南苕溪青山湖流域水污染特征分析
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摘要
南苕溪是太湖的源头水系,其水质状况对杭嘉湖平原居民饮用水安全和太湖流域的治理有重要意义。污染物总量控制和非点源污染防治是环境领域的研究重点。目前的研究集中在西苕溪流域,有关南苕溪流域水环境质量的报道少见。本试验以南苕溪青山湖流域为研究对象,利用改进的模糊层次分析法进行水质评价;选取其中污染严重的锦溪下游锦城段,利用物量平衡法对河道点源污染进行水环境容量测算;同时,利用输出系数法对该段集水区面源污染进行污染负荷估算。以上试验研究的主要结论如下:
1)论文克服以往的模糊层次分析法低估污染的严重性和不能评价劣Ⅴ类水质的缺点,建立了一个改进的模糊层次分析模型;以流域实测水质资料为依据,应用该模型对南苕溪青山湖流域的水质及其时空变化进行了评价。改进的模糊层次分析法以各级水质标准上、下限的中间值为限值,来计算隶属度。这样就可以得到六个隶属函数,更符合研究问题的要求。评价结果表明:TN是主要的污染物,它的权重达到0.487;各断面水功能区超标严重,总体达标率仅为18.75%,属富营养化河流。
2)针对南苕溪支流锦溪的污染现状,选其下游城镇区锦城段进行水环境容量研究。将研究区划分成不同的河段,应用物量平衡关系推算水环境容量模型。选取NH3-N和COD为评价指标,反推出最枯月NH3-N和COD的降解系数,利用配线法和水文比拟法求出典型水文年,再结合临安市水文特征,将各典型年份划分出不同水文期,分析各河段环境容量。计算结果表明,控制上游来水的NH3-N总量是锦溪水质改善的基础,枯水期至少要削减19.84 kg·d~(-1),平水期至少要削减36.50 kg·d~(-1)才能满足水功能区要求。同时,还要提高沿岸截污力度和点源排放达标率。
3)在锦溪下游城镇区锦城段集水区,进行了4种土地利用类型、3种降雨强度的野外模拟降雨实验,综合分析了产流产污规律。结果表明,对于同种用地类型,随着降雨强度的增加,各污染指标初始冲刷浓度和平均浓度总体是增加的;同种降雨强度条件下,林地、农田、草地的TN、TP大于公路,COD均相差不大,仅在大雨强条件下,公路的COD大于其它三类用地;从各污染物含量来看,产污过程主要污染是氮污染。
4)集水区内不同土地利用类型的UPLRs计算表明,除NH3-N外,公路的UPLRs都最高,TN、TP、COD值分别高达53.38 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),9.19 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),745.53 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。农田的UPLRs中NH3-N最高,TN、TP、COD分别为43.81 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),8.80 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),500.55 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),仅次于公路。草地的UPLRs均最小,TN、NH3-N、TP、COD值分别为30.28 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),13.62 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),5.49 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),213.65 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。总的来说,UPLRs的顺序为:公路﹥农田﹥林地﹥草地。
South Tiaoxi River, located in Lin’an city, Zhejiang province, is the headwater of Tai Lake. Watershed of Tiaoxi River covers Tai Lake region including Hang-Jia-Hu plain, therefore water quality condition of this River basin imposes direct effects on the residents’health living in this region, and water pollution control to the headwater is of great importance to preventing Tai Lake from contamination. Total pollutant control and non-point source pollution control are the focus of environmental research in the field. The current study has focused on Xi Tiaoxi basin, while the South Tiaoxi River reported rare. Taking South Tiaoxi River as the research object, this study selected South Tiaoxi River Qingshan Lake basin, used an improved fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) for water quality assessment. According to the severe pollution of Jinxi River, small watershed of Jinxi River Jincheng segment was selected, material balance method used to calculate water environmental capacity of point source pollution in the river, and used export coefficient method to estimate non-point source pollution loads. The main results are as follows:
1) An improved FAHP was established to meet the practical water quality sitiuation and the severity of pollution up to the inferiorⅤwater quality. The improved FAHP took the intermediate value of the upper and lower limits of water quality standards as limited value to compute the degree of membership. In the way, six membership functions were obtained. The eveluation results showed that the major pollutant was nitrogen whose weight coefficient reached 0.487. Each section of water functional areas has exceeded standard seriously. The overall standard-reaching rate was 18.75%. It is a eutrophic River.
