓长军等,用高级语言实现 DSP 中断编程,国外电子元器件,2003,6,7~10
[35]白同云,吕晓德,电磁兼容设计,北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2001
[36] 高鹏,安涛等,电路设计与制版 Protel 99 入门与提高,北京:人民邮电出版社,2000
[37] 宗孔德,胡广书,数字信号处理,北京:清华大学出版社,1988
[38] 李行一,数字信号处理,重庆:重庆大学出版社,2002
[39] Kay S M and Marple S L,Spectrum analysis—A modern perspective, Proc. IEEE 1981,69(11):1380–1419
[40]N Chauveau,B Ayeva,B Rigaud and J P Morucci,A multifrequency serial EIT system,Physiol. Meas.1996,17:A7-A13
[41]Qiu Z L,Tieu K.Method to Obtain Exact Frequency Characterstica of Harmonic signals.Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 1999;13(3):523—529
[42]何岭松,熊鹰,用双窗法减小 FFT 谱分析估算误差,振动与冲击,2001.2:49~51,58
[43] 王延平, 信号复原与重建, 江苏: 东南大学出版社, 1992
[44] R.A.Roberts.Digital Signal Processing Addison—Wosley Publishing Company.1987
[45]程佩青,数字信号处理教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[46] 门爱东,杨波,全子一,数字信号处理系统分析与设计,北京:电子工业出版社,2004
[47] 张志涌,精通 Matlab6.5 版,北京:北京航天航空大学出版社,2003
[48] 李长明,季涛,快速傅立叶变换在数字信号处理中的实现,潍坊学院学报,2005,5(2):1~3
[49] C.K.Yuen, D. Fraser, Digital spectral analysis, CSIRO, 1979
[50]李水,一种修正的 Prony 方法,声学与电子工程,1995,1:17-21,25
[51]焦丹,王良知,吴先良,从瞬态响应波形中提取极点的 Prony 法及改进 Prony法的研究,安徽大学学报,1993,4:27-34
[52] 刘应梅,高玉洁,基于 Prony 法的暂态扰动信号分析,电网技术,2005,30(4):26-30
[53] 金晓峰,袁文俊,瞬态测量的 Prony 方法,声学与电子工程,1993,29(1):28-31
[54] 田莉敏,电容层析成像系统的数字化研究:[硕士学位论文],天津;天津大学,2006
[55] 童诗白,华成英,模拟电子技术基础,北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[56]刘元高,刘耀儒,Mathmatica 4.0 实用教程,北京:国防出版社,2000
[2] 杨宇松,电阻层析成象系统的研究:[硕士学位论文],天津;天津大学,1994
[3] M S Becky,R A Williams,Process tomography: a European innovation and its applications, Meas. Sci. Technol. 7 (1996) 215–224.
[4] Brian H Brown, Medical impedance tomography and process impedance tomography: a brief review, Meas. Sci. Technol. 2001(12):991~996
[5] Saeed, Maythem,Usefulness of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cardiac and Enovascular Intervention, Current Medical Imaging Reviews,2(2006): 299-313
[6] D. M. Otten, Cryosurgical monitoring using visible light imaging and electrical impedance tomography — A feasibility study, Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2000
[7] A. M. Dijkstra, B. H. Brown, A. D. Leathard, et al, Review Clinical Application of Electrical Impedance Tomography, Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 1993, 17(3): 89~98
[8] T. Dyakowski, G.A. Johansen, B.T. Hjertaker, et al, A Dual Modality Tomography System for Imaging Gas/Solids Flows, 4th World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Aizu, Japan, 2005, 669~674
[9] I Basarab-Horwath, A T Daniels and R G Green,Image analysis in dual modality tomography for material classification, Meas. Sci. Technol. 12 (2001) 1153–1156
[10] E. Waltz, The principles and practice of image and spatial data fusion, Proc. 8th Natl. Data Fusion Conf. Dallas, TX, pp. 15-17, Mar. 1995.
