我国义务教育《语文课程标准》与美国(麻萨诸塞州)《英语语言艺术课程标准纲要》的比较
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
制订于2001年7月的我国义务教育《语文课程标准》是我国新课程改革的产物,制订于2001年6月的美国(麻萨诸塞州)《英语语言艺术课程标准纲要》,也是该州课程改革中推出的全新之作。本论文从理念、结构、目标、策略和评价等五个方面对这两个课程标准作了分析比较,目的是通过比较为我们的语文课程改革找出一些可资借鉴的思路。
     1、在课程理念方面,我国课程标准从“提高学生的语文素养,把握语文教育的特点,倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式,建设开放而有活力的语文课程”四个方面阐述了新的课程理念,其内容有继承,也有创新,体现出了我国新时期语文教育的指导思想。美国麻萨诸塞州课程标准从十个方面阐述了其课程理念,这十个方面包括语言与思维的关系、挑战性学习、阅读、写作与智力、媒体、指令传授、策略与自主性、课程构建、口头与书面表达特色、民族共同感和语言凝聚力等内容。
     2、在课程标准的结构方面,我国课程标准的课程目标按九年一贯制整体设计,总目标之下有学段目标;课程目标的设计根据知识与能力、过程与方法、情感态度价值观三个维度,相互渗透,融为一体。美国麻萨诸塞州的课程标准依据其递升性和互存性设计思路,在课程理念——十条指导原则的规范下,课程标准依照语言、阅读与文学、写作、媒体四个部分分成二十七个一般标准(目标),又按不同年级学段的教学要求细化为学习标准(目标)。
     3、在课程标准的目标方面,我国的总目标将其确定为识字写字、阅读、写话和习作、口语交际、综合性学习五大块。美国麻萨诸塞州课程标准的目标划分除了媒体部分的目标为我国课程标准所缺少外,其余的语言、阅读与文学、以及写作基本都与我国课程标准的目标相似。
     4、在教学策略方面,两个课程标准的“阅读”教学策略的都体现出全面、具体的特征;“写作”教学策略重视能力与方法的培养。区别是我国课程标准较为强调写字,美国(麻萨诸塞州)课程标准的该部分较侧重于扩大词汇;我国课程标准在“口语交际”部分较强调互动,对方更侧重对听众和目的的兼顾。
     5、在评价策略方面,我国的课程标准对“写字”有美育方面的评价要求,美国(麻萨诸塞州)课程标准则强调词汇量的扩大。我国的阅读评价较为侧重对方法、速度及阅读范围的评价,对方则较为侧重对阅读实践能力的评价;我国的写作评价标准较关注写作能力的培养,对方则比较侧重写作实践。
The Compulsory School Chinese Curriculum Standards of our country, which was made in July 2001, is a product of the new curriculum reform of the country. Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework of the United States, which was made in June 2001, serves also as a totally new version after the curriculum reform of the State of Massachusetts. This paper has made a comparison and analysis between the above two curriculums in their similarities and differences of their ideologies, structures, aims (standards), strategies and assessments. The definite aims of this research are to search for some helpful ideas or approaches to help further improve our Chinese curriculum reform.
    1. In the aspect of the curriculum ideologies, the Curriculum Standards of our country states its new ideology from four points: first, improve the students' Chinese literacy; second, clearly make sure the features of the Chinese teaching; thirdly, spark plug the learning fashions of self-determination, cooperation and investigation; fourthly, construct an open and dynamic Chinese curriculum. The four points which have both some inheritance of the past and some invention, show the guiding ideas of the Chinese education of this new era. The Curriculum Framework of Massachusetts State states its ideas in ten points which include the relationship between language and thinking, challenging learning, reading, writing and intelligence, media, instruction giving, curriculum building, strategies and self-determination, voice of oral and written presentation, sense of being common and unifying force of language, etc.
    2. In the aspect of curriculum structure, our Curriculum Standards takes the designing approach of nine-year system which contains a big aim with four different schooling stage aims under it. The design was made according to the three-dimension idea of knowledge and ability, process and approach, and mood, feeling and ideology of value. The three dimensions mix with each other and make a whole. Whereas the Massachusetts Curriculum Framework was made under the designing approach of being recursive and interdependent. The Curriculum ideas which are in fact its ten Guiding Principles, properly govern the whole curriculum and help divide the content into four strands: language, reading and literature, writing, media, by applying its twenty-seven General Standards to the contents. By the way, these General Standards were again specified into Learning Standards which all serve as teaching aims.
    3. In the aspect of the curriculum standards' aims, the big aim of our curriculum divides itself into five parts: words learning and writing, reading, sentence writing or composition, oral communication, and the last one, integrated learning. With most of the standards as similar as ours, the Massachusetts Curriculum Framework shows its peculiarity in its media
    
