饲喂棉籽壳对绵羊饮水量、排尿量及水代谢的影响研究
|
摘要
目的:通过给绵羊饲喂含不同比例的棉籽壳日粮,分析研究其饮水量、排尿量及水代谢的变化,并合理选用一种利尿添加剂为减少尿结石症发病率提供参考依据。
方法:本试验共由三个部分组成。试验一:分析棉籽壳对羊饮水量、排尿量及相关指标的影响。
试验二:通过测定调控机体水代谢的激素含量、血清和尿中的离子含量,分析棉籽壳对羊水代谢变化的原因。试验三:合理选用一种利尿添加剂,从而降低棉籽壳对羊排尿量的影响。
结果:试验一试验期间羊的饮水量第4期比第1期减少了13.11%,差异不显著(P>0.05);排尿量第4期比第1期减少了63.02%,差异极显著(P<0.01);鲜粪量第4期比第1期增加了42.86%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。经计算得出,尿中干物质含量第4期比第1期减少了46.38%,差异显著(P<0.05);粪中水分第4期比第1期增加了0.32kg/d,差异极显著(P<0.01);试验羊机体排出水分占摄入水分的含量前3期变化不大,但到了第4期比值有所下降,与第1期相差最大即下降24.06%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。
试验二羊血清中第4期抗利尿激素的水平是第1期的2.29倍(P<0.01);促肾上腺皮质激素第4期的水平比第1期高47.02%(P<0.01);皮质酮水平从第2期开始逐期下降,第4期比第1期降低54.34%,差异极显著(P<0.01);乙酰胆碱、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、醛固酮、肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、生长激素、降钙素、心钠素水平无显著性变化,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。血清中Na~+、Cl~-、K~+、P浓度呈上升趋势,差异显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);Mg~(2+)浓度有所下降,其中第4期比第1期减少28.83%,差异极显著(P<0.01);Ca~(2+)浓度无显著性变化(P>0.05)。尿中P浓度有所上升,第4期比第1期高出21.67%,差异极显著(P<0.01);Na~+、Cl~-、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度均有所下降(P<0.01)。
试验三给每只羊每天投放350mg GY~-01后,羊饮水量比对照期增加了60.14%,排尿量达到对照期的2.67倍,差异均极显著(P<0.01);血清中抗利尿激素水平比对照期降低32.59%,差异显著(P<0.05);促肾上腺皮质激素水平比对照期上升81.93%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。血清中K~+、P浓度分别比对照期升高了28.04%(P<0.05)、39.39%(P<0.01)。
结论:试验一给体重约为40kg的绵羊饲喂棉籽壳,随着日粮中棉籽壳的增加,试验羊饮水量变化不大;排尿量显著减少;机体通过粪便排出水分的含量增多;尿中干物质含量减少;机体水分潴留量变化不大。
试验二随着棉籽壳添加量的增加,血清中抗利尿激素、促肾上腺皮质激素水平升高,皮质酮水平下降。血清中Na~+、Cl~-、K~+、P浓度升高,Mg~(2+)浓度下降,Ca~(2+)浓度无明显变化。尿中P浓度上升,Na~+、Cl~-、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度下降。根据本结果得出:饲喂棉籽壳影响机体的水分代谢是通过调节血清中抗利尿激素、促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质酮水平而起作用。
试验三建议在每只羊的日粮中添加200mgGY-01可提高棉籽壳饲喂绵羊的利尿效果。
Objective: To study the effect of cottonseed hulls on Drinking, Urination and water metabolism in sheep.Diuretics can be better used and urolithiasis can be reduced in sheep by the experiment provided reference.Provide reference for reducing urolithiasis by chooseing an appropriate diuretic.
Method:.This experiment components three trials.In trialⅠ,analyzed the effect of different cottonseed hull contents on drinking water,urinary output and other parameters.In trialⅡ, studied the effects on water metabolism by feeding the sheep with cottonseed hulls and the reasons.In trialⅢ,choose a diuretic appropriately to reduce the effect of cottonseed hulls on urination.