[11] R.C. Waterfall, R. He, P. Wolanski, Monitoring Flame Position and Stability in Combustion Cans Using ECT, 1st World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Buxton, Greater Manchester, April 14-17, 1999
[12] Feher.K.,Morris.M.,Simultaneous Transmission of Digital Phase-Shift Keying and of Analog Television Signals, Communicaton, IEEE Transaction 23(1975) 1509-1514
[13] Nick Polydorides, HughMcCann, Electrode configurations for improved spatial resolution in electrical impedance tomography, Meas. Sci. Technol. 13, 2002, 1862~1870
[14] 毕德显,电磁场理论,北京:电子工业出版社,1985
[15] Bragos R, Blanes P, Riu J, et al, Comparison of current measurement structures in voltage-driven tomographic systems, Innovations in Instrumentation for Electrical Tomography, IEE Colloquium on, 11 May 1995, 8/1 ~ 8/3
[16] 孙永进,姜常珍,徐立军,电阻层析成像(ERT)两相流检测激励源对比分析, 仪器仪表学报, 2001, 22(z3): 1~2
[17] 孙永进,电阻层析成像(ERT)计算机仿真研究,[硕士学位论文],天津大学,2002
[18] TMS320C6701 floating-point digital signal processor, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1998
[19] 王建和,段传华等,采用 DDS 技术实现的频率合成信号发生器,电子技术, 1997,1:30~32
[20] 周国富,具有 50MHz 时钟率的 AD7008 单片 CMOS DDS 调制器,电子技术应用,1994,3:32~34
[21] 方红斌,胡书屏等,AD7008在数字频率合成器中的应用,电子与仪表,1999, 1:35~37
[22] AD7008 Hand Book, Analog Device, 1995
[23] W. Q. Yang, A. L. Stott, et al., A high frequency and high resolution capacitance measuring circuit for process tomography, IEE Proceedings-Circuit Device System, 1994, 141(3): 215~219
[24] W. Q. Yang, T. A. York, New AC-based capacitance tomography system, IEE Proc.-Sci. Meas. Technol., 1999, 146(1): 47~53
[25]AD9042 Hand Book, Analog Device, 1996
[26] 李贵山,陈金鹏,PCI 局部总线及其应用,西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003
[27] 王念旭,DSP 基础与应用系统设计,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2001
[28] TMS320C6000 Programmer’s Guide, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 2002
[29] TMS320C67X DSP Library Programmer’s Reference Guide, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 2003
[30] TMS320C6201/6701 Evaluation Module Technical Reference, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1998
[31] 李方慧,王飞等,TMS320C6000 系列 DSPs 原理与应用(第二版),北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[32]季昱,林俊超,余本喜,DSP 嵌入式应用系统开发典型实例,北京:电力出版社,2005
[33] 代少升,袁祥辉,DMA 技术在实时图像处理中的应用,重庆大学学报,2003,26(12):22~24
[34] 金剑,邓长军等,用高级语言实现 DSP 中断编程,国外电子元器件,2003,6,7~10
[35]白同云,吕晓德,电磁兼容设计,北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2001
[36] 高鹏,安涛等,电路设计与制版 Protel 99 入门与提高,北京:人民邮电出版社,2000
[37] 宗孔德,胡广书,数字信号处理,北京:清华大学出版社,1988
[38] 李行一,数字信号处理,重庆:重庆大学出版社,2002
[39] Kay S M and Marple S L,Spectrum analysis—A modern perspective, Proc. IEEE 1981,69(11):1380–1419
[40]N Chauveau,B Ayeva,B Rigaud and J P Morucci,A multifrequency serial EIT system,Physiol. Meas.1996,17:A7-A13
[41]Qiu Z L,Tieu K.Method to Obtain Exact Frequency Characterstica of Harmonic signals.Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 1999;13(3):523—529
[42]何岭松,熊鹰,用双窗法减小 FFT 谱分析估算误差,振动与冲击,2001.2:49~51,58
[43] 王延平, 信号复原与重建, 江苏: 东南大学出版社, 1992
[44] R.A.Roberts.Digital Signal Processing Addison—Wosley Publishing Company.1987
[45]程佩青,数字信号处理教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[46] 门爱东,杨波,全子一,数字信号处理系统分析与设计,北京:电子工业出版社,2004
[47] 张志涌,精通 Matlab6.5 版,北京:北京航天航空大学出版社,2003
[48] 李长明,季涛,快速傅立叶变换在数字信号处理中的实现,潍坊学院学报,2005,5(2):1~3
[49] C.K.Yuen, D. Fraser, Digital spectral analysis, CSIRO, 1979
[50]李水,一种修正的 Prony 方法,声学与电子工程,1995,1:17-21,25
[51]焦丹,王良知,吴先良,从瞬态响应波形中提取极点的 Prony 法及改进 Prony法的研究,安徽大学学报,1993,4:27-34
[52] 刘应梅,高玉洁,基于 Prony 法的暂态扰动信号分析,电网技术,2005,30(4):26-30
[53] 金晓峰,袁文俊,瞬态测量的 Prony 方法,声学与电子工程,1993,29(1):28-31
[54] 田莉敏,电容层析成像系统的数字化研究:[硕士学位论文],天津;天津大学,2006
[55] 童诗白,华成英,模拟电子技术基础,北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[56]刘元高,刘耀儒,Mathmatica 4.0 实用教程,北京:国防出版社,2000