为升学和就业做准备：美国《共同核心州立英语标准》研究
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摘要
2001年,我国第8次课程改革开始,课程标准作为课程的灵魂与纲领性文件,对课程改革起到举足轻重的作用。但由于我国课程标准的构建仍处于起步阶段,在理论和实践上都尚有许多问题值得商榷。他山之石可以攻玉。2010年6月,美国颁布的“共同核心州立标准”标志着“基于标准的教育改革”迈出突破性的步伐。作为教育分权制的美国,为何要在拥有50多个州立课程标准的基础上颁布“共同核心州立标准”?新标准与现存的州立标准和全国性标准有何异同?有何特殊之处?
为解答以上问题,选取《共同核心州立英语标准》作为研究对象,综合借鉴美国教师联合会、成就公司以及美国太平洋研究中心评价优秀标准的测评框架,并以泰勒原理为理论基础,最终选取标准的目的、结构、内容、评价四个方面进行深入分析。为更直观的凸显《共同核心州立英语标准》的特点,选取《英语语言艺术标准》和《加州英语标准》进行横向比较,综合运用了文本分析法和比较法,对三个标准进行文本解读,并在此基础上进行比较,发现兼具州立标准和全国性标准双重属性的《共同核心州立英语标准》在目的上具有清晰性、明确性；结构上具有连贯性和递进性；内容上具有学术性、基础性和具体性；评价上具有严格性和可测性的特点。
但是,各界对《共同核心州立英语标准》却各持己见,大多数支持新标准的制定,但也有反对意见,正是各种不同观点的碰撞和融合,才更促进新标准的完善和改进。本研究基于公平和效率的视角对相关争议进行剖析,并论述了《共同核心州立英语标准》的实施机制,体现了联邦政府、州政府以及地方学区三者的协调与合作。《共同核心州立英语标准》无论从内容还是实施机制上都对我国基础教育课程改革提供了有益启示。首先,基于多元文化的视角,我国基础教育课程标准的研制应注重参与主体的多元性,实施机制上要体现国家、省和地方学校的协调合作。其次,英语作为美国的母语,对我国同为母语的语文课程标准有着重要的借鉴意义。语文课程标准的研制要体现工具性和人文性的统一,实现课程内容的多元选择,教学资源和教学途径的多元开发。再次,无论在美国还是在中国英语都是一门语言,作为一种交流的工具,而《共同核心州立英语标准》正为如何更好的掌握英语学习方法提供了可循之策。如英语的学习要注重文化背景的理解,注重跨文化交际等。
In2001, the8th curriculum reform was begun in China. As a soul and a programmatic document of curriculum, the curriculum standards play a pivotal role. But the construction of china's curriculum standards still in its infancy, so there are a lot of issues remained discussed both in theory and in practice. In American, common core state standards have been published; it means the standard-based education reform making a great progress. Why the common core state standards should published in American where more than50state standards exists. What are the differences and similarities between them? And what is so special?
In order to answer these questions, the "common core state English standards" has been selected to study. And use the evaluation framework of the excellence standards from the American Federation of Teachers, the Achievements and the United States Pacific Research Center and the Taylor principle to analysis. At last, we would analysis from four parts, such as purpose, structure, content and evaluation. In order to show the character of common core state standards directly, Standards for the English Language Arts and English-Language Development Standards for California Public Schools Kindergarten through Grade Twelve have been selected to compare. And the results show that the common core state standards clear in purpose, coherent and progressive in structure, academic, basic and specific in content, rigor in evaluate.
But there are some different voices about the new standards, majority support for it, but also exists objections. From equity and efficiency perspective, this paper talks about the viewpoints. Then talk about the coordination and cooperation among federal government, state governments and local school districts. The new state standards provide useful insights. Firstly, based on the multi-cultural perspective, the development of China's basic education curriculum standards should focus on the diversity of the participation subjects, the implementation mechanism should reflect the coordination and cooperation during national, provincial and local schools. Secondly, English as a native language of the United States, so our Chinese can learn Experience from it. The curriculum standards should reflect the instrumentality and humanity. The flexible learning pattern and multiple choices learning measure should be realized. At last, English as a language used to communicate either in America or in China, so the standards can give us some inspirations on learning English, such as, pay attention to the understanding of cultural background and cross-cultural communication.