    
    
    standards.
    4. In the aspect of teaching strategies, both the curriculum standards show their common features of being systematic and specific in reading and also in writing, with an emphasis on the cultivation of students' ability and methods. The differences lie in the attitudes towards new words learning, which we stress the writing of the new words much more strongly than the Massachusetts Curriculum Framework, for our characters are hard to write, but they don't share this worry of writing, so they only pay attention to the words expanding. Our Curriculum Standards stresses more on the interaction of oral communication than theirs while they emphasize much more about the consideration of the audience and the purposes.
    5. In the aspect of assessment, our Curriculum Standards shows special concern to the beauty education of character writing while the Massachusetts Curriculum Framework stresses still on the expansion of the students' vocabulary. In evaluating reading approaches, our Curriculum Standards pays more attention to the evaluation of the methods, speed and reading scope while the Massachusetts Curriculum Framework emphasizes the ability of the students
引文
[1] 教育部制订:全日制义务教育《语文课程标准》(实验稿),北京师范大学出版社,2001年。
    [2] Massachusetts Department of Education: Massachusetts English Language Arts Curriculum Framework, http://www.doe.mass.edu, June 2001.
    [3] 顾明远、薛理银:《比较教育导论——教育与国家发展》,人民教育出版社,1998年。
    [4] 靳健:《语文课程与教学论》,中国科学文化出版社,2003年。
    [5] 陈嘉映:《海德格尔哲学概论》,三联书店,1995年。
    [6] 靳健:《语文课程研究》,中国档案出版社,2002年。
    [7] 孙建荣、冯建华:《憧憬与迷惑的事业·美国文化与美国教育》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年。
    [8] 王文彦、蔡明:《语文课程与教学论》,高等教育出版社,2002年。
    [9] 李建盛:《理解事件与文本意义》,上海译文出版社,2002年。
    [10] 小威廉姆 E·多尔:《后现代课程观》,教育科学出版社,2000年。
    [11] 靳健、石义堂:《现代语文教育学》,甘肃教育出版社,1997年。
    [12] 朱慕菊主编,教育部基础教育司组织编写:《走进新课程——与课程实施者的对话》,北京师范大学出版社,2002年。
    [13] 吴文侃、杨汉清主编:《比较教育学》,人民教育出版社,1999年。
    [14] 宋军:《母语与第二外语的冲突》,《西南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》,汉语言文学研究专辑。
    [15] 林萍:《英汉语句内标点使用对比》,《平顶山师专学报(社会科学)》1998年第2期。
    [16] 高登亮:《英汉民族的认识、思维及表达对比》,《延安大学学报(社会科学版)》1997年第4期。
    [17] 张瑜:《中国人与美国人的空间观——非语言交际对比研究》,《苏教育学院学报(社会科学版)》1998年第3期。
    [18] 朱晓晖:《英语教学中的汉英对比以及母语使用》,《丽水师范专科学校学报》2001年第2期。
    [19] 全国中语会:《国家级重点教育科研课题——中外母语教材比较研究》,《语文教学通讯》1998年第6期。
    [20] 孙小军:《英语与母语的思维转换》,《内蒙古教育学院学报》1998年第9期。
    [21] 茯苓花:《谈汉语教学中的母语干扰》,《内蒙古师大学报(哲学社会科学版)》1998
    
    年第8期。
    [22] 张秀华:《如何处理母语与英语的关系》,《安徽教育》1999年第3期。
    [23] 王志琴:《让非智力因素走进初一英语教学》,《安徽教育》1999年第3期。
    [24] 常丽:《从科斯托马罗夫的语言“三角论”谈母语与第二语言之间的关系》,《北方论丛》1999年第5期。
    [25] 王素丹:《对全国初中英语教学十堂优秀课的调查及其语篇分析——兼与国外一堂英语作为母语课的对比》,《衡阳医学院学报(社会科学版)》2000年第5期。
    [26] 崔峦:《小学语文教学大纲教学目的教学要求的对比研究》,《云南教育》1994年第9期。
    [27] 束定芳、庄智象:《外语、第二语言、母语及其它》,《外语研究》1994年第2期。
    [28] 林汝昌:《努于对学习目的语的干扰——对“回避行为”的一点质疑》,《外语研究》1995年第1期。
    [29] 聂幼梨、查正和:《从美、英历史学科国家课程标准看中国历史教学新大纲》,《历史教学》2001年第3期。
    [30] 崔峦:《小学语文教学大纲比较研究》,《课程·教材·教法》1994年第1-2期。
    [31] 金秀霞:《新课程标准下对语文教学的思考》,《教育实践与研究》2002年第1期。
    [32] 潘庆玉:《让语文教学焕发生命活力与创新精神——<语文课程标准>解读》,《山东教育科研》2002年第2期。
    [33] 黄玮:《现代语文教育的三维建构——全日制义务教育<语文课程标准>(实验稿)的一种解读》,《皖西学院学报》2002年第2期。
    [34] 王虹:《从中美教学大纲的比较看能力的培养》,《临沂师专学报》1996年第10期。
    [35] 雷实:《借鉴国外经验改进我国语文教学》,新世纪教材网:http//www.xsj21.com
    [36] 潘庆玉:《开放·务实·创新——,<语文课程标准>基本特点刍议》,21世纪网:http//www.xsj21.com
    [37] 赵士勋:《走进<语文课程标准>》,常青教学网:http//www.cqjiaoxue.yeah.net
    [38] 方智范:《义务教育<语文课程标准>及其设计思路》,新世纪教材网:http//www.xsj21.com
    [39] 杨炳辉、庞学栋:《<语文课程标准>·现代背景·国际视野》,新世纪教材网:http//www.xsj21.com
    [40] Massachusetts Library and Information Network:http//www.mlin.lib.ma.us
    [41] The Massachusetts Reading Association Online:http//www.massreading.org
    [42] Massachusetts School Library Media Association: Selection Connection: http//www.mslma.org/selection/index.html

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700