Results: TrialⅠ: The drinking of tested sheep in the 4th declined by 13.11% (P<0.01) compared with the 1st period,The urination of tested sheep in the 4th declined by 63.02% (P<0.01) compared with the 1st period. The fresh fecal content in the 4th period increased by 42.86% compared with that of 1st period sheep,the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01). By statistical results, the dry matter content in urination of 4th period sheep was less than 1st period by 46.38%.The water in exerement was increased gradulally,that of 4th period sheep was increased by 0.32kg/d compared with that of 1st period sheep, the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01). Water discharged from the tested sheep had little change in early three periods,but decreased in 4th period,which has the biggest difference with 1st period,but was not signigicant (P>0.05).
TrialⅡ: The content of antidiuretic hormone of the sheep in the fourth period was 2.29 times than the first period with an extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The content of adrenocorticotropic hormone of the sheep in the fourth period increased by 47.02% compared with that of 1st period sheep,the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01). The content of corticosterone of the sheep in the fourth period decreased by 54.34% compared with that of 1st period sheep,the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01). However, there were no significant effects (P>0.05) on the contents of the acetylcholine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, aldosterone, rennin, angiotensinⅡ, growth hormone, calcitonin, atrial natriuretic peptide. In serum of the sheep, the concentrations of Na~+, Cl~-, K~+, P increased after the cottonseed hulls were fed (P<0.05, P<0.01), while the concentration of Mg~(2+) decreased, where it’s concentration of the first period decreased by 28.83% compared with that of the fourth period, with extremely significant difference (P<0.01). There was no significant change (P> 0.05) in the concentration of Ca~(2+). In the urine of fed sheep, the P content in the fourth period increased 21.67% compared to the first one in which the difference was extremely significant (P<0.01). The contents of Na~+, Cl~-, K~+, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) all decreased (P<0.01).
TrialⅢ: After 350mg GY~-01 was supplemented, the water drinking amount of each sheep had an increase of 60.14% compared with that of the sheep in the control period and the urination volume was 2.67 times of that of the latter, and the differences were both significant (P <0.01). The antidiuretic hormone declined by 32.59% compared with that of the sheep in the control period with the significant difference (P <0.05). The adrenocorticotropic hormone content increased by 81.93% compared with that of the sheep in the control period and the difference was significant (P <0.01). An increase of 28.04% (P <0.05) and 39.39% (P <0.01) was found in the contents of serum potassium and phosphorus respectively compared with that of sheep in the control period.
Conclusions: TrialⅠ: Duing the four periods,the level of drinking of the sheep had little change with the increasing of the feeding contents of cottonseed hull.The urination of sheep declined extremely.The water in exerement was increased.The dry matter content in nutrnation was decreased.Water discharged had little change.
TrialⅡ: In the serum of sheep fed with cotton seed hulls, the antidiuretic hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels rised, while the corticosterone level decreased. The contents of Na~+、Cl~-、K~+and P increased while that of Mg~(2+) decreased, and Ca~(2+) showed no significant change in serum. In urine, P content increased, while the contents of Na~+、Cl~-、K~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) decreased, resulting in extremely significant reduction in sheep urinary output.To conclude,water metabolism could be influenced by feeding cottonseed hulls through adjust antidiuretic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone hormone.
TrialⅢ:Suggest to add 200mg GY~-01 in daily feeding of each sheep could increase the effectiveness of diuresis by feeding cottonseed hulls.
