当归多糖对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力的影响
|
摘要
当归多糖（Angelica sinensis polysaccharide，ASP）对哺乳动物具有免疫调节作用，但对水产动物是否具有免疫调节作用尚未见报道。本文首先从中草药当归Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels中提纯当归多糖，并对当归多糖亚组分进行结构分析。然后通过喂食、腹腔注射和体外试验研究当归多糖对点带石斑鱼（Epinephelus malabaricus）非特异性免疫力的影响，为当归多糖在水产养殖上的应用提供理论依据。
本论文主要研究内容和结论概况如下。用水煮醇沉法从中草药当归中提取当归粗多糖，乙醇、丙酮脱色、Sevag法除蛋白质，透析、冻干得当归多糖P0。将当归多糖P0溶液用DE-52纤维素柱层析，依次用蒸馏水、0.1M NaCl、0.2MNaCl、0.4M NaCl洗脱得当归多糖P1、P2、P3和P4四种亚组分。采用高效液相色谱、红外光谱和甲基化法研究当归多糖P1、P2、P3分子量和结构。结果表明：当归多糖P1、P2、P3和P4中蛋白质分别为2.21%、1.38%、2.53%和2.34%，总糖分别为95.10%、94.73%、81.68%和79.51%，还原糖分别为5.75%、4.85%、4.86%和4.77%。当归多糖P1、P2、P3分子量分别为4.12×105Da，2.34×105Da和1.94×105Da。当归多糖P1、P2、P3的单糖组成分别为Glc:Xyl:Gal=18:3:1，GlcA:Glc:Xyl:Gal=7:8:3:2和Glc:Xyl=28:1。当归多糖P1、P2、P3的单糖残基均为β构型的吡喃环。当归多糖P1中Glcp为1→3,6、1→3和1→连接，Xylp和Galp为1→3连接；当归多糖P2中GlcAp为1→3连接，Glcp为1→3,6、1→3和1→连接，Xylp和Galp为1→3连接；当归多糖P3中Glcp为1→6、1→4、1→3,6、1→3和1→连接，Xylp为1→3连接。
为研究当归多糖对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响，将当归多糖P0按0、500、3000mg/kg添加到饲料中，喂食点带石斑鱼4、8、12周后取样。结果表明：当归多糖P0能显著提高点带石斑鱼血液白细胞吞噬能力，血清溶菌酶（LZM）活力，头肾白细胞呼吸爆发活力、增殖活力和吞噬能力，降低Edwardsiella tarda攻毒后点带石斑鱼的累积死亡率。用3000mg/kg的当归多糖P0连续喂食12周，点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力和抗病力最高。
将当归多糖P0按0、500、3000mg/kg添加到饲料中，连续喂食101d，研究当归多糖P0对点带石斑鱼生长和非特异性免疫力的影响。结果表明：当归多糖P0对点带石斑鱼摄食、生长、体表黏液抗菌活力、血清一氧化氮（NO）、总蛋白、白蛋白、白蛋白/球蛋白（A/G）值影响不显著（p>0.05）；低剂量的当归多糖P0能显著提高体表黏液LZM活力，而高剂量的当归多糖P0能显著提高血液白细胞数、NBT阳性细胞数，并能提高血液白细胞吞噬率和血清LZM活力；当归多糖P0能极显著降低点带石斑鱼E. tarda攻毒后的累积死亡率，500、3000mg/kg组的免疫保护率分别为45%、69%。
为研究当归多糖亚组分对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力的影响，将当归多糖P1、P2、P3按20mg/kg体重的剂量腹腔点带石斑鱼，以当归多糖P0做对照，以无菌PBS做空白，在注射前和注射后第3、7、14、21、28d取样。结果发现：当归多糖P0及其亚组分能显著提高点带石斑鱼体表黏液LZM活力、血液白细胞数和NBT阳性细胞数、血清LZM活力、NO含量和A/G值。当归多糖P0能显著提高点带石斑鱼体表黏液抗菌活力，而各多糖亚组分对黏液抗菌活力影响不显著。当归多糖P0及其亚组分对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力具有时间—效应关系：注射当归多糖免疫指标升高，注射后28d恢复到空白组水平。注射当归多糖P0及其亚组分均能降低E. tarda攻毒后点带石斑鱼的死亡率，注射当归多糖P0组死亡率最低。单独注射当归多糖各亚组分对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力的提高不及当归多糖P0。
为研究当归多糖亚组分对头肾白细胞免疫活性的影响，用不同浓度（0、1、10、100、1000μg/mL）的当归多糖亚组分P1、P2、P3体外孵育点带石斑鱼头肾白细胞，以当归多糖P0做对照，测定当归多糖对白细胞增殖、呼吸爆发和吞噬能力的影响。结果表明：当归多糖P0及其亚组分体外能提高点带石斑鱼头肾白细胞增殖、吞噬和呼吸爆发活力。头肾白细胞增殖和呼吸爆发活力随当归多糖P0及其亚组分剂量的增加而增强。当归多糖P0（1000μg/mL）对增殖影响显著。当归多糖P2（1-1000μg/mL）对呼吸爆发活力影响显著。头肾白细胞吞噬能力随当归多糖P0及其亚组分剂量的增加呈显著的先升高后下降的趋势。当归多糖P0、P1为100μg/mL时吞噬能力最高，当归多糖P2和P3在10μg/mL时吞噬能力最高。
总之，当归多糖P0及其亚组分P1、P2、P3通过提高体液和细胞免疫的方式提高点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力和抗病力。各亚组分单独作用时对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力的提高不及当归多糖P0。当归多糖亚组分在结构和分子量上的差异可能是造成其免疫活性不同的原因。β吡喃环单糖残基是当归多糖具有生物学活性的基础。
The Angelica sinensis polysaccharides (ASP) have immunoregulatory effectson mammals, but these effects have not been reported on aquatic animals to date. Inthis dissertation, the ASP was extracted from Chinese herb Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)Diels and purified, then the structure of purified ASP are analysed. The effects ofASP on non-specific immunity of Epinephelus malabaricus are studied via oraladministration, intraperitoneal injection and in vitro test. This dissertation providestheoretical basis for the application of ASP on aquaculture.
The main results and conclusion were presented as follows: The crude ASP wasextracted from A. sinensis (Oliv.) Diels via water boil and ethanol sedimentation.The coloring matters in crude ASP were removed by ethanol and acetone. Protein incrude ASP was removed using Sevag method. Then the ASP0was obtained afterdialysis and lyophilization. The ASP0was further purified using DE-52cellulosecolumn chromatography. The ASP0was eluted by distilled water,0.1M NaCl,0.2MNaCl,0.4M NaCl successively. The subfraction, ASP1, ASP2, ASP3and ASP4,were obtained. The molecular weight and structure of ASP1, ASP2and ASP3wereanalysied by high performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectrum andmethylation method. Results showed that protein content in ASP1, ASP2, ASP3andASP4were2.21%,1.38%,2.53%and2.34%respectively. Total sugar in ASP1,ASP2, ASP3and ASP4were95.10%,94.73%,81.68%and79.51%. Reducing sugarin ASP1, ASP2, ASP3and ASP4were5.75%,4.85%,4.86%and4.77%. Themolecular weight of ASP1, ASP2, ASP3were4.12×105Da,2.34×105Da,1.94×105Da. The monosaccharide in ASP1, ASP2, ASP3were Glc:Xyl:Gal=18:3:1,GlcA:Glc:Xyl:Gal=7:8:3:2and Glc:Xyl=28:1, respectively. The monosaccharideresidue of ASP1, ASP2, ASP3was β-pyranoid ring. In ASP1, Glcp is1→3,6、1→3and1→linked, Xylp and Galp is1→3linked. In ASP2, GlcAp is1→3linked, Glcpis1→3,6,1→3and1→linked. Xylp and Galp is1→3linked. In ASP3, Glcp is1→6,1→4,1→3,6,1→3and1→linked. Xylp is1→3linked.
