黑人女性文学传统的继承与发展
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摘要
佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿和艾丽丝·沃克是美国文学史上著名的黑人女作家。尽管她们出生于不同时期,从未谋面,但她们所遭遇的相似的社会、经济和政治体验直接促成了她们共同的创作方式和主题。
赫斯顿的代表作《他们眼望上苍》曾因缺乏黑人男性抗议文学的主题而遭遇严厉的指责。然而20世纪70年代后,经大批文学评论家的重新评价,该小说又因其表现了黑人妇女争取自由和寻找自我的主题被誉为黑人女性文学的经典之作。沃克在其代表作《紫色》中再现了这一主题,继续探讨了黑人妇女的理想生存状态。现当代许多非裔美国文学研究学者已经开始通过比较分析她们的作品来进一步探讨黑人女性文学的传统,其中刻画女性成长主题的小说《他们眼望上苍》和《紫色》更是评论的焦点。
本文以这两部小说的主题和写作策略为切入点,试图探讨沃克与赫斯顿在黑人女性文学传统中的传承关系。通过分析《他们眼望上苍》与《紫色》中女主人公自我实现的历程,本文试图揭示赫斯顿和沃克在黑人女性写作传统的继承与发展发面所作出的努力。同时,通过对这两部作品中的女性人物形象,以及写作策略的对比分析,本文还探讨了二者之间的差异,指出沃克在《紫色》中塑造了更为现实的人物形象,提出了更为和谐的人类生存状态,从而进一步发展了黑人女性文学传统。
Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) and Alice Walker (1944- ) are claimed to be two of the most famous black women writers in the American literary history. Born in different periods, they never met each other. However, they display some common writing approaches and themes as a direct result of the social, economic and political experience they were obliged to share.
Hurston's representative work Their Eyes Were Watching God used to be criticized severely for not fitting into the mainstream of black male protest novels. Nevertheless, since 1970s, after the reappraisal of a number of literary critics, it is now generally acknowledged as one of the classics of black women writing for its theme of black women struggling for freedom and searching for self-expression. In her representative work The Color Purple, Walker reproduced the theme, and continued to explore the ideal living state of black women. A number of scholars of African-American literature have initiated their efforts to further explore the tradition of black women writing through a comparative analysis of their representative works, among which Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple are given much more priority.
This thesis selects the theme and the writing approaches of the two novels as its basis, trying to explore these two black women writers' efforts in inheriting and developing black women writing. By launching a brief analysis of the protagonists' struggling efforts to assert themselves, the thesis attempts to reveal Hurston and Walker's efforts in inheriting and developing the tradition of black women writing. Besides, the thesis makes a detailed contrast between Hurston's and Walker's female characters, and the writing approaches in the two novels, so as to display the differences between these two novels and point out that Walker has created a series of more realistic characters, and exhibited a much more harmonious living state of all human beings. In this way, Walker has not only inherited but also developed the tradition of black women writing.
赫斯顿的代表作《他们眼望上苍》曾因缺乏黑人男性抗议文学的主题而遭遇严厉的指责。然而20世纪70年代后,经大批文学评论家的重新评价,该小说又因其表现了黑人妇女争取自由和寻找自我的主题被誉为黑人女性文学的经典之作。沃克在其代表作《紫色》中再现了这一主题,继续探讨了黑人妇女的理想生存状态。现当代许多非裔美国文学研究学者已经开始通过比较分析她们的作品来进一步探讨黑人女性文学的传统,其中刻画女性成长主题的小说《他们眼望上苍》和《紫色》更是评论的焦点。
本文以这两部小说的主题和写作策略为切入点,试图探讨沃克与赫斯顿在黑人女性文学传统中的传承关系。通过分析《他们眼望上苍》与《紫色》中女主人公自我实现的历程,本文试图揭示赫斯顿和沃克在黑人女性写作传统的继承与发展发面所作出的努力。同时,通过对这两部作品中的女性人物形象,以及写作策略的对比分析,本文还探讨了二者之间的差异,指出沃克在《紫色》中塑造了更为现实的人物形象,提出了更为和谐的人类生存状态,从而进一步发展了黑人女性文学传统。
Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) and Alice Walker (1944- ) are claimed to be two of the most famous black women writers in the American literary history. Born in different periods, they never met each other. However, they display some common writing approaches and themes as a direct result of the social, economic and political experience they were obliged to share.