方法:本试验共由三个部分组成。试验一:分析棉籽壳对羊饮水量、排尿量及相关指标的影响。
试验二:通过测定调控机体水代谢的激素含量、血清和尿中的离子含量,分析棉籽壳对羊水代谢变化的原因。试验三:合理选用一种利尿添加剂,从而降低棉籽壳对羊排尿量的影响。
结果:试验一试验期间羊的饮水量第4期比第1期减少了13.11%,差异不显著(P>0.05);排尿量第4期比第1期减少了63.02%,差异极显著(P<0.01);鲜粪量第4期比第1期增加了42.86%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。经计算得出,尿中干物质含量第4期比第1期减少了46.38%,差异显著(P<0.05);粪中水分第4期比第1期增加了0.32kg/d,差异极显著(P<0.01);试验羊机体排出水分占摄入水分的含量前3期变化不大,但到了第4期比值有所下降,与第1期相差最大即下降24.06%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。
试验二羊血清中第4期抗利尿激素的水平是第1期的2.29倍(P<0.01);促肾上腺皮质激素第4期的水平比第1期高47.02%(P<0.01);皮质酮水平从第2期开始逐期下降,第4期比第1期降低54.34%,差异极显著(P<0.01);乙酰胆碱、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、醛固酮、肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、生长激素、降钙素、心钠素水平无显著性变化,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。血清中Na~+、Cl~-、K~+、P浓度呈上升趋势,差异显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);Mg~(2+)浓度有所下降,其中第4期比第1期减少28.83%,差异极显著(P<0.01);Ca~(2+)浓度无显著性变化(P>0.05)。尿中P浓度有所上升,第4期比第1期高出21.67%,差异极显著(P<0.01);Na~+、Cl~-、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度均有所下降(P<0.01)。
试验三给每只羊每天投放350mg GY~-01后,羊饮水量比对照期增加了60.14%,排尿量达到对照期的2.67倍,差异均极显著(P<0.01);血清中抗利尿激素水平比对照期降低32.59%,差异显著(P<0.05);促肾上腺皮质激素水平比对照期上升81.93%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。血清中K~+、P浓度分别比对照期升高了28.04%(P<0.05)、39.39%(P<0.01)。
结论:试验一给体重约为40kg的绵羊饲喂棉籽壳,随着日粮中棉籽壳的增加,试验羊饮水量变化不大;排尿量显著减少;机体通过粪便排出水分的含量增多;尿中干物质含量减少;机体水分潴留量变化不大。
试验二随着棉籽壳添加量的增加,血清中抗利尿激素、促肾上腺皮质激素水平升高,皮质酮水平下降。血清中Na~+、Cl~-、K~+、P浓度升高,Mg~(2+)浓度下降,Ca~(2+)浓度无明显变化。尿中P浓度上升,Na~+、Cl~-、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度下降。根据本结果得出:饲喂棉籽壳影响机体的水分代谢是通过调节血清中抗利尿激素、促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质酮水平而起作用。
试验三建议在每只羊的日粮中添加200mgGY-01可提高棉籽壳饲喂绵羊的利尿效果。
Objective: To study the effect of cottonseed hulls on Drinking, Urination and water metabolism in sheep.Diuretics can be better used and urolithiasis can be reduced in sheep by the experiment provided reference.Provide reference for reducing urolithiasis by chooseing an appropriate diuretic.
Method:.This experiment components three trials.In trialⅠ,analyzed the effect of different cottonseed hull contents on drinking water,urinary output and other parameters.In trialⅡ, studied the effects on water metabolism by feeding the sheep with cottonseed hulls and the reasons.In trialⅢ,choose a diuretic appropriately to reduce the effect of cottonseed hulls on urination.
Results: TrialⅠ: The drinking of tested sheep in the 4th declined by 13.11% (P<0.01) compared with the 1st period,The urination of tested sheep in the 4th declined by 63.02% (P<0.01) compared with the 1st period. The fresh fecal content in the 4th period increased by 42.86% compared with that of 1st period sheep,the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01). By statistical results, the dry matter content in urination of 4th period sheep was less than 1st period by 46.38%.The water in exerement was increased gradulally,that of 4th period sheep was increased by 0.32kg/d compared with that of 1st period sheep, the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01). Water discharged from the tested sheep had little change in early three periods,but decreased in 4th period,which has the biggest difference with 1st period,but was not signigicant (P>0.05).