In order to test the effects of ASP on non-specific immunity and diseaseresistance of E. malabaricus, ASP0was supplemented in diet at0,500,3000mg/kg. Fish were sampled after4,8,12weeks of feeding with test diets. Results showedthat ASP0enhanced blood leucocytes phagocytosis, serum lysozyme (LZM) activity,head kidney leucocytes respiratory burst, proliferation, and phagocytosissignificantly. The ASP0reduced cumulative mortality of test fish challenged byEdwardsiella tarda. Fish fed with ASP0at3000mg/kg for12weeks achievedhigherst non-specific immunity and disease resistance.
In order to test the effects of ASP on growth, non-specific immunity of E.malabaricus, ASP0was supplemented in diet at0,500,3000mg/kg and fed to testfish for101days. Results showed that ASP0exerted no significant influence onfeeding, growth, anti-bacterial activity of skin mucus, serum nitric oxide (NO), totalprotein, albumin or albumin/globulin ratio. Low dosage of ASP0enhanced skinmucus LZM activity significantly. High dosage of ASP0boosted blood leucocytes,NBT-positive cells significantly, and heightened blood leucocytes phagocytic ratioand serum LZM activity. The ASP0reduced cumulative mortality of test fishchallenged by E. tarda significantly. The protective rate of500,3000mg ASP0/kgdiet were45%and69%, respectively.
In order to test the subfractions of ASP0on non-specific immunity of E.malabaricus, fish were intraperitoneal injected with ASP1, ASP2, ASP3at20mg/kgbody weight. The ASP0served as control and sterile PBS served as blank. Fish weresampled befor injection and on3,7,14,21,28d post injection. Results showed thatthe ASP0and its subfractions enhanced skin mucus LZM activity, blood leucocytesand NBT-positive cells, serum LZM activity, NO content and albumin/globulin ratiosignificantly. The skin mucus anti-bacterial activity was boosted significantly byASP0while not influenced significantly by ASP1, ASP2or ASP3. The non-specificimmunity in fish showed time-effect relationship after injected with ASP0and itssubfractions: the immune parameters elevated after ASP0and its subfractionsinjection, then decreased to blank level at28-day post injection. Fish mortality resultfrom E. tarda challenge decreased after injection with ASP0and its subfractions.The mortaliy in fish injected with ASP0was the lowest. Compared with ASP0,single injection of ASP0subfractions was not effective on non-specific immunity ofE. malabaricus.
In order to test the effects of ASP0subfractions on head kidney leucocytesimmunocompetence, head kidney leucocytes were cultured in vitro with ASP1,ASP2and ASP3(0,1,10,100,1000μg/mL). The ASP0served as control. Leucocytes proliferation, respiratory burst and phagocytosis were assayed afterincubation. Results showed that the proliferation, phagocytosis and respiratory burstactivity of leucocytes incubated with ASP0and its subfraction was boosted.Leucocytes proliferation and respiratory burst activity were enhanced with theincrease of ASP0and its subfractions. Leucocytes proliferation was enhancedsignificantly by ASP0at1000μg/mL. Leucocytes respiratory burst activity wasboosted significantly by ASP2at1-1000μg/mL. Leucocytes incubated with ASP0and its subfraction showed a tendency of augment first and then decline inphagocytosis. Leucocytes phagocytosis peaked when incubated with ASP0andASP1at100μg/mL, and when incubated with ASP2and ASP3at10μg/mL.
In conclusion, ASP0and its subfractions augment non-specific immunity anddesease resistance of E. malabaricus by means of augment of humoral and cellularimmunocompetence. Compared with ASP0, single use of its subfractions was noteffective on the augment of non-specific immunity. The diversities on structure andmolecular weight of ASP0subfractions may be the reason for their differentimmunocompetences. The monosaccharide residue with β pyran ring is the basis ofASP bioactivities.
本论文主要研究内容和结论概况如下。用水煮醇沉法从中草药当归中提取当归粗多糖，乙醇、丙酮脱色、Sevag法除蛋白质，透析、冻干得当归多糖P0。将当归多糖P0溶液用DE-52纤维素柱层析，依次用蒸馏水、0.1M NaCl、0.2MNaCl、0.4M NaCl洗脱得当归多糖P1、P2、P3和P4四种亚组分。采用高效液相色谱、红外光谱和甲基化法研究当归多糖P1、P2、P3分子量和结构。结果表明：当归多糖P1、P2、P3和P4中蛋白质分别为2.21%、1.38%、2.53%和2.34%，总糖分别为95.10%、94.73%、81.68%和79.51%，还原糖分别为5.75%、4.85%、4.86%和4.77%。当归多糖P1、P2、P3分子量分别为4.12×105Da，2.34×105Da和1.94×105Da。当归多糖P1、P2、P3的单糖组成分别为Glc:Xyl:Gal=18:3:1，GlcA:Glc:Xyl:Gal=7:8:3:2和Glc:Xyl=28:1。当归多糖P1、P2、P3的单糖残基均为β构型的吡喃环。当归多糖P1中Glcp为1→3,6、1→3和1→连接，Xylp和Galp为1→3连接；当归多糖P2中GlcAp为1→3连接，Glcp为1→3,6、1→3和1→连接，Xylp和Galp为1→3连接；当归多糖P3中Glcp为1→6、1→4、1→3,6、1→3和1→连接，Xylp为1→3连接。
为研究当归多糖对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响，将当归多糖P0按0、500、3000mg/kg添加到饲料中，喂食点带石斑鱼4、8、12周后取样。结果表明：当归多糖P0能显著提高点带石斑鱼血液白细胞吞噬能力，血清溶菌酶（LZM）活力，头肾白细胞呼吸爆发活力、增殖活力和吞噬能力，降低Edwardsiella tarda攻毒后点带石斑鱼的累积死亡率。用3000mg/kg的当归多糖P0连续喂食12周，点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力和抗病力最高。
将当归多糖P0按0、500、3000mg/kg添加到饲料中，连续喂食101d，研究当归多糖P0对点带石斑鱼生长和非特异性免疫力的影响。结果表明：当归多糖P0对点带石斑鱼摄食、生长、体表黏液抗菌活力、血清一氧化氮（NO）、总蛋白、白蛋白、白蛋白/球蛋白（A/G）值影响不显著（p>0.05）；低剂量的当归多糖P0能显著提高体表黏液LZM活力，而高剂量的当归多糖P0能显著提高血液白细胞数、NBT阳性细胞数，并能提高血液白细胞吞噬率和血清LZM活力；当归多糖P0能极显著降低点带石斑鱼E. tarda攻毒后的累积死亡率，500、3000mg/kg组的免疫保护率分别为45%、69%。
为研究当归多糖亚组分对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力的影响，将当归多糖P1、P2、P3按20mg/kg体重的剂量腹腔点带石斑鱼，以当归多糖P0做对照，以无菌PBS做空白，在注射前和注射后第3、7、14、21、28d取样。结果发现：当归多糖P0及其亚组分能显著提高点带石斑鱼体表黏液LZM活力、血液白细胞数和NBT阳性细胞数、血清LZM活力、NO含量和A/G值。当归多糖P0能显著提高点带石斑鱼体表黏液抗菌活力，而各多糖亚组分对黏液抗菌活力影响不显著。当归多糖P0及其亚组分对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力具有时间—效应关系：注射当归多糖免疫指标升高，注射后28d恢复到空白组水平。注射当归多糖P0及其亚组分均能降低E. tarda攻毒后点带石斑鱼的死亡率，注射当归多糖P0组死亡率最低。单独注射当归多糖各亚组分对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力的提高不及当归多糖P0。
为研究当归多糖亚组分对头肾白细胞免疫活性的影响，用不同浓度（0、1、10、100、1000μg/mL）的当归多糖亚组分P1、P2、P3体外孵育点带石斑鱼头肾白细胞，以当归多糖P0做对照，测定当归多糖对白细胞增殖、呼吸爆发和吞噬能力的影响。结果表明：当归多糖P0及其亚组分体外能提高点带石斑鱼头肾白细胞增殖、吞噬和呼吸爆发活力。头肾白细胞增殖和呼吸爆发活力随当归多糖P0及其亚组分剂量的增加而增强。当归多糖P0（1000μg/mL）对增殖影响显著。当归多糖P2（1-1000μg/mL）对呼吸爆发活力影响显著。头肾白细胞吞噬能力随当归多糖P0及其亚组分剂量的增加呈显著的先升高后下降的趋势。当归多糖P0、P1为100μg/mL时吞噬能力最高，当归多糖P2和P3在10μg/mL时吞噬能力最高。
总之，当归多糖P0及其亚组分P1、P2、P3通过提高体液和细胞免疫的方式提高点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力和抗病力。各亚组分单独作用时对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力的提高不及当归多糖P0。当归多糖亚组分在结构和分子量上的差异可能是造成其免疫活性不同的原因。β吡喃环单糖残基是当归多糖具有生物学活性的基础。
The Angelica sinensis polysaccharides (ASP) have immunoregulatory effectson mammals, but these effects have not been reported on aquatic animals to date. Inthis dissertation, the ASP was extracted from Chinese herb Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)Diels and purified, then the structure of purified ASP are analysed. The effects ofASP on non-specific immunity of Epinephelus malabaricus are studied via oraladministration, intraperitoneal injection and in vitro test. This dissertation providestheoretical basis for the application of ASP on aquaculture.