Hurston's representative work Their Eyes Were Watching God used to be criticized severely for not fitting into the mainstream of black male protest novels. Nevertheless, since 1970s, after the reappraisal of a number of literary critics, it is now generally acknowledged as one of the classics of black women writing for its theme of black women struggling for freedom and searching for self-expression. In her representative work The Color Purple, Walker reproduced the theme, and continued to explore the ideal living state of black women. A number of scholars of African-American literature have initiated their efforts to further explore the tradition of black women writing through a comparative analysis of their representative works, among which Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple are given much more priority.
This thesis selects the theme and the writing approaches of the two novels as its basis, trying to explore these two black women writers' efforts in inheriting and developing black women writing. By launching a brief analysis of the protagonists' struggling efforts to assert themselves, the thesis attempts to reveal Hurston and Walker's efforts in inheriting and developing the tradition of black women writing. Besides, the thesis makes a detailed contrast between Hurston's and Walker's female characters, and the writing approaches in the two novels, so as to display the differences between these two novels and point out that Walker has created a series of more realistic characters, and exhibited a much more harmonious living state of all human beings. In this way, Walker has not only inherited but also developed the tradition of black women writing.
引文
1 转引自黄华,《权力,身体与自我-福柯与女性主义文学批评》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第222页。
2 Walker,Alice.In Search of Our Mothers 'Gardens:Womanist Prose.San Diego:Harcourt Brace,Inc.,1984.P.86.
1 转引自黄华,《权力,身体与自我—福柯与女性主义文学批评》,北京：北京大学出版社,2006年,第222
页。
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.86.
1 张京媛主编,《当代女性主义文学批评》,北京:北京大学出版社,1992年,第100页。
2 Ibid.P.100.
1 翁德修,都岚岚,《美国黑人女性文学》,长春:吉林大学出版社,2000年,第2-3页。
2 Christian,Barbara.Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers.New York:Pergamon Press,1985.P.302.
3 Foreword of "Their Eyes Were Watching God" by Shirley Anne Williams.Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1978.P.Ⅶ.
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.86.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.29.
2 Ibid, P.38.
3 Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985. P. 24.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.76.
2 Ibid, P.74.
1 Foreword of "Their Eyes Were Watching God" by Shirley Anne Williams. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P. XV.
2 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.272.
3 Ibid, P.272-273.
4 Ibid, P.273.
5 Ibid, P.273.
6 Ibid, P. 161.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.278.
2 Miles, Dianna. Women, Violence, &Testimony in the Works of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. 2003. P.61.
3 Ibid.
4 Walker, Alice. "Zora Neale Hurston: A Cautionary Tale and a Partisan View" in Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston: The Common Bond edited by Lillie P. Howard. Greenwood Press, 1993. P.83.
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc. 1984. P.290-312.
2 Ibid, P.312.
1 Brownmiller, Susan. Femininity.徐飚,朱萍译,江苏南京：江苏人民版社,2006年, 第60页。
1 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P.42.
2 Ibid, P.207.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.28.
2 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P.117.
1 转引自吴新云,《身份的疆界》,北京：中过社会科学出版社,2007年4月,第116页。
2 Ibid, P.40.
3 Ibid, P.28.
4 Ibid, P.47.
5 Ibid, P.49.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.57.
2 Ibid, P.87.
3 西蒙·德·波伏娃,《第二性》,陶铁铸译,北京：中国书籍出版社,1998年,第205页。
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.237.
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.15-16.
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.xi.
1 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple, Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P. 90.
2 Ibid, P. 90.
1 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P. 271.
2 Ibid, P. 271.
3 Ibid, P. 272.
4 Ibid, P. 272.
1 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P. 235.
2 Ibid, P. 235.
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.xi.
1 Babb, Valerie. "Women and Words: Articulating the Self in Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple" in Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston: The Common Bond Edited by Lillie P. Howard. Greenwood Press, 1993. P.83.
2 Evans, Mari, ed. Black Women Writers: Argument and Interviews. London: Pluto Press, 1985. P261.
3 Hurston, Zora Neale. Dust Tracks On a Road: An Autobiography USA: Harper & Row, publishers, Inc., 1984. P.21.
4 Ibid, P.21.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Dust Tracks On a Road: An Autobiography. USA: Harper & Row, publishers, Inc., 1984. P.21.
2 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.9-10.
3 Ibid, P.21.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.51.
2 Ibid, P.54.
3 Ibid, P. 123.
4 Ibid, P.278.
5 Babb, Valerie. "Women and Words: Articulating the Self in Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple" in Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston: The Common Bond edited by Lillie P. Howard. Greenwood Press, 1993. P.89.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.207.
2 Ibid, P.218.
3 Ibid, P.218-219.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.53.
2 Ibid, P. 131.
3 Ibid, P.272.
4 Ibid, P.286.
1 郑光锐,“男性解放：实现妇女主义的一条必由之路”,沈阳教育学院学报,2006年3月第1期,第32-34页。
1 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P.65.