TrialⅡ: The content of antidiuretic hormone of the sheep in the fourth period was 2.29 times than the first period with an extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The content of adrenocorticotropic hormone of the sheep in the fourth period increased by 47.02% compared with that of 1st period sheep,the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01). The content of corticosterone of the sheep in the fourth period decreased by 54.34% compared with that of 1st period sheep,the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01). However, there were no significant effects (P>0.05) on the contents of the acetylcholine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, aldosterone, rennin, angiotensinⅡ, growth hormone, calcitonin, atrial natriuretic peptide. In serum of the sheep, the concentrations of Na~+, Cl~-, K~+, P increased after the cottonseed hulls were fed (P<0.05, P<0.01), while the concentration of Mg~(2+) decreased, where it’s concentration of the first period decreased by 28.83% compared with that of the fourth period, with extremely significant difference (P<0.01). There was no significant change (P> 0.05) in the concentration of Ca~(2+). In the urine of fed sheep, the P content in the fourth period increased 21.67% compared to the first one in which the difference was extremely significant (P<0.01). The contents of Na~+, Cl~-, K~+, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) all decreased (P<0.01).
TrialⅢ: After 350mg GY~-01 was supplemented, the water drinking amount of each sheep had an increase of 60.14% compared with that of the sheep in the control period and the urination volume was 2.67 times of that of the latter, and the differences were both significant (P <0.01). The antidiuretic hormone declined by 32.59% compared with that of the sheep in the control period with the significant difference (P <0.05). The adrenocorticotropic hormone content increased by 81.93% compared with that of the sheep in the control period and the difference was significant (P <0.01). An increase of 28.04% (P <0.05) and 39.39% (P <0.01) was found in the contents of serum potassium and phosphorus respectively compared with that of sheep in the control period.
Conclusions: TrialⅠ: Duing the four periods,the level of drinking of the sheep had little change with the increasing of the feeding contents of cottonseed hull.The urination of sheep declined extremely.The water in exerement was increased.The dry matter content in nutrnation was decreased.Water discharged had little change.
TrialⅡ: In the serum of sheep fed with cotton seed hulls, the antidiuretic hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels rised, while the corticosterone level decreased. The contents of Na~+、Cl~-、K~+and P increased while that of Mg~(2+) decreased, and Ca~(2+) showed no significant change in serum. In urine, P content increased, while the contents of Na~+、Cl~-、K~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) decreased, resulting in extremely significant reduction in sheep urinary output.To conclude,water metabolism could be influenced by feeding cottonseed hulls through adjust antidiuretic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone hormone.
TrialⅢ:Suggest to add 200mg GY~-01 in daily feeding of each sheep could increase the effectiveness of diuresis by feeding cottonseed hulls.
引文
[1] Roberson R. World 1994/1995 cottonseed Production[J]. World Agricultural Production, 1995, (3): 74-76.
[2]中储棉花信息中心.中国棉花统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2008-2009.
[3]陈元明.棉仁饼(粕)的开发应用[J].新疆畜牧业,1986,4(6):44.
[4]罗明朗.棉籽饼粕在饲料中的应用[J].粮食与饲料工业,1993,3(6):28-32.
[5]王洪章.家畜中毒学[M].北京:北京农业出版社,1985.
[6]李宏全,殷国荣,王小龙,等.棉酚和VA在水牛尿石症发生中的作用[J].畜牧兽医学报,1995,26(5):402-407.
[7]王小龙,黄克和,郁者华,等.水牛尿石症人工诱发和预防试验初报[J].南京农业大学学报,1991,l4(2):99-101.
[8]阎轶洁,宋维平,张建云.棉籽饼粕在畜禽中的应用及棉酚的脱毒方法研究[J].饲料工业,2005,26(3):46-50.
[9]许宗运,邱宣城,张军,等.棉籽壳、稻壳不同微贮方法效果比较[J].中国饲料,2000(6):25-26.
[10]院江,孙新文,蔡铁奎.棉粕中游离棉酚含量在畜禽料上的合理应用[J].饲料研究,2006(4):3-4.
[11] Mary, Adenike. Cottonseed hulls: woking with a novel fiber source[J]. 11th Ann. Florida Ruminant Nutr. Symp, 2000(1): 179-186.
[12]张继东,王志祥,丁景华,等.棉籽饼粕中天然抗营养因子的危害机理及消除措施[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2006,(3):35-53.
[13]李艳玲,李松彪,王毓蓬.棉籽蛋白的开发利用. http://www.chinafeed.org.cn/TemPlates/slgj2005/2001-15/nair/2001-15-01.htm,2001.