The main results and conclusion were presented as follows: The crude ASP wasextracted from A. sinensis (Oliv.) Diels via water boil and ethanol sedimentation.The coloring matters in crude ASP were removed by ethanol and acetone. Protein incrude ASP was removed using Sevag method. Then the ASP0was obtained afterdialysis and lyophilization. The ASP0was further purified using DE-52cellulosecolumn chromatography. The ASP0was eluted by distilled water,0.1M NaCl,0.2MNaCl,0.4M NaCl successively. The subfraction, ASP1, ASP2, ASP3and ASP4,were obtained. The molecular weight and structure of ASP1, ASP2and ASP3wereanalysied by high performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectrum andmethylation method. Results showed that protein content in ASP1, ASP2, ASP3andASP4were2.21%,1.38%,2.53%and2.34%respectively. Total sugar in ASP1,ASP2, ASP3and ASP4were95.10%,94.73%,81.68%and79.51%. Reducing sugarin ASP1, ASP2, ASP3and ASP4were5.75%,4.85%,4.86%and4.77%. Themolecular weight of ASP1, ASP2, ASP3were4.12×105Da,2.34×105Da,1.94×105Da. The monosaccharide in ASP1, ASP2, ASP3were Glc:Xyl:Gal=18:3:1,GlcA:Glc:Xyl:Gal=7:8:3:2and Glc:Xyl=28:1, respectively. The monosaccharideresidue of ASP1, ASP2, ASP3was β-pyranoid ring. In ASP1, Glcp is1→3,6、1→3and1→linked, Xylp and Galp is1→3linked. In ASP2, GlcAp is1→3linked, Glcpis1→3,6,1→3and1→linked. Xylp and Galp is1→3linked. In ASP3, Glcp is1→6,1→4,1→3,6,1→3and1→linked. Xylp is1→3linked.
In order to test the effects of ASP on non-specific immunity and diseaseresistance of E. malabaricus, ASP0was supplemented in diet at0,500,3000mg/kg. Fish were sampled after4,8,12weeks of feeding with test diets. Results showedthat ASP0enhanced blood leucocytes phagocytosis, serum lysozyme (LZM) activity,head kidney leucocytes respiratory burst, proliferation, and phagocytosissignificantly. The ASP0reduced cumulative mortality of test fish challenged byEdwardsiella tarda. Fish fed with ASP0at3000mg/kg for12weeks achievedhigherst non-specific immunity and disease resistance.
In order to test the effects of ASP on growth, non-specific immunity of E.malabaricus, ASP0was supplemented in diet at0,500,3000mg/kg and fed to testfish for101days. Results showed that ASP0exerted no significant influence onfeeding, growth, anti-bacterial activity of skin mucus, serum nitric oxide (NO), totalprotein, albumin or albumin/globulin ratio. Low dosage of ASP0enhanced skinmucus LZM activity significantly. High dosage of ASP0boosted blood leucocytes,NBT-positive cells significantly, and heightened blood leucocytes phagocytic ratioand serum LZM activity. The ASP0reduced cumulative mortality of test fishchallenged by E. tarda significantly. The protective rate of500,3000mg ASP0/kgdiet were45%and69%, respectively.
In order to test the subfractions of ASP0on non-specific immunity of E.malabaricus, fish were intraperitoneal injected with ASP1, ASP2, ASP3at20mg/kgbody weight. The ASP0served as control and sterile PBS served as blank. Fish weresampled befor injection and on3,7,14,21,28d post injection. Results showed thatthe ASP0and its subfractions enhanced skin mucus LZM activity, blood leucocytesand NBT-positive cells, serum LZM activity, NO content and albumin/globulin ratiosignificantly. The skin mucus anti-bacterial activity was boosted significantly byASP0while not influenced significantly by ASP1, ASP2or ASP3. The non-specificimmunity in fish showed time-effect relationship after injected with ASP0and itssubfractions: the immune parameters elevated after ASP0and its subfractionsinjection, then decreased to blank level at28-day post injection. Fish mortality resultfrom E. tarda challenge decreased after injection with ASP0and its subfractions.The mortaliy in fish injected with ASP0was the lowest. Compared with ASP0,single injection of ASP0subfractions was not effective on non-specific immunity ofE. malabaricus.
In order to test the effects of ASP0subfractions on head kidney leucocytesimmunocompetence, head kidney leucocytes were cultured in vitro with ASP1,ASP2and ASP3(0,1,10,100,1000μg/mL). The ASP0served as control. Leucocytes proliferation, respiratory burst and phagocytosis were assayed afterincubation. Results showed that the proliferation, phagocytosis and respiratory burstactivity of leucocytes incubated with ASP0and its subfraction was boosted.Leucocytes proliferation and respiratory burst activity were enhanced with theincrease of ASP0and its subfractions. Leucocytes proliferation was enhancedsignificantly by ASP0at1000μg/mL. Leucocytes respiratory burst activity wasboosted significantly by ASP2at1-1000μg/mL. Leucocytes incubated with ASP0and its subfraction showed a tendency of augment first and then decline inphagocytosis. Leucocytes phagocytosis peaked when incubated with ASP0andASP1at100μg/mL, and when incubated with ASP2and ASP3at10μg/mL.
In conclusion, ASP0and its subfractions augment non-specific immunity anddesease resistance of E. malabaricus by means of augment of humoral and cellularimmunocompetence. Compared with ASP0, single use of its subfractions was noteffective on the augment of non-specific immunity. The diversities on structure andmolecular weight of ASP0subfractions may be the reason for their differentimmunocompetences. The monosaccharide residue with β pyran ring is the basis ofASP bioactivities.
