一串红耐热性与外源基因转化体系构建研究
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摘要
随着全球气候变暖的加剧,高温已成为制约植物生长发育的主要非生物胁迫因子之一。明确高温对植物生发育的影响以及植物对高温的反应,是目前植物逆境生理学的重要研究内容。一串红生长适温23-28℃,温度长时间超过35℃时,会严重影响其正常生长和开花。在我国,一串红多在5月至10月期间作为盆花应用,而此时我国南方地区多为高温多雨,因此其生长易受高温胁迫。本研究以浙江省的主栽品种展望、帝王、神州红和皇后等为材料,研究了高温胁迫(40℃)条件下一串红的生理响应及品种间差异；利用双向电泳和质谱技术等差异蛋白质组学方法,研究了高温胁迫条件下不同一串红品种叶片的蛋白质差异表达,探讨了一串红耐热性分子机制；研究了不同激素组合对一串红各外植体愈伤组织诱导率与分化率的影响,并建立了一串红再生体系；研究了利用农杆菌介导法和花粉管通道法建立一串红导入外源基因Cyp2的遗传转化体系。主要研究结果如下
1.在自然高温胁迫条件下,一串红不同品种间在株高、冠幅、花序长度和花序数上存在显著差异,所有品种生长放缓,并出现了少量叶片萎蔫的现象,但高温对一串红的正常开花影响并不明显。在整体表现上,供试品种中,辉虹、皇后、火娃和红孩表现出较高的观赏价值,耐热性较强。
2.在田间模拟自然高温条件下,神州红比帝王耐热性强,具体表现为神州红花期较长,冠幅和花序长度受高温影响较小。人工气候箱高温胁迫(40℃)条件下,神州红和帝王叶片叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm值和SOD酶活性均表现降低,CAT和POD活性以及MDA和脯氨酸含量显著增加。两供试品种间以上性状受高温影响的程度差异明显；与帝王相比,神州红有较强的光保护机制和活性氧清除能力。
3.短期高温胁迫(40℃)可引起一串红PSⅡ反应中心的可逆失活,氧活酶活性的提高、抗氧化剂和渗透调节物质的产生在一定程度上减轻了植物氧化胁迫,与帝王相比,展望光保护机制和活性氧清除系统较强；在双向电泳凝胶上两个品种分别检测到1213个蛋白质点,高温胁迫后展望和帝王分别得到23个和28个上调或下调的差异表达蛋白点。在鉴定的所有蛋白中,大部分与逆境应答、光合作用、植物代谢、蛋白质折叠和降解相关,尤其是与光合用相关蛋白较多,且鉴定的蛋白中有不少属于热激蛋白的sHSPs成员、HSP70成员以及HSP90成员,这些热激蛋白在新生肽链的折叠、寡聚蛋白质的组装、损伤蛋白质的再次折叠、蛋白质的降解、蛋白质的跨膜运输以及在信号转导中均起着重要作用,说明高温胁迫能诱导一串红大量热激蛋白的产生,并通过热激蛋白在不同组织、不同生理过程中的大量表达,减轻或修复高温胁迫所引起的伤害。
4.三种激素组合(BAP、NAA和2,4-D)能诱导一串红品种皇后和展望叶片、茎段和带节茎段产生愈伤组织,但BAP+NAA组合在各种浓度条件下皆不能诱导种胚产生愈伤组织。经比较,获得了两个品种不同外植体诱导产生愈伤组织的较佳激素组合,叶片、茎段和带节茎段为1.0mg/L2,4-D和1.5mg/L BAP,而种胚为2.0-2.5mg/L2,4-D和1.0mg/L BAP.对一串红愈伤组织分化的研究表明,带节茎段诱导的愈伤组织虽然能偶然产生少量再生苗,但由叶片和茎段诱导的愈伤组织获得再生植株困难较大。而诱导种胚产生的愈伤组织具有较高的不定芽分化能力,在分化培养基上皇后和展望均产生了大量再生苗,且添加有2.0mg/L TDZ和1.0mg/L KT的分化培养基有最高的不定芽分化率。本研究系首次报道一串红通过成熟种子诱导胚性愈伤组织途径获得再生植株,建立了一串红的再生体系。
5.采用农杆菌介导法获得了少量转Cyp2基因的一串红植株,初步建立了农杆菌介导的一串红遗传转化体系,并表明愈伤组织继代培养不超过30d、菌液OD600值在0.2与0.4之间和侵染时间不超过10min等可以获得较多的抗性愈伤组织。而采用花粉管通道法转入外源基因,处理的一串红植株结实率明显下降,最后虽然获得了一些种子,但经检测均为阴性植株。分析其原因,很可能与一串红授粉后的花序侵泡时间有关,需要进一步研究加以佐证。
Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl. most commonly used to add a splash of brilliant color in a warm season, frequently encounters heat stress in the South China, and its growth and flowering are greatly affected by high temperature. In the present study, high temperature stress responses were investigated in Salvia splendens to determine the morphological and physiological mechanisms associated with the heat tolerance. Comparative proteomic analysis of Salvia splendens varieties, Vista and Kings under40℃stress for4d were conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding for heat tolerance molecular mechanisms. The effect of various combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and explant types on the callus induction and plant regeneration of Salvia splendens was investigated, and in consequence, genetic transformation system using Agrobacterium-mediated and pollen-tube pathway was studied to provide a theoretical and technical basis for development of heat-resistant Salvia splendens varieties. The main resuts are as follows:
1. There was a significantly different in growth response to natural heat stress among of Salvia splendens varieties. Huo Wa and Pround Red had the longer florescence. Plant highth. rown diameter, inflorescence length and number of the examined varieties were significantly affected by high temperature stress. All varieties showed slower growth and a slightly wilting of leaves when the plants were exposed to high temperature. However, the current heat stress did not affect the flowering of Salvia splendens. On the whole, Pround Red, Queen, Huo Wa and Hong Hai showed higher visual values and heat tolerance.