[14]罗有文,周岩民,王恬,等.棉、菜籽饼粕源毒素对畜禽的影响及其毒理作用[J].中国饲料,2006,1:38-41.
[15]侯红利,罗宇良.棉酚毒性研究的回顾[J].水利渔业,2005,25(6):100-104.
[16]苏应宽.计划生育“六五”期间科技攻关成果论文摘要汇编[M].国家计划生育委员会,1985:237.
[17]生育调节新进展学术讨论会编.生育调节新进展[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1983,114.
[18]胡承阅,蒋婵华.国外医学计划生育分册[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1997,68-72.
[19] Gilbert N E, Reilly J E, Chang C J, et al. Stability of bound gossypol to digestion[J] Life Science, 1995, 57(1): 61-67.
[20]吴国沛,侯建英.棉酚及其衍生物的化学和应用研究概况[J].有机化学,1985,3:193-204.
[21]嵇汝运.棉酚类似化合物具有抗艾滋病病毒的作用[J].1994,27(2):127.
[22] Annison G, Choct M. Anti-nutritive activities of cereal non-starch polysaccharides in broiler diets for minimizing their effects[J]. World Poultry Sci.,1991, 47: 232-242.
[23] Choct M, Annison G. Anti-nutritive activities of wheat pentosans in broiler diets[J]. British Poultry Sci.,1990, 31: 811-821.
[24]梁向红.采取理化处理与真菌协同作用相结合的途径进行秸秆降解的研究[D].兰州大学, 2002.
[25]院江.棉籽壳发酵脱毒及其奶牛应用效果研究[D].石河子农业大学,2006.
[26]王菊花.体外酶解棉籽粕的适宜参数及饲喂效果研究[D].四川农业大学,2005.
[27]赛买提·艾买提.棉籽壳中游离棉酚在绵羊消化道中的变化及其代谢研究[D].新疆农业大学,2008.
[28]倪新江,丁立孝,梁丽琨,等.棉籽壳发酵过程中的一些生物化学变化[J].中国食用菌,2002,21(4):36-39.
[29]杨风主编.动物营养学(第二版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2009:65-75.
[30]董志国,胡建伟,李莲瑞,等.棉籽壳菌糠饲喂卡拉库尔羊效果研究[J].草食家畜,2002,114(1):37-39.
[31]赵华,张玲.菌糠代替部分精料饲喂泌乳奶牛试验效果[J].饲料博览,2003(4):33-34.
[32]孙延鸣,张高轩,周林.反刍家畜棉酚中毒的诊治[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2004,(4):40.
[33]李岩.新疆军垦细毛羊尿石症的调查[J].中国兽医科技,1989,(3):15-16.
[34]刘芳,潘晓亮.棉籽饼和棉籽壳对育肥羊尿结石发病率的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(4):92-94.
[35]张高轩.石河子地区绵羊尿石病调查[J].畜牧与兽医,1990,(1):6-10.
[36]孙卫东,王金勇,严丽华,等.山羊尿石症发生过程中肾功能及尿沉渣变化的动态研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2009,40(4):577-583.
[37]王小龙主编.兽医临床病理学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2004:271-275.
[38]叶章群,邓耀良,董诚.泌尿系结石[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2003, 9.
[39]谷现恩,刘继红.尿石症[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2004,4.
[40]刘芳.饲料中棉饼和棉籽壳与肉用绵羊尿结石发病关系的研究[D].石河子农业大学,2008.
[41] Orson W M. Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management [J]. Lancet, 2006, 367: 333-344.
[42]孙卫东.动物尿石症的临床和实验研究.[D].南京农业大学,2006.
[43] Pearce S G, Dearo A C, Howard B E, et al. Management of obstructive urolihiasis and concurrent urethral rupture in a goat [J]. Australia Veterinary Journal, 2003, 81(5): 268-270.
[44] Ryall R, Bais R, Marshall V R, et al. Urolithiasis [M]. New York: Plenum Press, 1994, 24-27.