为解答以上问题,选取《共同核心州立英语标准》作为研究对象,综合借鉴美国教师联合会、成就公司以及美国太平洋研究中心评价优秀标准的测评框架,并以泰勒原理为理论基础,最终选取标准的目的、结构、内容、评价四个方面进行深入分析。为更直观的凸显《共同核心州立英语标准》的特点,选取《英语语言艺术标准》和《加州英语标准》进行横向比较,综合运用了文本分析法和比较法,对三个标准进行文本解读,并在此基础上进行比较,发现兼具州立标准和全国性标准双重属性的《共同核心州立英语标准》在目的上具有清晰性、明确性；结构上具有连贯性和递进性；内容上具有学术性、基础性和具体性；评价上具有严格性和可测性的特点。
但是,各界对《共同核心州立英语标准》却各持己见,大多数支持新标准的制定,但也有反对意见,正是各种不同观点的碰撞和融合,才更促进新标准的完善和改进。本研究基于公平和效率的视角对相关争议进行剖析,并论述了《共同核心州立英语标准》的实施机制,体现了联邦政府、州政府以及地方学区三者的协调与合作。《共同核心州立英语标准》无论从内容还是实施机制上都对我国基础教育课程改革提供了有益启示。首先,基于多元文化的视角,我国基础教育课程标准的研制应注重参与主体的多元性,实施机制上要体现国家、省和地方学校的协调合作。其次,英语作为美国的母语,对我国同为母语的语文课程标准有着重要的借鉴意义。语文课程标准的研制要体现工具性和人文性的统一,实现课程内容的多元选择,教学资源和教学途径的多元开发。再次,无论在美国还是在中国英语都是一门语言,作为一种交流的工具,而《共同核心州立英语标准》正为如何更好的掌握英语学习方法提供了可循之策。如英语的学习要注重文化背景的理解,注重跨文化交际等。
In2001, the8th curriculum reform was begun in China. As a soul and a programmatic document of curriculum, the curriculum standards play a pivotal role. But the construction of china's curriculum standards still in its infancy, so there are a lot of issues remained discussed both in theory and in practice. In American, common core state standards have been published; it means the standard-based education reform making a great progress. Why the common core state standards should published in American where more than50state standards exists. What are the differences and similarities between them? And what is so special?
In order to answer these questions, the "common core state English standards" has been selected to study. And use the evaluation framework of the excellence standards from the American Federation of Teachers, the Achievements and the United States Pacific Research Center and the Taylor principle to analysis. At last, we would analysis from four parts, such as purpose, structure, content and evaluation. In order to show the character of common core state standards directly, Standards for the English Language Arts and English-Language Development Standards for California Public Schools Kindergarten through Grade Twelve have been selected to compare. And the results show that the common core state standards clear in purpose, coherent and progressive in structure, academic, basic and specific in content, rigor in evaluate.
But there are some different voices about the new standards, majority support for it, but also exists objections. From equity and efficiency perspective, this paper talks about the viewpoints. Then talk about the coordination and cooperation among federal government, state governments and local school districts. The new state standards provide useful insights. Firstly, based on the multi-cultural perspective, the development of China's basic education curriculum standards should focus on the diversity of the participation subjects, the implementation mechanism should reflect the coordination and cooperation during national, provincial and local schools. Secondly, English as a native language of the United States, so our Chinese can learn Experience from it. The curriculum standards should reflect the instrumentality and humanity. The flexible learning pattern and multiple choices learning measure should be realized. At last, English as a language used to communicate either in America or in China, so the standards can give us some inspirations on learning English, such as, pay attention to the understanding of cultural background and cross-cultural communication.
引文
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