校长激励对农村学生营养健康的影响研究
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摘要
中国正处在经济转型的阶段,要促进劳动生产率的提高,确保产业结构再次升级,就对人力资本提出了更高的要求。目前,中国农业人口比例仍然高达53%,农村儿童作为这部分人群的重要组成部分,能否适应未来经济发展和转型的需要至关重要,该问题的解决归根到底还是要通过教育来实现。虽然师资水平、硬件设施不断改善,学杂费也已经免除。但是,目前农村贫困地区依然存在着大范围的农村小学生营养不良。世界银行2006年的报告指出,改善营养健康,将直接减少贫困,促进人的发展和人力资本的形成。因此,农村地区学生的身体健康状况,是关系中国社会人力资本积累的重要因素。
在各方的关注下,学生营养问题己经引起国家管理层的高度关注,国务院自2011年起,启动实施农村义务教育学生营养改善计划。中央财政按照每生每天3元的标准为试点地区农村义务教育阶段学生提供营养膳食补助。同时,鼓励各地因地制宜开展营养改善试点,中央财政给予奖补。改善农村孩子的营养健康有多种方式,补贴款的使用是否得当、能否真正用于改善农村孩子的营养健康、效果如何都与学校的管理方,尤其是校长有密切的关系。以何种方式激励校长积极的、合理的使用补贴更有效促进农村小学生的营养健康研究意义重大。
为了测试不同的校长激励方式是否降低农村学生的贫血率,提高学生的学业表现,本研究在甘肃、青海和陕西随机抽取300所学校的19991名学生,开展基线调查,对每所学校的四、五年级学生进行贫血的测试(用血红蛋白水平来衡量)、标准化的数学和语文考试以及收集学生的个人基本特征信息。同时也通过对300所学校校长的访问,收集他们的基本信息及其对营养健康知识的了解情况。根据基线和评估调查的数据,使用随机干预试验的方法设计和评价对校长的不同干预方式对学生贫血和学业表现的影响。
研究结果表明,农村小学生的平均贫血率高达25.85%,值得关注的是,农村小学中女生、寄宿生和留守儿童的平均贫血率在同类群体中较高,并且高于样本的平均贫血率。少数民族学生、寄宿生和留守儿童存在更多的学困生。干预结果显示,对于仅提供补贴的学校,大的补贴比小的补贴对于改善学生的血红蛋白水平和数学学习成绩更有效。加入对校长的激励后,大补贴对于学生血红蛋白水平和数学成绩的改善小于小补贴。此外,在激励的方式上,对校长的双重激励(降低学生贫血的激励和提高学生考试成绩的激励)对学生血红蛋白水平的改善效果最明显。
本文建议关注西北地区农村小学生的营养健康问题,尤其是当前亟待解决并且普遍存在的贫血问题。设计和实施切实有效的方案克服贫血。同时,在改善学生营养状况的过程中,应该赋予学校和校长自主权,使他们能够根据当地的经济、生活习惯和学生特点因地因时制宜的制定改善学生营养和克服贫血的计划和方案,给予学校和校长管理营养餐补贴的权限,并配合一定的激励和约束促进校方改善学生的营养健康。
Chinese economy is during economic restructure and transition. In order to promote labor productivity and update the industrial structure, we must possess higher human capital resources. Recently,53percent of Chinese are still living rural areas. As Children are important part of those population, it is important that whether the Children living rural areas will adapt to the future economic development and restructuring. Education is a key way to promote individual human capital resource. Thus, this problem is ultimately solved by Education enhancement. Nowadays, the quality of teachers and hardware facilities have been improved and tuition fees have also been waived. However, there are malnutrition for a lots of pupils in poor rural areas. The World Bank proposed that improving nutrition will directly reduce poverty and promote human development and the formation of human capital. The health status of students in rural areas are an important factor for human capital accumulation in China.
With the cooperative efforts of all parts, national management is becoming to pay more attention to the nutrition problems of student in rural areas. Since2011, the State Council started the implementation of rural compulsory education to improve student nutrition program. The central government provides provide3-yuan-per-student nutritional meals to rural students receiving compulsory education per day. In the meantime, the local government are encouraged to carry out nutrition improvement with the aid of the central financing. The school management, especially the principal, plays important roles in proper use of the subsidy payments and determines whether it will be really employed to improve the student health. Besides, there are many ways to improve the nutritional health of rural children. It is important to investigate how to motivate the principal to use subsidies more properly and rationally to more effectively improve nutrition levels of student.
In order to test whether different incentives to the principal is able to reduce anemia rates of rural students and to improve student scores, the current research performed surveys in Gansu, Qinghai and Shaanxi province. We randomly selected300schools totally including19,991students to carry out a baseline survey. The survey included anemia status (measured by hemoglobin levels, standardized math and language examinations and basic individual information of the fourth and the fifth grade students. We also interviewed the principal to collect the individual information and to estimate their knowledge on nutrition and health. According to the results of the baseline survey, we used randomized intervention trial to estimate the effect of different incentive manners on students' anemia status and academic performance.
The results show that the average rate of anemia in rural pupils is up to25.85%. Girls, boarders and children left behind have a higher anemia rate than the responding groups. There are more students with learning difficulties for minority students, boarders and children left behind. The intervention results show that if only subsidies provided, large subsidies are more effective than smaller subsidies for improvement of hemoglobin levels and student mathematics. After adding incentives to the principals, large subsidies plays less role than small subsidies to improve hemoglobin levels and math scores. In addition, it is most effective way to provide double incentive (incentives for reducing anemia and motivate students improving exam scores) to the principals to improve student hemoglobin levels.