[45]林祥梅.动物尿石症的病因及控制[J].畜牧与兽医,1996,28(1):37-39.
[46] Bushman D H, Emerick R J, Embry L B. Incidence of Urinary Calculus in Sheep as Affected by Various Dietary phosphates[J].Journal of Animal Science, 1964(24): 671-675.
[47] Emerick R J, Embry L B. Effects of Calcium and Phosphorous Levels and Diethylstilbestrol on Urinary Calculi Incidence and Feedlot Performance of Lambs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1964 (23): 1079-1083.
[48] Bushman D H, Emerick R J, Embry L B. Effect of Various Chlorides and Calcium Carbonate on Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium and Chloride Balance and Their Relationship to Urinary Calculi in Lambs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1968(27):490-496.
[49] Bushman D H, Emerick R J and Embry L B. Experimentally Induced Ovine Phosphatic Urolithiasis :Relationships Involving Dietary Calcium , Phosphorus and Magnesium. Journal of Nutrition, 1965(87):499-504.
[50] Bushman D H, Emerick R J, Embry L B. Effect of Various Chlorides and Calcium Carbonate on Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium and Chloride Balance and Their Relationship to Urinary Calculi in Lambs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1968(27):490-496.
[51]李岩.新疆军垦细毛羊尿石症的调查[J].中国兽医科技,1989,3:15-16.
[52]东北农业大学主编.兽医临床诊断学(第三版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003, 6.
[53]王小龙主编.兽医临床病理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995,10.
[54]张秀明主编.现代临床生化检验学[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2001.
[55]从玉隆,马骏龙主编.当代尿液分析技术与临床[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1998.
[56]向铸.家畜生理生化学[M].江西:江西科学技术出版社,1989.
[57]李端.药理学(第五版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2005.
[58]南京农业大学主编.家畜生理学(第四版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[59]谢启文主编.现代神经内分泌学[M].上海:上海医科大学出版社,1999.
[60]王林仙主编.动物内分泌学[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1993.
[61]贺建华.饲料分析与检测[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005:19-21.
[62]刘芳,潘晓亮.棉籽壳对育肥羔羊生产性能的影响[J].中国草食动物,2008,(6):20-22.
[63] Kaushal B S. Some evidence on the role of high dietary phosphorus and magnesium intake in urolithiasis in calves[J]. Indian J Anim. Sci., 1972, 42(11): 905-910.
[64]许宗运,夏爽,彭安业,等.饲喂不同比例棉籽壳卡拉库尔羊血中微量元素的测定[J].中国畜牧兽医,2004,31(1):16-17.
[65]刘玲,张东风,王丽,等.呋噻米不同使用方法对肾病综合征患儿的利尿作用[J].河北医药,2009,31(12):1418-1419.
[66]顾明君,刘志民,沈玉美,等.血糖控制与渴感和抗利尿激素反应性关系[J].中国糖尿病杂志,2000,8(1):27-29.
[67]闫先侠,牛爱军.颅脑损伤患者血清抗利尿激素及心钠素水平分析[J].中国现代医学杂志,2006,16(18):2837-2839.
[68]王彬,邵肖梅,曾纪骅.心钠素、抗利尿激素在正常和缺氧新生儿水钠代谢中的作用[J].上海医学,1997,20(9):501-503.
[2]中储棉花信息中心.中国棉花统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2008-2009.
[3]陈元明.棉仁饼(粕)的开发应用[J].新疆畜牧业,1986,4(6):44.
[4]罗明朗.棉籽饼粕在饲料中的应用[J].粮食与饲料工业,1993,3(6):28-32.
[5]王洪章.家畜中毒学[M].北京:北京农业出版社,1985.
[6]李宏全,殷国荣,王小龙,等.棉酚和VA在水牛尿石症发生中的作用[J].畜牧兽医学报,1995,26(5):402-407.
[7]王小龙,黄克和,郁者华,等.水牛尿石症人工诱发和预防试验初报[J].南京农业大学学报,1991,l4(2):99-101.
[8]阎轶洁,宋维平,张建云.棉籽饼粕在畜禽中的应用及棉酚的脱毒方法研究[J].饲料工业,2005,26(3):46-50.