[1]Bernard W.Bel.The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition.Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press,1987.
[2]Christian,Barbara.Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers.New York:Pergamon Press,1985.
[3]Chupa,Anna Maria.Anne,the White Woman in Contemporary African-American Fiction.Westport:Greenwood Press,Inc.,1990.
[4]Davis,Carole Boyce.Black Women,Writing and Identity.London:Routledge,1994.
[5]Dieke Ikenna ed..Critical Essays on Alice Walker.Westport:Greenwood Press,1999.
[6]Dubois,W.E.B..Souls of Black Folk.New York:Blue Heron Press,1953.
[7]Evans,Mari,ed..Black Women Writers:Argument and Interviews.London:Pluto Press,1985.
[8]Gates,Henry Louis,Jr.and Appiah,K.A.ed..Alice Walker:Critical Perspectives Past and Present.New York:Amistad Pr.Inc.,1993.
[9]Gilbert,Sandra & Gubar,Susan.The Madwomen in the Attic:the Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination.New Haren:Yale University Press,1979.
[10]Howard,Lillie P.ed..Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston:The Common Bond.Westport:Greenwood Press,1993.
[11]Hurston,Zora Neale.Their Eyes Were Watching God.Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1978.
[12]Hurston,Zora Neale.Dust Tracks On a Road:An Autobiography.USA:Harper & Row,publishers,Inc.1984.
[13]Karanja,Ayana I.Zora Neale Hurston:The Breath of Her Voice.New York:Peter Lang Publishing,Inc.,1999.
[14]Lauret,Maria.Alice Walker.New York:Palgrave Publishers,2000.
[15]Miles,Dianna.Women,Violence,& Testimony in the Works of Zora Neale Hurston.New York:Peter Lang Publishing,Inc.2003.
[16]Walker,Alice.The Color Purple.Washington:Pocket Books/Washington Square Press,1985.
[17]Walker,Alice.In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens:Womanist Prose.San Diego:Harcourt Brace,Inc.,1984.
[18]Walker,Alice.Anything We love Can Be Saved:A Writer's Activism.New York:The Ballantine Publishing Group,1997.
[19]Walker,Alice.Living by the Word.New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1988.
[20]White,Evelyn C..Alice Walker:A Life.New York:W.W.Norton & Company.Inc.,2004.
[21]Winchell,Donna Haisty.Alice Walker.New York:Twayne.1992.
[22]艾丽丝·沃克,《紫色》,杨仁敬译,北京:北京十月文艺,1988年。
[23]艾丽丝·沃克,《寻找母亲的花园》,汪义群译,《外国文艺》,1994年,第6期。
[24]贝蒂·弗里丹,《女性的奥秘》,巫漪云等译,江苏人民出版社,1988年。
[25]伯纳德·W·贝尔,《非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传统》,成都,四川人民出版社,2000年。
[26]陈光明,“赫斯顿:在生不顺死后复兴的美国黑人女作家”,安庆师院社会科学学报,1998年第1期。
[27]陈光明,“《他们的眼睛望着上帝》:一部反映性别歧视的黑人小说”,当代电影,1991年第5期。
[28]弗吉利亚·伍尔夫,《一间自己的房间》,刘炳善译,《伍尔夫散文》,中国广播电视出版社,2000年。
[29]黄华,《权力,身体与自我-福柯与女性主义文学批评》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年6月。
[30]刘英,“赫斯顿与沃克:美国黑人女性文学史上的一对‘母'与‘女'-兼谈美国女性文学传统的建构、继承与发展”,四川外语学院学报,2002年第3期。
[31]苏珊·布朗米勒,《女性气质》,徐飚、朱萍译,江苏南京:江苏人民出版 社,2006年。
[32]孙薇、程锡麟,“解读艾丽丝·沃克的‘妇女主义'-从《他们的眼睛望着上帝》和《紫色》看黑人女性主义文学传统”,当代外国文学,2004年第2期。
[33]王守仁、吴新云,《性别、种族、文化:托妮·莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学》,北京:北京大学出版社,1999年。
[34]翁德修、都岚岚,《美国黑人女性文学》,长春:吉林大学出版社,2000年。
[35]吴新云,《身份的疆界》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2007年4月。
[36]西蒙·德·波伏娃,《第二性》,陶铁铸译,北京:中国书籍出版社,1998年。
[37]郑光锐,“男性解放:实现妇女主义的一条必由之路”,沈阳教育学院学报,2006年3月第1期。
[38]张京媛主编,《当代女性主义文学批评》,北京:北京大学出版社,1992年。
[39]佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿,《他们眼望上苍》,王家湘译,北京:北京十月文艺出版社,2000年。
2 Walker,Alice.In Search of Our Mothers 'Gardens:Womanist Prose.San Diego:Harcourt Brace,Inc.,1984.P.86.
1 转引自黄华,《权力,身体与自我—福柯与女性主义文学批评》,北京：北京大学出版社,2006年,第222
页。
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.86.