引文
[1].舒璞.中国伞形科花粉图志.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2001(12):59
[2].国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(一部).北京:中国医药科技出版社,2010
[3].李丽丽,刘向前,张晓丹.当归属植物研究进展.中成药,2009,31(4):601-607
[4].陈江弢,杨崇仁.当归属植物的研究进展.天然产物研究与开发,2004,16(4):359-365
[5].孙元琳.当归多糖的制备、结构分析和抗辐射效应研究:[博士学位论文].无锡:江南大学,2006
[6].刘琳娜,梅其炳,程建峰.当归挥发油研究的进展.中成药,2002,24(8):621-623
[7].丁毅.炮制对当归挥发油及多糖的影响.时珍国医国药,2004,15(8):496-497
[8].李桂生,李八方.GC法测定当归油中Z-藁本内酯.中草药,2005,36(12):1816－1818
[9].邓永健,郭志伟,王萌.当归的化学成份及其药理作用研究进展.新疆中医药,2006,24(5):109-113
[10].王冬梅,贾正平,马制刚.气相色谱-质谱联用分析甘肃岷当归挥发油成分.兰州医学院学报,2002,28(3):44-45
[11].陈慧珍.当归的研究进展.海峡药学,2008,20(8):83-85
[12].王芳,李东.当归的化学及药理研究进展.中国药房,2003,14(10):630-631
[13].韦玮,龚苏晓,张铁军,等.当归多糖类成分及其药理作用研究进展.药物评价研究,2009,32(2):130-134
[14].王芙蓉,吴冬青,安红钢,等.当归总黄酮提取工艺及体外抗氧化性研究.中兽医医药杂志,2010(5):11-15
[15].李谷才,魏文亭,高堂杰,等.当归总黄酮提取及其体外抑菌活性研究.时珍国医国药,2011,22(2):310-311
[16].白迎春,石松利,王登奎,等.滨海当归中总黄酮含量的测定.包头医学院学报,2011,27(3):14-15
[17].贾忠山,关天颖,曹国君.当归的微量元素和氨基酸含量分析.氨基酸杂志,1992,2:49-51
[18].关天颖,贾忠山,贾纳新.当归白术黄芪中氨基酸和矿物元素的含量分析.中兽医医药杂志,1992(6):4-5
[19].陈耀祖,张惠迪,蔡文涛.当归化学成分分析研究—甘肃岷归中的氨基酸分析.兰州大学化学学报,1983,19:194-195
[20].龚跃新.当归头、身、尾的氨基酸成份研究.中药饮片,1998(2):29-30
[21].曹志源,方建慧,陆伟,等.微波消解ICP-OES法测定当归中的微量元素.微量元素与健康研究,2011,28(5):18-20
[22].徐银娣,施丹萍,吴晓燕,等.FAAS测定酒当归中的微量元素.光谱实验室,2011,28(3):1212-1214
[23].王桂艳,魏怀春,刘娟.中药当归不同药用部位微量元素含量测定.黑龙江医药科学,2003,26(1):30
[24].宋立人，洪恂，丁绪亮，等．现代中药学大辞典．北京:人民卫生出版社，2001:821-822
[25].张宇.不同产地当归中金属微量元素的比较研究.天津药学,2010,22(5):16-19
[26].方积年.多糖体的结构分析.国外医学(药学分册),1986a,4:222-228
[27].孙元琳,顾小红,李德远,等.当归多糖的制备及抗辐射效应研究.食品科学,2005,26(12):48-52
[28].张惠迪,李志孝,陈耀祖.当归有效成分的研究第11报——当归多糖的分离、性质及生理活性.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1989,25(4):78-81
[29].张林维,赵织平,沈业寿.当归多糖的分离纯化及其部分性质的研究.生物学杂志,1998,15(3):12-14
[30].商澎,梅其炳,曹之宪,等.当归多糖组分的高效液相色谱分析.中国药学杂志,2000,35(5):332-335
[31].陈汝贤,刘叶民.当归多糖X-C-3-II的分离纯化与组成研究.中国新药杂志,2001a,10(6):431-432
[32].陈汝贤,王海燕.当归多糖XC-1的分离与结构研究.化学通报,2001b,64(6):372-374
[33].陈汝贤,王海燕,许鸿章,等.岷当归两个多糖组分的分离、纯化与鉴定.中药材,2001c,24(1):36-37
[34].王顺春,施松善,崔健,等.当归中一种杂多糖的分离纯化与结构鉴定.中国药学杂志,2007,42(16):1255-1258
[35].曹蔚,李小强,侯颖,等.当归多糖APS-2a的结构分析及抗肿瘤作用研究.中药材,2008a,31(2):261-266
[36].曹蔚,李小强,侯颖,等.当归多糖APS-3c的结构特征及体外抗肿瘤作用的研究.天然产物研究与开发,2008b,20:217-222
[37].陈曦,曹蔚,孙阳,等.当归多糖APS-bII的结构特征及体外抗肿瘤作用.科学技术与工程,2010,10(8):1839-1843
[38].刘娟,彭仁琇,乐江,等.当归多糖的分离纯化及其部分理化性质的研究.华西药学杂志,2004,19(6):412-414
[39].杨兴斌,赵燕,周四元,等.柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法分析当归多糖的单糖组成.分析化学,2005,33(9):1287-1290
[40].曹蔚.当归多糖的结构与抗肿瘤作用及其机制研究:[博士学位论文].西安:第四军医大学,2006
[41].孙元琳,陕方,崔武卫,等.当归多糖ASP3及其水解产物的NMR光谱分析.高等学校化学学报,2009c,30(9):1739-1743
[42].孙元琳,申瑞玲,汤坚,等.当归多糖的水解特征及其水解产物分析.分析化学,2008a,36(3):348-352
[43].孙元琳,申瑞玲,汤坚,等.当归多糖ASP3的甲基化分析.高等学校化学学报,2008b,29(7):1367-1370
[44].夏雪雁,彭仁琇,王智勇.当归多糖及其分离组分对小鼠免疫功能的调节效应.武汉大学学报(医学版),2001,22(3):199-207
[45].Han S B, Kim Y H, Lee C W, et al. Characteristic immunostimulation by angelan isolatedfrom Angelica gigas Nakai. Immunopharmacology,1998,40(1):39-48
[46].奚瑾磊,彭仁,杨哲琼.当归多糖及其中性组分对巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α的影响.武汉大学学报(医学版),2002,23(1):21-23
[47].单俊杰,王易,王顺春,等.当归多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖及诱生INF-γ的影响.药学学报,2002,37(7):497-500
[48].冯景奇,柳钟勋.当归多糖拮抗环胞霉素A、氢化可的松及抗肿瘤药的免疫抑制作用.中国实验临床免疫学杂志,1998,10(4):5-8
[49].凌小曼,丁虹,罗顺德,等.当归多糖对血瘀证动物免疫功能和抗氧化功能的影响.中国医院药学杂志,2002,22(10):584-586
[50].王瑾,刘君炎,夏丰年,等.当归多糖体外诱导巨噬细胞的实验研究.云南中医中药杂志,1999,20(4):34-36
[51].杨铁虹,贾敏,梅其炳.当归多糖对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用.中成药,2005,(5):563-565
[52].王君,夏雪雁,彭仁琇,等.当归多糖对大鼠Kupffer细胞免疫功能的激活作用.药学学报,2004,39(3):168-171
[53].Wang T, Feng L, Wang X L, et al. Effects of angelica polysaccharides on the proliferationof mouse skeletal muscle satellite cells in hematopoietic microenvironments in vitro.Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research,2010,14(40):7580-7582
[54].吴宏,姜蓉,郑敏,等.人参多糖和当归多糖诱导人内皮细胞表达造血生长因子的实验研究.中国中西医结合杂志,2002,22(9):687-690
[55].郑敏,王亚平.当归多糖对人髓系多向造血祖细胞增殖分化的影响及机理的研究.解剖学杂志,2002a,25(2):105-109
[56].郑敏,王亚平,姜蓉等.当归多糖诱导胎儿胸腺细胞、脾细胞表达GM-CSF、IL-3的实验研究.重庆医科大学学报,2002b,27(4):373-375
[57].李静,王亚平.当归多糖对骨髓巨噬细胞的影响及其与造血调控的关系.中草药,2005,36(1):69-72
[58].华自森,宋姝丹,罗春燕,等.当归多糖协同Epo对造血干/祖细胞JAK2/STAT5信号传导通路的影响.中国中药杂志,2009a,34(24):3268-3271
[59].宋姝丹,华自森,王亚平,等.当归多糖对K562细胞EpoR介导的信号转导通路研究.生物技术,2009,19(2):15-18
[60].张雁,杜小丽,吴宏,等.当归多糖对小鼠骨髓和外周血单个核细胞黏附分子表达及黏附功能的影响.第四军医大学学报,2009,30(23):2753-2756
[61].胡晶,吴宏.当归多糖对小鼠外周血造血干细胞动员作用的研究.中草药,2006,37(12):1835-1838
[62].郑敏,王亚平.当归多糖对K562细胞增殖抑制与诱导分化的实验研究.中国中西医结合杂志,2002c,22(1):54-57
[63].Marusyk A, Casás-Selves M, Henry C J, et al. Irradiation alters selection for oncogenicmutations in hematopoietic progenitors. Cancer Res,2009,69(18):7262-7269
[64].张雁,吴宏,关雪晶,等.当归多糖照射前后给药对放射损伤小鼠造血功能恢复的比较研究.重庆医科大学学报,2010,35(7):965-969
[65].张雁,芮永军,糜菁熠.当归多糖对放射损伤小鼠骨髓单个核细胞黏附分子表达及黏附功能的影响.江苏中医,2011a,43(11):86-88
[66].张雁,芮永军,糜菁熠,等.当归多糖对放射损伤小鼠骨髓单个核细胞细胞周期及细胞凋亡的影响.重庆医科大学学报,2011b,36(8):913-916
[67].洪艳,刘煜敏,熊小红,等.当归多糖对放射损伤小鼠红细胞免疫功能和造血功能的保护作用.医学临床研究,2002,19(1):31-32
[68].方积年.多糖的研究现状.药学学报,1986b,21(12):944-950
[69].杨兴斌,梅其炳,周四元,等.当归多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放细胞效应分子的诱导作用.细胞与分子免疫学杂志,2004,20(6):747-749
[70].曹蔚,李小强,侯颖,等.当归多糖-1cII的抗肿瘤活性研究.中国新药杂志,2008c,(12):1018-1021
[71].宋姝丹,王建伟,王亚平,等.当归多糖对K562细胞增殖抑制及定向红系细胞分化的实验研究.重庆医科大学学报,2008,33(1):1-5,12
[72].华自森,王建伟,宋姝丹,等.当归多糖对K562白血病细胞JAK2、STAT3表达和活化的影响.解剖学杂志,2009b,32(1):8-11
[73].商澎,杨铁虹,贾敏,等.当归多糖AP-0对小鼠移植性肿瘤的抑制作用.第三军医大学学报,2001,23(11):1299-1302
[74].骆传环,崔玉芳,黄荣清,等.当归多糖的制备及抑瘤作用.科学技术与工程,2003,3(6):551-552
[75].Shang P, Qian A R, Yang T H, et al. Experimental study of anti-tumor effects ofpolysaccharides from Angelica sinensis. World J. Gastroenterol,2003,9(9):1963-1967