[9]许宗运,邱宣城,张军,等.棉籽壳、稻壳不同微贮方法效果比较[J].中国饲料,2000(6):25-26.
[10]院江,孙新文,蔡铁奎.棉粕中游离棉酚含量在畜禽料上的合理应用[J].饲料研究,2006(4):3-4.
[11] Mary, Adenike. Cottonseed hulls: woking with a novel fiber source[J]. 11th Ann. Florida Ruminant Nutr. Symp, 2000(1): 179-186.
[12]张继东,王志祥,丁景华,等.棉籽饼粕中天然抗营养因子的危害机理及消除措施[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2006,(3):35-53.
[13]李艳玲,李松彪,王毓蓬.棉籽蛋白的开发利用. http://www.chinafeed.org.cn/TemPlates/slgj2005/2001-15/nair/2001-15-01.htm,2001.
[14]罗有文,周岩民,王恬,等.棉、菜籽饼粕源毒素对畜禽的影响及其毒理作用[J].中国饲料,2006,1:38-41.
[15]侯红利,罗宇良.棉酚毒性研究的回顾[J].水利渔业,2005,25(6):100-104.
[16]苏应宽.计划生育“六五”期间科技攻关成果论文摘要汇编[M].国家计划生育委员会,1985:237.
[17]生育调节新进展学术讨论会编.生育调节新进展[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1983,114.
[18]胡承阅,蒋婵华.国外医学计划生育分册[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1997,68-72.
[19] Gilbert N E, Reilly J E, Chang C J, et al. Stability of bound gossypol to digestion[J] Life Science, 1995, 57(1): 61-67.
[20]吴国沛,侯建英.棉酚及其衍生物的化学和应用研究概况[J].有机化学,1985,3:193-204.
[21]嵇汝运.棉酚类似化合物具有抗艾滋病病毒的作用[J].1994,27(2):127.
[22] Annison G, Choct M. Anti-nutritive activities of cereal non-starch polysaccharides in broiler diets for minimizing their effects[J]. World Poultry Sci.,1991, 47: 232-242.
[23] Choct M, Annison G. Anti-nutritive activities of wheat pentosans in broiler diets[J]. British Poultry Sci.,1990, 31: 811-821.
[24]梁向红.采取理化处理与真菌协同作用相结合的途径进行秸秆降解的研究[D].兰州大学, 2002.
[25]院江.棉籽壳发酵脱毒及其奶牛应用效果研究[D].石河子农业大学,2006.
[26]王菊花.体外酶解棉籽粕的适宜参数及饲喂效果研究[D].四川农业大学,2005.
[27]赛买提·艾买提.棉籽壳中游离棉酚在绵羊消化道中的变化及其代谢研究[D].新疆农业大学,2008.
[28]倪新江,丁立孝,梁丽琨,等.棉籽壳发酵过程中的一些生物化学变化[J].中国食用菌,2002,21(4):36-39.
[29]杨风主编.动物营养学(第二版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2009:65-75.
[30]董志国,胡建伟,李莲瑞,等.棉籽壳菌糠饲喂卡拉库尔羊效果研究[J].草食家畜,2002,114(1):37-39.
[31]赵华,张玲.菌糠代替部分精料饲喂泌乳奶牛试验效果[J].饲料博览,2003(4):33-34.
[32]孙延鸣,张高轩,周林.反刍家畜棉酚中毒的诊治[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2004,(4):40.
[33]李岩.新疆军垦细毛羊尿石症的调查[J].中国兽医科技,1989,(3):15-16.
[34]刘芳,潘晓亮.棉籽饼和棉籽壳对育肥羊尿结石发病率的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(4):92-94.
[35]张高轩.石河子地区绵羊尿石病调查[J].畜牧与兽医,1990,(1):6-10.
[36]孙卫东,王金勇,严丽华,等.山羊尿石症发生过程中肾功能及尿沉渣变化的动态研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2009,40(4):577-583.
[37]王小龙主编.兽医临床病理学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2004:271-275.