2. The variety Shenzhouhong had longer florescence, and its rown diameter, inflorescence duration length were less affected by heat stress than Emperor under naturally high temperature. In a growth incubator with40℃. there was no significant difference in SPAD values (relative content of chlorophyll) between two varieties, while heat stress resulted in significant reduction of Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield of Photosystem Ⅱ photochemistry) and SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity, and significant increase of CAT (catalase) and POD (peroxidase) activities, as well as MDA (malondialdehyde) and proline contents. Moreover, the affected extent differed greatly between two varieties. It may be suggested that Shenzhouhong had much greater ability than Emperor in the capacity of light protection and active oxygen scavenging system in response to high temperature stress.
3. Heat stress induced reversible inactivation of PS Ⅱ reaction centers and production of protective enzymes and antioxidants, which alleviated oxidative damage of Vista. More than1213protein spots were reproducibly detected on each2-D gel, wherein23and28proteins were differentially up-or down-regulated by heat stress, respectively. There were8pair of spots from the identified proteins similar to both varieties. Most proteins were involved in photosynthesis, metabolism, protein processing and stress response, especially in photosynthesis. Among them, most proteins belong to heat shock protein families, such as the small Hsp (sHsp) family, the Hsp70(DnaK) family and the Hsp90family. These heat shock proteins were responsible for protein folding, refolding, assembly, degradation, translocation under stress conditions, indicating that they could play a crucial role in protecting Salvia splendens against heat stress by re-establishing normal protein conformation and thus cellular homeostasis under heat stress.
4. The medium containing BAP (6-benzylaminopurin), NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) and2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid), could induce callus from stem and leaf explants, whereas the medium containing only BAP and NAA failed to induce organogenic callus from mature seeds. For the two cultivars examined. Queen and vista, the highest rate of callus induction from leaf and stem explants occurred in the medium containing1.0mg·L-12,4-D and1.5mg·L-1BAP, whereas the highest rate of callus induction from mature seeds occurred in the medium containing1.0mg·L-BAP and2.0to2.5mg·L-12,4-D. Although shoots were sporadically initiated at very low frequencies from the calli induced from stem segments with nodes, the calli induced from stem or leaf segments did not form shoots. Many regenerated plantlets were obtained from the cotyledon-derived calli, induced from mature seeds, and the medium containing2.0mg·L-1TDZ (1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thia-diazol-5-YL) urea) and1.0mg·L-1KT (kinetin), showed the highest efficiency in shoot regeneration of the two Salvia splendens cultivars.