[76].洪艳,张渝侯,王红玲,等.当归多糖对60Co照射小鼠免疫功能影响的研究,华中医学杂志,2000,24(6):291-292
[77].洪艳,刘君炎,王红玲,等.当归多糖对放射损伤小鼠细胞免疫的调节作用.武汉大学学报(医学版),2001a,22(1):26-28
[78].洪艳,张渝侯,王红玲,等.当归多糖对放射损伤小鼠红细胞免疫粘附功能和外周血象的影响.现代中西医结合杂志,2001b,10(8):708-709
[79].孙元琳,顾小红,李德远,等.当归多糖对急性辐射损伤小鼠外周血淋巴细胞的保护作用.中华放射医学与防护杂志,2006,26(4):369-370
[80].孙元琳,顾小红,李德远,等.当归多糖对亚急性辐射损伤小鼠的防护作用研究.食品科学,2007,28(2):305-308
[81].孙元琳,马国刚,汤坚.当归多糖对亚慢性辐射损伤小鼠的防护作用研究.中国食品学报,2009a,9(4):33-37
[82].孙元琳,汤坚,顾小红.当归多糖对亚慢性辐射损伤小鼠细胞凋亡的影响及其防护作用.中国预防医学杂志,2009b,10(12):1050-1052
[83].胡元亮,刘家国,陈玉库,等.中药成分对传染性法氏囊病毒感染细胞的影响.畜牧与兽医,2003,35(12):8-10
[84].胡元亮,孔祥峰,李祥瑞,等.10种中药成分对CEF的增殖和抵抗NDV感染的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2004,35(3):301-305
[85].孔祥峰,胡元亮,王德云,等.中药成分对培养细胞的生长和抵抗病毒感染的影响.畜牧与兽医,2003,35(11):4-7
[86].孔祥峰,胡元亮,王德云,等.中药成分与新城疫病毒感作后对病毒感染活性的影响.南京农业大学学报,2004,27(2):90-93
[87].贾敏,姚秀娟,杨铁虹,等.当归多糖硫酸酯抗小鼠L6565逆转录病毒的作用.中国药理学与毒理学杂志,2005,19(2):93-97
[88].杨铁虹,贾敏,姚秀娟,等.当归多糖硫酸酯的合成及其抗小鼠L6565逆转录病毒的作用.中国新药杂志,2006,15(10):783-786
[89].李声方,王兮,桂希恩,等.当归多糖对乙肝病毒转基因小鼠树突状细胞功能状态的影响.实用诊断与治疗杂志,2005,19(5):313-314,317
[90].张萍萍,王清文,陈惠芹,等.当归多糖在体外抑制HCMV感染所致巨核系细胞凋亡中的作用探讨.中国实验血液学杂志,2009,17(1):193-197
[91].李贵荣,吕昌银,杨胜圆.当归多糖清除活性氧自由基作用的研究.南华大学学报(理工版),2002,16(3):18-20
[92].徐露,董志.当归多糖抗衰老作用的实验研究.激光杂志,2008,29(4):89-90
[93].许莹,丁虹.当归多糖对糖尿病小鼠抗氧化功能的影响.中华现代内科学杂志,2004,1(3):196-198
[94].刘少平,董卫国.当归多糖对大鼠实验性结肠炎中氧自由基的影响.中国现代医学杂志,2003,13(22):28-31
[95].夏雪雁,彭仁诱,孔锐,等.当归总多糖对小鼠肝脏药物代谢酶活性具有调节作用.中国中药杂志,2003,28(2):149-152
[96].刘娟.当归多糖对不同化学性肝损伤的干预作用.中国现代药物应用,2011,5(9):52-54
[97].俞发.当归多糖对刀豆蛋白A所致小鼠免疫性肝损伤的保护作用.中药材,2009,32(10):1580-1583
[98].胡顺珍,贾乐.食药用真菌多糖构效关系研究进展.生物技术通报,2007(4):42-50
[99].Mizuno T, Saito H, Nishitoba T, et al. Antitumor-active substances from mushrooms. FoodRev Int,1995,11:23–61
[100]. Cao W, Li XQ, Liu L et al. Structure of an anti-tumor polysaccharide from Angelicasinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Carbohydrate Polymers,2006,66(2):149-159
[101]. Kawagishi H, Kanao T, Inagaki R, et al. Formulation of a potent anti-tumor(1→6)-beta-D-glucan-protein complex from Agaricus blazei fruiting bodies and antitumoractivity of the resulting products. Carbohydr Polym,1990,12:393–404
[102]. Zhuang C, Mizuno T, Shimada A, et al. Antitumor protein-containing polysaccharidesfrom a Chinese mushroom Fengweigu or Houbitake, Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Sing. BiosciBiotechnol Biochem,1993,57:901–906
[103]. Mizuno T, Yeohlui P, Kinoshita T, et al. Antitumor activity and chemical modificationof polysaccharides from Niohshimeji mushroom, Tricholoma giganteum. Biosci BiotechnolBiochem,1996,60:30–33
[104]. Mizuno T, Minato K, Ito H, et al. Antitumor polysaccharide from the mycelium ofliquid-cultured Agaricus blazei Murrill. Biochem Mol Biol Int,1999,47:707–714
[105]. Sun Y X, Liu J C. Purification, structure and immunobiological activity of awater-soluble polysaccharide from the fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus. BioresourceTechnology,2009,100(2):983-986
[106]. Yadomae T, Ohno N. Sparassis crispa Fr. extract. Japanese Patent,2000–217543,2000-08
[107]. Wasser S P. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulatingpolysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2002,60:258-274
[108]. Chen Y, Mao W J, Tao H W, et al. Structural characterization and antioxidantproperties of an exopolysaccharide produced by the mangrove endophytic fungusAspergillus sp. Y16. Bioresource Technology,2011,102:8179-8184
[109].王淼,丁萧霖.葡聚糖生物活性与结构的关系.无锡轻工大学学报,1997,2:90-94
[110].杜巍,李元瑞,袁静.食药用菌多糖生物活性与结构的关系.食用菌,2001(2):3-5
[111].高小荣,刘培勋.多糖构效关系研究进展.中草药,2004,35(2):229-231
[112]. Mulloy B, Mourao P AS, Gray E. Structure/function studies of anticoagulant sulphatedpolysaccharides using NMR. Journal of Biotechnology,2000,77(1):123-135
[113].李凤玲,何金环.植物多糖的结构与分离纯化技术研究进展.中国农学通报,2008,24(10):276-279
[114]. Guo S D, Mao W J, Han Y, et al. Structural characteristics and antioxidant activities ofthe extracellular polysaccharides produced by marine bacterium Edwardsiella tarda.Bioresource Technology,2010,101(12):4729-4732
[115]. Bohn J A, BeMiller J N.(1→3)-β-D-Glucans as biological response modifiers: areview of structure-functional activity relationships. Carbohydrate Polymers,1995,28(1):3-14
[116].肖朱洋.多糖的结构分析与构效关系.海峡药学,2007,19(3):98-100
[117]. Shi B J, Nie X H, Chen L Z, et al. Anticancer activities of a chemically sulfatedpolysaccharide obtained from Grifola frondosa and its combination with5-Fluorouracilagainst human gastric carcinoma cells. Carbohydrate Polymers,2007,68(4):687-692
[118]. Wang Y F, Zhang L N, Li Y Q, et al. Correlation of structure to antitumor activities offive derivatives of a β-glucan from Poria cocos sclerotium. Carbohydate Research,2004,339(15):2567-2574
[119]. Xu J, Liu W, Yao W B, et al. Carboxymethylation of a polysaccharide extracted fromGanoderma lucidum enhances its antioxidant activities in vitro. Carbohydrate Polymers,2009,78:227-234
[120].曾凯宏,明建,曾凯芳.真菌多糖的结构与功能.食品科技,2001(4):65-68
[121].刘玉红,王凤山.真菌多糖结构研究进展.中国药学杂志,2007,42(8):561-564
[122]. Maeda Y Y, Watanabe S T, Chihara C, et al. Denaturation and renaturation of a β-1,6;1,3-glucan, lentinan, associated with expression of T-cell-mediated responses. Cancer Res,1988,48:671–675
[123]. Yanaki T, Ito W, Tabata K, et al. Correlation between the antitumor activity of apolysaccharide schizophyllan and its triple-helical conformation in dilute aqueous solution.Biophys Chem,1983,17:337–342
[124]. Yanaki T, Ito W, Tabata K. Correlation between antitumor activity of schizophyllan andits triple helix. Agric Biol Chem,1986,509:2415–2416