[38]叶章群,邓耀良,董诚.泌尿系结石[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2003, 9.
[39]谷现恩,刘继红.尿石症[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2004,4.
[40]刘芳.饲料中棉饼和棉籽壳与肉用绵羊尿结石发病关系的研究[D].石河子农业大学,2008.
[41] Orson W M. Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management [J]. Lancet, 2006, 367: 333-344.
[42]孙卫东.动物尿石症的临床和实验研究.[D].南京农业大学,2006.
[43] Pearce S G, Dearo A C, Howard B E, et al. Management of obstructive urolihiasis and concurrent urethral rupture in a goat [J]. Australia Veterinary Journal, 2003, 81(5): 268-270.
[44] Ryall R, Bais R, Marshall V R, et al. Urolithiasis [M]. New York: Plenum Press, 1994, 24-27.
[45]林祥梅.动物尿石症的病因及控制[J].畜牧与兽医,1996,28(1):37-39.
[46] Bushman D H, Emerick R J, Embry L B. Incidence of Urinary Calculus in Sheep as Affected by Various Dietary phosphates[J].Journal of Animal Science, 1964(24): 671-675.
[47] Emerick R J, Embry L B. Effects of Calcium and Phosphorous Levels and Diethylstilbestrol on Urinary Calculi Incidence and Feedlot Performance of Lambs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1964 (23): 1079-1083.
[48] Bushman D H, Emerick R J, Embry L B. Effect of Various Chlorides and Calcium Carbonate on Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium and Chloride Balance and Their Relationship to Urinary Calculi in Lambs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1968(27):490-496.
[49] Bushman D H, Emerick R J and Embry L B. Experimentally Induced Ovine Phosphatic Urolithiasis :Relationships Involving Dietary Calcium , Phosphorus and Magnesium. Journal of Nutrition, 1965(87):499-504.
[50] Bushman D H, Emerick R J, Embry L B. Effect of Various Chlorides and Calcium Carbonate on Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium and Chloride Balance and Their Relationship to Urinary Calculi in Lambs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1968(27):490-496.
[51]李岩.新疆军垦细毛羊尿石症的调查[J].中国兽医科技,1989,3:15-16.
[52]东北农业大学主编.兽医临床诊断学(第三版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003, 6.
[53]王小龙主编.兽医临床病理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995,10.
[54]张秀明主编.现代临床生化检验学[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2001.
[55]从玉隆,马骏龙主编.当代尿液分析技术与临床[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1998.
[56]向铸.家畜生理生化学[M].江西:江西科学技术出版社,1989.
[57]李端.药理学(第五版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2005.
[58]南京农业大学主编.家畜生理学(第四版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[59]谢启文主编.现代神经内分泌学[M].上海:上海医科大学出版社,1999.
[60]王林仙主编.动物内分泌学[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1993.
[61]贺建华.饲料分析与检测[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005:19-21.
[62]刘芳,潘晓亮.棉籽壳对育肥羔羊生产性能的影响[J].中国草食动物,2008,(6):20-22.
[63] Kaushal B S. Some evidence on the role of high dietary phosphorus and magnesium intake in urolithiasis in calves[J]. Indian J Anim. Sci., 1972, 42(11): 905-910.
[64]许宗运,夏爽,彭安业,等.饲喂不同比例棉籽壳卡拉库尔羊血中微量元素的测定[J].中国畜牧兽医,2004,31(1):16-17.
[65]刘玲,张东风,王丽,等.呋噻米不同使用方法对肾病综合征患儿的利尿作用[J].河北医药,2009,31(12):1418-1419.
[66]顾明君,刘志民,沈玉美,等.血糖控制与渴感和抗利尿激素反应性关系[J].中国糖尿病杂志,2000,8(1):27-29.
[67]闫先侠,牛爱军.颅脑损伤患者血清抗利尿激素及心钠素水平分析[J].中国现代医学杂志,2006,16(18):2837-2839.
[68]王彬,邵肖梅,曾纪骅.心钠素、抗利尿激素在正常和缺氧新生儿水钠代谢中的作用[J].上海医学,1997,20(9):501-503.