1 张京媛主编,《当代女性主义文学批评》,北京:北京大学出版社,1992年,第100页。
2 Ibid.P.100.
1 翁德修,都岚岚,《美国黑人女性文学》,长春:吉林大学出版社,2000年,第2-3页。
2 Christian,Barbara.Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers.New York:Pergamon Press,1985.P.302.
3 Foreword of "Their Eyes Were Watching God" by Shirley Anne Williams.Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1978.P.Ⅶ.
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.86.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.29.
2 Ibid, P.38.
3 Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985. P. 24.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.76.
2 Ibid, P.74.
1 Foreword of "Their Eyes Were Watching God" by Shirley Anne Williams. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P. XV.
2 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.272.
3 Ibid, P.272-273.
4 Ibid, P.273.
5 Ibid, P.273.
6 Ibid, P. 161.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.278.
2 Miles, Dianna. Women, Violence, &Testimony in the Works of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. 2003. P.61.
3 Ibid.
4 Walker, Alice. "Zora Neale Hurston: A Cautionary Tale and a Partisan View" in Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston: The Common Bond edited by Lillie P. Howard. Greenwood Press, 1993. P.83.
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc. 1984. P.290-312.
2 Ibid, P.312.
1 Brownmiller, Susan. Femininity.徐飚,朱萍译,江苏南京：江苏人民版社,2006年, 第60页。
1 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P.42.
2 Ibid, P.207.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.28.
2 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P.117.
1 转引自吴新云,《身份的疆界》,北京：中过社会科学出版社,2007年4月,第116页。
2 Ibid, P.40.
3 Ibid, P.28.
4 Ibid, P.47.
5 Ibid, P.49.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.57.
2 Ibid, P.87.
3 西蒙·德·波伏娃,《第二性》,陶铁铸译,北京：中国书籍出版社,1998年,第205页。
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.237.
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.15-16.
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.xi.
1 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple, Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P. 90.
2 Ibid, P. 90.
1 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P. 271.
2 Ibid, P. 271.
3 Ibid, P. 272.
4 Ibid, P. 272.
1 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P. 235.
2 Ibid, P. 235.
1 Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Inc., 1984. P.xi.
1 Babb, Valerie. "Women and Words: Articulating the Self in Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple" in Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston: The Common Bond Edited by Lillie P. Howard. Greenwood Press, 1993. P.83.
2 Evans, Mari, ed. Black Women Writers: Argument and Interviews. London: Pluto Press, 1985. P261.
3 Hurston, Zora Neale. Dust Tracks On a Road: An Autobiography USA: Harper & Row, publishers, Inc., 1984. P.21.
4 Ibid, P.21.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Dust Tracks On a Road: An Autobiography. USA: Harper & Row, publishers, Inc., 1984. P.21.
2 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.9-10.
3 Ibid, P.21.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.51.
2 Ibid, P.54.
3 Ibid, P. 123.
4 Ibid, P.278.
5 Babb, Valerie. "Women and Words: Articulating the Self in Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple" in Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston: The Common Bond edited by Lillie P. Howard. Greenwood Press, 1993. P.89.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.207.
2 Ibid, P.218.
3 Ibid, P.218-219.
1 Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978. P.53.
2 Ibid, P. 131.
3 Ibid, P.272.
4 Ibid, P.286.
1 郑光锐,“男性解放：实现妇女主义的一条必由之路”,沈阳教育学院学报,2006年3月第1期,第32-34页。
1 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press, 1985. P.65.
[1]Bernard W.Bel.The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition.Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press,1987.
[2]Christian,Barbara.Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers.New York:Pergamon Press,1985.
[3]Chupa,Anna Maria.Anne,the White Woman in Contemporary African-American Fiction.Westport:Greenwood Press,Inc.,1990.
[4]Davis,Carole Boyce.Black Women,Writing and Identity.London:Routledge,1994.
[5]Dieke Ikenna ed..Critical Essays on Alice Walker.Westport:Greenwood Press,1999.
[6]Dubois,W.E.B..Souls of Black Folk.New York:Blue Heron Press,1953.
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