[125].黄益丽.香菇多糖的生物活性.生命的化学,2001,21(5):372-373
[126].王黎明.植物活性多糖构效关系研究进展.安徽农学通报,2008,14(23):45-46,49
[127]. Gao Q P, Jiang R Z, Chen H Q, et al. Characterization and cytokine stimulatingactivities of heteroglycans from Tremella fuciformis. Planta Med,1996a,62:297–302
[128]. Gao Q P, Seljelid R, Chen H Q, et al. Characterization of acidic heteroglycans fromTremella fuciformis Berk. with cytokine stimulating activity. Carbohydr Res,1996b,288:135–142
[129].郑建仙.功能性食品.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2002
[130].卢艳花.中药有效成分提取分离实例.北京：化学工业出版社,2007
[131].方积年,丁侃.天然药物——多糖的主要生物活性及分离纯化方法.中国天然药物,2007,5(5):338-347
[132].段金友,方积年.多糖及其保健品去色素的新方法.中国专利,CN1369510,2002-09-18
[133].刘春兰.少数民族地区药用植物多糖的化学与药理.北京：中央民族大学出版社,2008
[134].郭振楚.糖类化学.北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[135].李红燕.宽礁膜抗凝血活性多糖及其寡糖的制备和结构研究:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011
[136].王艺峰.茯苓菌核多糖及其衍生物的结构及其生物活性:[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉大学,2004
[137].刘锐.多糖类物质的研究进展.安徽农业科学,2005,33(9):1722-1725
[138].陈志强,金杨,王昌禄.多糖结构分析方法的研究.饲料工业,2008,29(6):59-61
[139].李艳,王兆梅,郭祀远.生物活性多糖高级结构的研究方法进展.广东化工,2005(8):78-81
[140]. Staub A M. Removal of proteins (Sevag method). Method in Carbohydrate Chemistry(V),1965,5:5-6
[141].张文超.金针菇子实验体多糖的提取、分离及鉴定研究：[硕士学位论文].广州：华南理工大学，2001
[142].高美风,俞婷婷.黄芪多糖中脱蛋白方法的研究.中华中医药学刊,2008,26(3):614-615
[143].杨铁虹.当归多糖的分离纯化与免疫调节作用及其机理研究：[博士学位论文].西安:第四军医大学,2003
[144].郭忠武,王来曦.糖化学研究进展.化学进展,1995,7(1):10-29
[145]. Kojima T, Tabata K, Itoh W, et al. Molecular weight dependence of the antitumoractivity of schizophyllan. Agric. Biol. Chem.,1996,50:231-232
[146]. Calazans G M T, Lima R C, de Franca F P, et al. Molecular weight and antitumoractivity of Zymomonas mobilis levans. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2000,27:245-247
[147]. Falch B H, Espevik T, Ryan L, et al. The cytokine stimulating activity of(1→3)-β-D-glucans is dependent on the triple helix conformation. Carbohydrate Research,2000,329(3):587-596
[148]. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK et al. Colorimetric method for determination ofsugars and related substances[J]. Anal Chem,1956,28:350
[149]. Bradford M M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgramquantifies of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem,1976,7(72):248-254
[150].文赤夫,董爱文,李国章,等.蒽酮比色法测定紫花地丁中总糖及还原糖含量.现代食品科技，2005，21(3):122-123,130
[151].宋广磊,杜琪珍.黑木耳多糖AAPS-3的化学结构.菌物学报,2010,29(4):576-581
[152].逯南南,石丽花,刘辉,等.马尾松花粉多糖中单糖组分的HPLC分析.中国野生植物资源,2008,4(27):61-63
[153].刘成梅,万茵,涂宗财等.百合多糖脱蛋白方法的研究.食品科学,2002,23(1):89-90
[154].张惟杰.复合多糖生化研究技术.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1987.166-168
[155].李津,俞詠霆.生物制药设备和分离纯化技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[156].刘凤,陶慧卿,何培民.条斑紫菜多糖脱蛋白方法与条件优化.上海水产大学学报,2007,16(2):140-143
[157].马钊.洋葱多糖提取及其提高免疫力和降血脂功能性质研究:[硕士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学,2005
[158].孙利芹,王长海,江涛.紫球藻细胞破碎方法研究.海洋通报,2004,23(4):71-74
[159].陈洪亮.植物多糖的制备及对肉仔鸡免疫功能影响的研究:[博士学位论文].北京:中国农业科学院,2002
[160].葛月兰,段金廒,钱大玮,等.不同产地不同采收期当归的多糖含量变化研究.江苏中医药,2009,41(3):55-56
[161].王亚丽,唐红霞,朱书强.甘肃不同产地当归的比较分类研究.中国中药杂志,2009,34(11):1390-1394
[162].钟方晓,任海华,李岩.多糖含量测定方法比较.时珍国医国药,2007,18(8):1916
[163].吴丽,刘婷婷,梁剑锋,等.黄芪多糖的分离和纯化.食品与药品,2007,9(4):62-64
[164].张洪波,任春晓.黄芪叶提取及黄芪多糖测定方法研究.黑龙江医药,2005,18(1):6-8
[165]. Reilly A, K ferstein F. Food safety hazards and the application of the principles of theHazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system for their control in aquacultureproduction. Aqucult Res,1997,28(10):735-752
[166]. Sakai M. Current research status of fish immunostimulants.Aquacult,1999,172:63-92
[167]. Tzianabos AO. Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structuralaspects and biologic function. Clin Microbiol Rev,2000,13:523-533
[168]. Han S B, Park SK, Ahn HJ et al. Characteriaztion of B cell membrane receptors ofpolysaccharide isolated from the root of Acanthopanax koreanum. Int Immunopharmacol,2003,3:683-691
[169]. Lee KY, Jeon YJ. Polysaccharide isolated from Poria cocos scerotium inducesNF-κB/Rel activation and iNOS expression in murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol,2003,3:1353-1362
[170]. Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT. Botanical polysaccharides: Macrophageimmunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int Immunopharmacol,2006,6:317-333
[171]. Sun Y X, Xu Y P, Wang T T et al. Effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on geneexpression of lysozyme in coelmocytes of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Sci,2009,28(10):572-574
[172]. Ye Y N, Koo M W L, Li Y et al. Angelica sinensis modulates migration andproliferation of gastric epithelial cells. Life Sci,2001,68(8):961-968
[173]. Ye Y N, So H L, Liu E S L et al. Effect of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis ongastric ulcer healing. Life Sci,2003,72(8):925-932
[174]. Liu P J, Hsieh W T, Huang H et al. Hematopoietic effect of water-solublepolysaccharides from Angelica sinensis on mice with acute blood loss. Exp Hematol,2010,38(6):437-445
[175].刘少平,董卫国,吴东方,等.当归多糖对免疫结肠炎大鼠结肠损伤的保护作用研究.中国药理学通报,2003,19(6):693-696
[176].刘少平,董卫国,余保平,等.当归多糖对大鼠乙酸性结肠炎的保护作用.世界华人消化杂志,2004,12(2):367-370
[177]. Yang T H, Jia M, Meng J et al. Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide isolatedfrom Angelica sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol,2006,39(4-5):179-184