5. A Cyclophilin2gene (Cyp2) was transferred into Salvia splendens by using agrobacterium-mediated method, and it was primarily proved by PCR analysis that the foreign gene was integrated into the genome of transformated Salvia splendens. and thus a few of positively transgenic plants were obtained successfully. In the genetic transformation system, the rate of resistant callus formation could be significantly enhanced under the following conditions:less than30days for callus subculture, OD600=0.2-0.4in the concentration of agrobacterium and10minutes in infection. However, the seed setting rate of Salvia splendens decreased significantly in the transferred plants by pollen tube pathway. Although a few seeds were harvested, no positive transgenic plants were found by PCR analysis. The results was likely to be associated with the soaked time of inflorescences after pollination. Further research is required to set up a more efficient genetic transformation system for Salvia splendens.
1.在自然高温胁迫条件下,一串红不同品种间在株高、冠幅、花序长度和花序数上存在显著差异,所有品种生长放缓,并出现了少量叶片萎蔫的现象,但高温对一串红的正常开花影响并不明显。在整体表现上,供试品种中,辉虹、皇后、火娃和红孩表现出较高的观赏价值,耐热性较强。
2.在田间模拟自然高温条件下,神州红比帝王耐热性强,具体表现为神州红花期较长,冠幅和花序长度受高温影响较小。人工气候箱高温胁迫(40℃)条件下,神州红和帝王叶片叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm值和SOD酶活性均表现降低,CAT和POD活性以及MDA和脯氨酸含量显著增加。两供试品种间以上性状受高温影响的程度差异明显；与帝王相比,神州红有较强的光保护机制和活性氧清除能力。
3.短期高温胁迫(40℃)可引起一串红PSⅡ反应中心的可逆失活,氧活酶活性的提高、抗氧化剂和渗透调节物质的产生在一定程度上减轻了植物氧化胁迫,与帝王相比,展望光保护机制和活性氧清除系统较强；在双向电泳凝胶上两个品种分别检测到1213个蛋白质点,高温胁迫后展望和帝王分别得到23个和28个上调或下调的差异表达蛋白点。在鉴定的所有蛋白中,大部分与逆境应答、光合作用、植物代谢、蛋白质折叠和降解相关,尤其是与光合用相关蛋白较多,且鉴定的蛋白中有不少属于热激蛋白的sHSPs成员、HSP70成员以及HSP90成员,这些热激蛋白在新生肽链的折叠、寡聚蛋白质的组装、损伤蛋白质的再次折叠、蛋白质的降解、蛋白质的跨膜运输以及在信号转导中均起着重要作用,说明高温胁迫能诱导一串红大量热激蛋白的产生,并通过热激蛋白在不同组织、不同生理过程中的大量表达,减轻或修复高温胁迫所引起的伤害。
4.三种激素组合(BAP、NAA和2,4-D)能诱导一串红品种皇后和展望叶片、茎段和带节茎段产生愈伤组织,但BAP+NAA组合在各种浓度条件下皆不能诱导种胚产生愈伤组织。经比较,获得了两个品种不同外植体诱导产生愈伤组织的较佳激素组合,叶片、茎段和带节茎段为1.0mg/L2,4-D和1.5mg/L BAP,而种胚为2.0-2.5mg/L2,4-D和1.0mg/L BAP.对一串红愈伤组织分化的研究表明,带节茎段诱导的愈伤组织虽然能偶然产生少量再生苗,但由叶片和茎段诱导的愈伤组织获得再生植株困难较大。而诱导种胚产生的愈伤组织具有较高的不定芽分化能力,在分化培养基上皇后和展望均产生了大量再生苗,且添加有2.0mg/L TDZ和1.0mg/L KT的分化培养基有最高的不定芽分化率。本研究系首次报道一串红通过成熟种子诱导胚性愈伤组织途径获得再生植株,建立了一串红的再生体系。
5.采用农杆菌介导法获得了少量转Cyp2基因的一串红植株,初步建立了农杆菌介导的一串红遗传转化体系,并表明愈伤组织继代培养不超过30d、菌液OD600值在0.2与0.4之间和侵染时间不超过10min等可以获得较多的抗性愈伤组织。而采用花粉管通道法转入外源基因,处理的一串红植株结实率明显下降,最后虽然获得了一些种子,但经检测均为阴性植株。分析其原因,很可能与一串红授粉后的花序侵泡时间有关,需要进一步研究加以佐证。
Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl. most commonly used to add a splash of brilliant color in a warm season, frequently encounters heat stress in the South China, and its growth and flowering are greatly affected by high temperature. In the present study, high temperature stress responses were investigated in Salvia splendens to determine the morphological and physiological mechanisms associated with the heat tolerance. Comparative proteomic analysis of Salvia splendens varieties, Vista and Kings under40℃stress for4d were conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding for heat tolerance molecular mechanisms. The effect of various combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and explant types on the callus induction and plant regeneration of Salvia splendens was investigated, and in consequence, genetic transformation system using Agrobacterium-mediated and pollen-tube pathway was studied to provide a theoretical and technical basis for development of heat-resistant Salvia splendens varieties. The main resuts are as follows:
1. There was a significantly different in growth response to natural heat stress among of Salvia splendens varieties. Huo Wa and Pround Red had the longer florescence. Plant highth. rown diameter, inflorescence length and number of the examined varieties were significantly affected by high temperature stress. All varieties showed slower growth and a slightly wilting of leaves when the plants were exposed to high temperature. However, the current heat stress did not affect the flowering of Salvia splendens. On the whole, Pround Red, Queen, Huo Wa and Hong Hai showed higher visual values and heat tolerance.
