城市轨道交通应急疏散的研究
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摘要
城市轨道交通在人们的出行方式中占据着非常重要的作用,而轨道交通车站一旦发生突发事件,将给站内或站外的密集人群带来严重影响。因此,需要根据轨道交通车站的特点,研究应急疏散模拟方法,提出紧急情况下疏散措施,快速地疏散站内密集人群。本文通过“现有理论分析研究-人群流动规律观测研究-人员疏散建模-仿真模型实现和验证-仿真模型应用”的思路,对地铁站行人运动和人群疏散进行建模和仿真研究,为突发事件下应急疏散预案和应急指挥提供指导。
     本文的创新点如下:
     (1)结合具体车站,采集车站建筑结构、站内视频和车站闸机客流等多个方面的数据,采用统计分析的方法,对人群分布、人群流量、人群速度等特征进行分析,得出城市轨道交通人群流动规律。
     (2)基于精细网格划分的元胞自动机建模方法,引入地面场统一描述和处理行人的行为,提出城市轨道交通人员疏散模型。模型中地面场可细分为各种不同的吸引和排斥场,分别描述个体与建筑或其他行人的吸引、排斥和追随作用,具有较强的描述能力和扩展能力。
     (3)利用地理信息技术,采用计算机编程,实现了复杂场景人群疏散仿真平台,并对平台从实测和理论两个方面进行验证。疏散的核心算法独立于地理信息技术,既保证了算法的独立性和效率,又保证了复杂场景的建立和可视化。
     (4)结合具体车站,给出利用疏散平台仿真的步骤和流程,对车站各种场景下的疏散性能进行模拟计算和分析,得出不同场景疏散性能仿真结果。建立车站三维模型,结合仿真平台计算结果,实现人员疏散三维显示。对突发事件应急疏散进行优化分析,提出疏散预案优化建议。
Urban rail transit plays an important role on the way people travel. It will bring aserious effect on the dense crowd outside or inside the station in emergency. Therefore,an efficient emergency evacuation simulation method and evacuation measures shouldbe proposed according to the characteristics of the rail transit station, to quicklyevacuate the dense crowd in the station. In this paper, we research on modeling andsimulation of pedestrian movement and evacuation of the subway station, accordingto the idea of“the analysis of current theory-studies on observing crowd movement-evacuation modeling–the implementation and verification of simulation model–the application of simulation model”.
     (1) By collecting building structure data, video and passenger flow data of aspecific station, we analyze the distribution, flow and speed of crowd using themethod of statistical analysis, to research on crow flow characteristics of subwaystation.
     (2) A subway station evacuation model of fine grid cellular automata is proposedby introducing ground field to describe and handle pedestrian behavior. Ground fieldcan be broken down for various fields of attraction and repulsion, respectively,describing the attraction and repulse of individual to the buildings or the others. It hasa strong description ability and scalability for modeling.
     (3) A complex scene evacuation simulation platform is implemented by computerprogramming based on GIS technology, and the platform is verified by the crowdobservation and theoretical analysis. The core algorithm of the evacuation isindependent of GIS technology, which ensures the independent and efficiency ofalgorithm, also ensures the establishment and visualization of complex scene.
     (4) The steps and processes of using the evacuation platform are given. Thedifferent scenarios of the evacuation in a specific station are simulated and analyzedto get the evacuation performance. The three dimension station is builded to showthree dimension evacuation according to the result of the platform. The analysis ofevacuation under emergency situation is studied to give optimization evacuation planand recommendations.
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