[178]. Chen Y, Duan JA, Qian DW et al. Assessment and comparison of immunoregulatoryactivity of four hydrosoluble fractions of Angelica sinensis in vitro on the peritonealmacroophages in ICR mice. Int Immunopharmacol,2010,10(4):422-430
[179].覃映雪,池信才,苏永全,等.网箱养殖青石斑鱼的溃疡病病原.水产学报,2004,28(3):297-302
[180].陈信忠,苏亚玲,龚艳清,等.逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测5种养殖石斑鱼的神经坏死病毒.中国水产科学,2004,11(3):202-207
[181].胡学峰,石存斌,潘厚军,等.海水养殖斜带石斑鱼溃疡病病原（溶藻弧菌）的初步研究.中国海洋大学学报（自然科学版）,2005,35(2):232-236
[182].吴叶,王昌梅,张丽芬，等.人及兔醛化红细胞的制备和应用.安徽农业科学，2008,36（21）：8885-8886
[183]. Li Q, Zhan WB, Xing J et al. Production, characterisation and applicability ofmonoclonal antibodies to immunoglobulin of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).Fish Shellfish Immunol,2007,23:982–990
[184]. Cheng A C, Tu C W, Chen Y Y, et al. The immunostimulatory effects of sodiumalginate and iota-carrageenan on orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coicoides and itsresistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2007,22:197-205
[185].王伟庆，李爱杰.维生素C对中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）免疫功能的影响.动物营养研究论文集.北京：中国农业大学出版社，1996,53-58
[186].郭小华，陆文清，邓萍，等.益生枯草芽孢杆菌MA139增殖培养基的优化.中国农业大学学报,2006,11（3）：41-46
[187].王庆奎,赵海运,吕志敏,等.口服当归多糖对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力的影响.安徽农业科学,2011,39(22):13857-13860
[188]. Sahoo P K, Mohanty J, Mukherjee S C. The effect of three imuunomodulators onhaemotological parameters and immunity level in rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings. J. Aquac.Trop.1999,14,127–135
[189]. Wu F C, Ting Y Y, Chen H Y. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid is more optimal thaneicosapentaenoic acid affecting the level of cellular defence responses of the juvenilegrouper Epinephelus malabaricus. Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2003,14:223-238
[190]. Gebran S J, Romano E L, Pons H A, et al. A modified colorimetric method for themeasurement of phagocytosis and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity using2,7-diaminofluorene. Journal of Immunological Methods,1992,151:255-260
[191].聂品.鱼类非特异性免疫研究的新进展.水产学报,1997,21(1):69-73
[192].艾庆辉,麦康森.鱼类营养免疫研究进展.水生生物学报,2007,31(3):425-430
[193]. Wang T T, Sun Y X, Jin L J et al. Enhancement of non-specific immune response in seacucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) by Astragalus membranaceus and its polysaccharides.Fish Shellfish Immunol,2009,27:757-762
[194]. Huang X X, Zhou H Q, Zhang H. The effect of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharideextracts on vibriosis resistance and immune activity of the shrimp, Fenneropenaeuschinensis. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2006,20:750-757
[195]. Fu Y W, Hou W Y, Yeh S T, et al. The immunostimulatory effects of hot-water extractof Gelidium amansii via immersion, injection and dietary administrations on white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2007,22:763-685
[196].张晓君,祝晨陈,胡黎等.当归多糖的免疫活性和对造血功能影响.中药药理与临床,2002,18(5):24-25
[197].杨铁虹,卢保华,贾敏,等.当归多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响.中国药理学通报,2003,19(4):448-451
[198].朱起,张东蕾,王芝萍,等.某些植物多糖对小鼠淋巴和造血细胞生成的影响.军事医学科学院院刊,1985,9(3):279-285
[199].李明峰,任军,梅其炳,等.当归多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响.第四军医大学学报,1987,8(6):422-423
[200]. Shephard K L. Functions for fish mucus. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,1992,4:401-429
[201]. Palaksha K J, Shin G W, Kim Y R, et al. Evaluation of non-specific immunecomponents from the skin mucus of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2008,24:479-488
[202].黄智慧,马爱军,王岷.鱼类体表黏液分泌功能与作用研究进展.海洋科学,2009,33(1):90-94
[203].梁英,黄文树,关瑞章,等.鱼类表皮黏液抗菌蛋白/肽研究进展.水生生物学报,2009,33(5):963-969
[204]. Salton M R J, Ghuysen J M. The structure of di-and tetra-saccharides released fromcell walls by lysozyme and Streptomyces F1enzyme and the β(1→4)N-acetylhexosaminidase activity of these enzymes. Biochem Biophys Acta,1959,36:552-554
[205]. Glynn A A. The complement lysozyme sequence in immune bacteriolysis.Immunology,1969,16:463-471
[206]. Klockars M, Roberts P. Stimulation of phagocytosis by human lysozyme. Acta Haemat,1976,55:289-295
[207]. Jollès P, Jollès J. What’s new in lysozyme research? Always a model system, today asyesterday. Mol Cell Biochem,1984,63:165-189
[208]. Yano T. The nonspecific immune system: humoral defense. In: Hoar W S, Randall D J,Farrell A P eds. Fish Physiology series Volume15, The Fish Immune System: Organism,Pathogen and Environment. San Diego: Academic Press,1996.107
[209]. Cha S H, Lee J S, Song C B, et al. Effects of chitosan-coated diet on improving waterquality and innate immunity in the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture,2008,278:110-118
[210]. Misra C K, Das B K, Mukherjee S C, et al. Effect of long term administration ofdietary β-glucan on immunity, growth and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Aquaculture,2006a,255:82-94
[211]. MacArthur J I, Fletcher T C. Phagocytosis in fish. In: Manning M J and Tatner M F(eds). Fish immunology. London: Academic Press,1985.29-46
[212]. Secombes C J. The Nonspecific Immune System: Cellular Defenses. In: Hoar W S,Randall D J, Farrell A P eds. Fish Physiology series Volume15, The Fish Immune System:Organism, Pathogen and Environment. San Diego: Academic Press,1996.82-86
[213]. Sakai M, Kamiya H, Ishii S, Atsuta S, Kobayashi M. The immunostimulating effects ofchitin in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In: Shariff M, Subasighe RP, Arthur JR (eds)Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, vol1, Fish Health Section. Manila, Philippines: AsianFisheries Society,1992.413-417