The current study suggests that we should pay more attention on the nutritional health problems of northwest rural pupils, especially on the current urgent and widespread problem of anemia. An Effective program should be designed and implemented to overcome anemia. We should provide more autonomy right to school and the principals to develop more realistic plan and schedule according to the local economy, and student characteristics and habits to improve nutritional health level and to overcome anemia, and entitled schools and principals to manage permissions nutritious meal subsidies. Besides, incentives and constraints are both needed to promote the school to improve students' nutrition and health.
在各方的关注下,学生营养问题己经引起国家管理层的高度关注,国务院自2011年起,启动实施农村义务教育学生营养改善计划。中央财政按照每生每天3元的标准为试点地区农村义务教育阶段学生提供营养膳食补助。同时,鼓励各地因地制宜开展营养改善试点,中央财政给予奖补。改善农村孩子的营养健康有多种方式,补贴款的使用是否得当、能否真正用于改善农村孩子的营养健康、效果如何都与学校的管理方,尤其是校长有密切的关系。以何种方式激励校长积极的、合理的使用补贴更有效促进农村小学生的营养健康研究意义重大。
为了测试不同的校长激励方式是否降低农村学生的贫血率,提高学生的学业表现,本研究在甘肃、青海和陕西随机抽取300所学校的19991名学生,开展基线调查,对每所学校的四、五年级学生进行贫血的测试(用血红蛋白水平来衡量)、标准化的数学和语文考试以及收集学生的个人基本特征信息。同时也通过对300所学校校长的访问,收集他们的基本信息及其对营养健康知识的了解情况。根据基线和评估调查的数据,使用随机干预试验的方法设计和评价对校长的不同干预方式对学生贫血和学业表现的影响。
研究结果表明,农村小学生的平均贫血率高达25.85%,值得关注的是,农村小学中女生、寄宿生和留守儿童的平均贫血率在同类群体中较高,并且高于样本的平均贫血率。少数民族学生、寄宿生和留守儿童存在更多的学困生。干预结果显示,对于仅提供补贴的学校,大的补贴比小的补贴对于改善学生的血红蛋白水平和数学学习成绩更有效。加入对校长的激励后,大补贴对于学生血红蛋白水平和数学成绩的改善小于小补贴。此外,在激励的方式上,对校长的双重激励(降低学生贫血的激励和提高学生考试成绩的激励)对学生血红蛋白水平的改善效果最明显。
本文建议关注西北地区农村小学生的营养健康问题,尤其是当前亟待解决并且普遍存在的贫血问题。设计和实施切实有效的方案克服贫血。同时,在改善学生营养状况的过程中,应该赋予学校和校长自主权,使他们能够根据当地的经济、生活习惯和学生特点因地因时制宜的制定改善学生营养和克服贫血的计划和方案,给予学校和校长管理营养餐补贴的权限,并配合一定的激励和约束促进校方改善学生的营养健康。
Chinese economy is during economic restructure and transition. In order to promote labor productivity and update the industrial structure, we must possess higher human capital resources. Recently,53percent of Chinese are still living rural areas. As Children are important part of those population, it is important that whether the Children living rural areas will adapt to the future economic development and restructuring. Education is a key way to promote individual human capital resource. Thus, this problem is ultimately solved by Education enhancement. Nowadays, the quality of teachers and hardware facilities have been improved and tuition fees have also been waived. However, there are malnutrition for a lots of pupils in poor rural areas. The World Bank proposed that improving nutrition will directly reduce poverty and promote human development and the formation of human capital. The health status of students in rural areas are an important factor for human capital accumulation in China.
With the cooperative efforts of all parts, national management is becoming to pay more attention to the nutrition problems of student in rural areas. Since2011, the State Council started the implementation of rural compulsory education to improve student nutrition program. The central government provides provide3-yuan-per-student nutritional meals to rural students receiving compulsory education per day. In the meantime, the local government are encouraged to carry out nutrition improvement with the aid of the central financing. The school management, especially the principal, plays important roles in proper use of the subsidy payments and determines whether it will be really employed to improve the student health. Besides, there are many ways to improve the nutritional health of rural children. It is important to investigate how to motivate the principal to use subsidies more properly and rationally to more effectively improve nutrition levels of student.
In order to test whether different incentives to the principal is able to reduce anemia rates of rural students and to improve student scores, the current research performed surveys in Gansu, Qinghai and Shaanxi province. We randomly selected300schools totally including19,991students to carry out a baseline survey. The survey included anemia status (measured by hemoglobin levels, standardized math and language examinations and basic individual information of the fourth and the fifth grade students. We also interviewed the principal to collect the individual information and to estimate their knowledge on nutrition and health. According to the results of the baseline survey, we used randomized intervention trial to estimate the effect of different incentive manners on students' anemia status and academic performance.
The results show that the average rate of anemia in rural pupils is up to25.85%. Girls, boarders and children left behind have a higher anemia rate than the responding groups. There are more students with learning difficulties for minority students, boarders and children left behind. The intervention results show that if only subsidies provided, large subsidies are more effective than smaller subsidies for improvement of hemoglobin levels and student mathematics. After adding incentives to the principals, large subsidies plays less role than small subsidies to improve hemoglobin levels and math scores. In addition, it is most effective way to provide double incentive (incentives for reducing anemia and motivate students improving exam scores) to the principals to improve student hemoglobin levels.
The current study suggests that we should pay more attention on the nutritional health problems of northwest rural pupils, especially on the current urgent and widespread problem of anemia. An Effective program should be designed and implemented to overcome anemia. We should provide more autonomy right to school and the principals to develop more realistic plan and schedule according to the local economy, and student characteristics and habits to improve nutritional health level and to overcome anemia, and entitled schools and principals to manage permissions nutritious meal subsidies. Besides, incentives and constraints are both needed to promote the school to improve students' nutrition and health.
引文
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