2) According to the pollution situation about Jinxi River, a tributary of South Tiaoxi River, this article went on studying water environmental capacity of Jincheng segment. Divided research area into several parts, equilibrium relationship w deduced water environmental capacity model. NH3-N and COD were selected as evaluation indexes to analysis its environmental capacity. Typical hydrological years were calculated by fitting curve method and hydrological analogy method. Combining with hydrological characteristics of Lin’an city, typical hydrological years were divided into different hydrographic periods. Then, water environmental capacity was analyzed. The calculating results showed that improving water quality of Jinxi River was based on controlling ammonia nitrogen’s total amount from upland water. In dry season and normal season, the total amount of ammonia nitrogen,which were whittled at least 19.84 kg·d~(-1) and 36.50 kg·d~(-1) that can meet water functional requirements, respectively. Meanwhile, coastal sewage interception strength and standard-reaching rate of point source emission should be improved.
3) Experiments of artificial simulated rainfall were conducted in Jinxi River Jincheng segment. Three kinds of rainfall intensities were designed in experiments to analyze effects of four types of land using in runoff and sewage yield. The results showed that for the same land using types, with in rainfall intensity increasing, the concentration of the first flush and average concentration were increase in overall. Under the same rainfall intensity, different land using types were compared. For the concentration of TN and TP, woodland, farmland and grassland were higher than road. And for COD, each land using types had little difference. Only under heavy rainfall intensity, road was higher than the other three land using types. From the view of pollutant content, the process of main pollutant yield was nitrogen.
4) The UPLRs calculations of different land using types showed that, in addition to NH3-N, UPLRs of road were the highest, which values of TN, TP and COD reached 53.38 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),9.19 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),745.53 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), respectively. UPLRs of NH3-N was the highest in farmland, which values of TN, TP and COD reached 43.81 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),8.80 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),500.55 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), respectively, next to road. UPLRs of grassland were the minimun, which values of TN, NH3-N, TP and COD were 30.28 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),13.62 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),5.49 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), 213.65 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), respectively. Conclusively, the order of UPLRs were road>farmland>woodland>grassland.
1)论文克服以往的模糊层次分析法低估污染的严重性和不能评价劣Ⅴ类水质的缺点,建立了一个改进的模糊层次分析模型;以流域实测水质资料为依据,应用该模型对南苕溪青山湖流域的水质及其时空变化进行了评价。改进的模糊层次分析法以各级水质标准上、下限的中间值为限值,来计算隶属度。这样就可以得到六个隶属函数,更符合研究问题的要求。评价结果表明:TN是主要的污染物,它的权重达到0.487;各断面水功能区超标严重,总体达标率仅为18.75%,属富营养化河流。
2)针对南苕溪支流锦溪的污染现状,选其下游城镇区锦城段进行水环境容量研究。将研究区划分成不同的河段,应用物量平衡关系推算水环境容量模型。选取NH3-N和COD为评价指标,反推出最枯月NH3-N和COD的降解系数,利用配线法和水文比拟法求出典型水文年,再结合临安市水文特征,将各典型年份划分出不同水文期,分析各河段环境容量。计算结果表明,控制上游来水的NH3-N总量是锦溪水质改善的基础,枯水期至少要削减19.84 kg·d~(-1),平水期至少要削减36.50 kg·d~(-1)才能满足水功能区要求。同时,还要提高沿岸截污力度和点源排放达标率。
3)在锦溪下游城镇区锦城段集水区,进行了4种土地利用类型、3种降雨强度的野外模拟降雨实验,综合分析了产流产污规律。结果表明,对于同种用地类型,随着降雨强度的增加,各污染指标初始冲刷浓度和平均浓度总体是增加的;同种降雨强度条件下,林地、农田、草地的TN、TP大于公路,COD均相差不大,仅在大雨强条件下,公路的COD大于其它三类用地;从各污染物含量来看,产污过程主要污染是氮污染。
4)集水区内不同土地利用类型的UPLRs计算表明,除NH3-N外,公路的UPLRs都最高,TN、TP、COD值分别高达53.38 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),9.19 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),745.53 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。农田的UPLRs中NH3-N最高,TN、TP、COD分别为43.81 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),8.80 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),500.55 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),仅次于公路。草地的UPLRs均最小,TN、NH3-N、TP、COD值分别为30.28 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),13.62 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),5.49 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),213.65 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。总的来说,UPLRs的顺序为:公路﹥农田﹥林地﹥草地。