2. The variety Shenzhouhong had longer florescence, and its rown diameter, inflorescence duration length were less affected by heat stress than Emperor under naturally high temperature. In a growth incubator with40℃. there was no significant difference in SPAD values (relative content of chlorophyll) between two varieties, while heat stress resulted in significant reduction of Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield of Photosystem Ⅱ photochemistry) and SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity, and significant increase of CAT (catalase) and POD (peroxidase) activities, as well as MDA (malondialdehyde) and proline contents. Moreover, the affected extent differed greatly between two varieties. It may be suggested that Shenzhouhong had much greater ability than Emperor in the capacity of light protection and active oxygen scavenging system in response to high temperature stress.
3. Heat stress induced reversible inactivation of PS Ⅱ reaction centers and production of protective enzymes and antioxidants, which alleviated oxidative damage of Vista. More than1213protein spots were reproducibly detected on each2-D gel, wherein23and28proteins were differentially up-or down-regulated by heat stress, respectively. There were8pair of spots from the identified proteins similar to both varieties. Most proteins were involved in photosynthesis, metabolism, protein processing and stress response, especially in photosynthesis. Among them, most proteins belong to heat shock protein families, such as the small Hsp (sHsp) family, the Hsp70(DnaK) family and the Hsp90family. These heat shock proteins were responsible for protein folding, refolding, assembly, degradation, translocation under stress conditions, indicating that they could play a crucial role in protecting Salvia splendens against heat stress by re-establishing normal protein conformation and thus cellular homeostasis under heat stress.
4. The medium containing BAP (6-benzylaminopurin), NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) and2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid), could induce callus from stem and leaf explants, whereas the medium containing only BAP and NAA failed to induce organogenic callus from mature seeds. For the two cultivars examined. Queen and vista, the highest rate of callus induction from leaf and stem explants occurred in the medium containing1.0mg·L-12,4-D and1.5mg·L-1BAP, whereas the highest rate of callus induction from mature seeds occurred in the medium containing1.0mg·L-BAP and2.0to2.5mg·L-12,4-D. Although shoots were sporadically initiated at very low frequencies from the calli induced from stem segments with nodes, the calli induced from stem or leaf segments did not form shoots. Many regenerated plantlets were obtained from the cotyledon-derived calli, induced from mature seeds, and the medium containing2.0mg·L-1TDZ (1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thia-diazol-5-YL) urea) and1.0mg·L-1KT (kinetin), showed the highest efficiency in shoot regeneration of the two Salvia splendens cultivars.
5. A Cyclophilin2gene (Cyp2) was transferred into Salvia splendens by using agrobacterium-mediated method, and it was primarily proved by PCR analysis that the foreign gene was integrated into the genome of transformated Salvia splendens. and thus a few of positively transgenic plants were obtained successfully. In the genetic transformation system, the rate of resistant callus formation could be significantly enhanced under the following conditions:less than30days for callus subculture, OD600=0.2-0.4in the concentration of agrobacterium and10minutes in infection. However, the seed setting rate of Salvia splendens decreased significantly in the transferred plants by pollen tube pathway. Although a few seeds were harvested, no positive transgenic plants were found by PCR analysis. The results was likely to be associated with the soaked time of inflorescences after pollination. Further research is required to set up a more efficient genetic transformation system for Salvia splendens.
引文
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