South Tiaoxi River, located in Lin’an city, Zhejiang province, is the headwater of Tai Lake. Watershed of Tiaoxi River covers Tai Lake region including Hang-Jia-Hu plain, therefore water quality condition of this River basin imposes direct effects on the residents’health living in this region, and water pollution control to the headwater is of great importance to preventing Tai Lake from contamination. Total pollutant control and non-point source pollution control are the focus of environmental research in the field. The current study has focused on Xi Tiaoxi basin, while the South Tiaoxi River reported rare. Taking South Tiaoxi River as the research object, this study selected South Tiaoxi River Qingshan Lake basin, used an improved fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) for water quality assessment. According to the severe pollution of Jinxi River, small watershed of Jinxi River Jincheng segment was selected, material balance method used to calculate water environmental capacity of point source pollution in the river, and used export coefficient method to estimate non-point source pollution loads. The main results are as follows:
1) An improved FAHP was established to meet the practical water quality sitiuation and the severity of pollution up to the inferiorⅤwater quality. The improved FAHP took the intermediate value of the upper and lower limits of water quality standards as limited value to compute the degree of membership. In the way, six membership functions were obtained. The eveluation results showed that the major pollutant was nitrogen whose weight coefficient reached 0.487. Each section of water functional areas has exceeded standard seriously. The overall standard-reaching rate was 18.75%. It is a eutrophic River.
2) According to the pollution situation about Jinxi River, a tributary of South Tiaoxi River, this article went on studying water environmental capacity of Jincheng segment. Divided research area into several parts, equilibrium relationship w deduced water environmental capacity model. NH3-N and COD were selected as evaluation indexes to analysis its environmental capacity. Typical hydrological years were calculated by fitting curve method and hydrological analogy method. Combining with hydrological characteristics of Lin’an city, typical hydrological years were divided into different hydrographic periods. Then, water environmental capacity was analyzed. The calculating results showed that improving water quality of Jinxi River was based on controlling ammonia nitrogen’s total amount from upland water. In dry season and normal season, the total amount of ammonia nitrogen,which were whittled at least 19.84 kg·d~(-1) and 36.50 kg·d~(-1) that can meet water functional requirements, respectively. Meanwhile, coastal sewage interception strength and standard-reaching rate of point source emission should be improved.
3) Experiments of artificial simulated rainfall were conducted in Jinxi River Jincheng segment. Three kinds of rainfall intensities were designed in experiments to analyze effects of four types of land using in runoff and sewage yield. The results showed that for the same land using types, with in rainfall intensity increasing, the concentration of the first flush and average concentration were increase in overall. Under the same rainfall intensity, different land using types were compared. For the concentration of TN and TP, woodland, farmland and grassland were higher than road. And for COD, each land using types had little difference. Only under heavy rainfall intensity, road was higher than the other three land using types. From the view of pollutant content, the process of main pollutant yield was nitrogen.
4) The UPLRs calculations of different land using types showed that, in addition to NH3-N, UPLRs of road were the highest, which values of TN, TP and COD reached 53.38 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),9.19 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),745.53 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), respectively. UPLRs of NH3-N was the highest in farmland, which values of TN, TP and COD reached 43.81 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),8.80 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),500.55 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), respectively, next to road. UPLRs of grassland were the minimun, which values of TN, NH3-N, TP and COD were 30.28 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),13.62 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),5.49 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), 213.65 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), respectively. Conclusively, the order of UPLRs were road>farmland>woodland>grassland.
引文
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