[214]. Siwicki A K, Anderson D P, Rumsey G L. Dietary intake of immunostimulants byrainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. VetImmunol Immunopathol,1994,41:125-139
[215]. Yeh S P, Chang C A, Chang C Y et al. Dietary sodium alginate administration affectsfingerling growth and resistance to Streptococcus sp. and iridovirus, and juvenilenon-specific immune responses of the orage-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FishShellfish Immunol,2008,25:19-27
[216]. Park K H, Jeong H D. Enhanced resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection intilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by administration of protein-bound polysaccharide.Aquaculture,1996,143:135-143
[217]. Yin G J, Jeney G, Racz T, et al. Effect of two Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix andScutellaria radix) on non-specific immune response of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.Aquaculture,2006,253:39-47
[218]. Castro R, Zarra I, Lamas J. Water-soluble seaweed extracts modulate the respiratoryburst activity of turbot phagocytes. Aquaculture,2004,229:67-78
[219]. Sizemore R C, Miller N W, Cuchens M A. Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: thecellular requirements for in vitro mitogenic responses of channel catfish leucocytes. JImmunol,1984,133:2920-2924
[220]. Alexander J B, Ingram G A. Noncellular non-specific defense mechanisms of fish. Ann.Rev. Fish Dis.,1992,2,249–279
[221].杨静,吴刚.血清一氧化氮测定方法的研究进展.包头医学院学报,2009,25(3):77-79
[222].姜国建,于仁诚,周名江.活性氮中间体和一氧化氮合成酶系统在水产养殖生物病害防御中的作用.海洋科学,2006,30(3):90-93
[223].王勇军,王长法,张士璀.水产动物中一氧化氮合酶的研究概况.海洋水产研究,2003,24(2):88-94
[224]. Neumann N F, Belosovic M. Deactivation of primed respiratory burst response ofgoldfish macrophages by leukocyte-derived macrophage activating factor(s). Developmentaland Comparative Immunology,1996,20:427–439
[225]. Secombes C J, Wang T, Hong S, et al. Cytokines and immunity of fish. Developmentaland Comparative Immunology,2001,25:713–723
[226].邱妍,崔保安,董发明,等.4种多糖对鸡脾脏淋巴细胞增殖和一氧化氮分泌的影响.畜牧与兽医,2008,40(8):58-60
[227].吴旋,白东清,朱国霞,等.长期投喂黄芪多糖对黄颡鱼免疫细胞活性的影响.动物营养学报,2011,23(5):887-892
[228].白东清,吴旋,郭永军,等.长期投喂黄芪多糖对黄颡鱼抗氧化及非特异性免疫指标的影响.动物营养学报,2011,23(9):1622-1630
[229].米瑞芙.草鱼、鲤和鲢血液学指标的测定.淡水渔业，1982，（4）：10-16
[230]. Zhang J J, Zou W Z, Yan Q P. Non-specific immune response of bullfrog Ranacatesbeiana to intraperitoneal injection of bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Chinese Journalof Oceanology and Limnology,2008,26(3):248-255
[231]. Kaminski N E, Roberts J F, Guthrie F E. A rapid spectrophotometric method forassessing macrophage phagocytic activity. Immunology Letters,1985,10:329-331
[232]. Zhao H X, Cao J M, Wang A L, et al. Effect of long-term administration of dietaryβ-1,3-glucan on growth, physiological, and immune responses in Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone,1931). Aquaculture International,2012,20(1):145-158
[233]. Cook M T, Hayball P J, Hutchinson W, et al. Administration of a commercialimmunostimulant preparation, EcoActivaTMas a feed supplement enhances macrophagerespiratory burst and the growth rate of snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae (Bloch andSchneider)) in winter. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2003;14:333-345
[234]. Whittington R, Lim C, Klesius P H. Effect of dietary β-glucan levels on the growthresponse and efficacy of Streptococcus iniae vaccine in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.Aquaculture,2005,248:217-225
[235]. Kumari J, Sahoo P K. Dietary β-1,3glucan potentiates innate immunity and diseaseresistance of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.). J Fish Dis,2006,29:95-101
[236]. Shiau S Y, Yu Y P. Dietary supplementation of chitin and chitosan depresses growth intilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus. Aquaculture,1999,179:439-446
[237]. Esteban M A, Cuesta A, Mulero V, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intakeof chitin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2001,11:303-315
[238]. Dalmo R A, Ingebrigtsen K, Bogwald J. Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish,with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Journal of Fish Diseases,1997,20(4):241-273
[239].曹丽萍,丁炜东,张柳,等.香菇多糖和黄芪多糖对鲤免疫细胞的活性和IL-1β体外诱生表达的影响.水产学报,2008,32(4):628-635
[240].周进,黄偼,宋晓玲.免疫增强剂在水产养殖中的应用.海洋水产研究,2003,24(4):70-79
[241]. Misra C K, Das B K, Mukherjee S C, et al. Effect of multiple injections of β-glucan onnon-specific immune response and disease resistance in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2006b,20:305-319
[242]. Esteban M A, Mulero V, Cuesta A, et al. Effects of injecting chitin particles on theinnate immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2000,10:543-554
[243]. Fujiki K, Shin D, Nakao M, Yano T. Effects of k-carrageenan on the non-specificdefense system of carp Cyprinus carpio. Fisheries Sci,1997,63:934-938
[244]. Peddie S, Zou J, Secombes C J. Immunostimulation in the rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) following intraperitoneal administration of Ergosan. Vet ImmunolImmunopathol,2002,86:101-113
[245].张永安,孙宝剑,聂品.鱼类免疫组织和细胞的研究概况.水生生物学报,2000,24(6):648-654
[246].郭建巍,吕同德,张银霞,等.当归多糖对免疫细胞增殖作用的实验研究.微生物学免疫学进展,2003,31(4):37-40
[2].国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(一部).北京:中国医药科技出版社,2010
[3].李丽丽,刘向前,张晓丹.当归属植物研究进展.中成药,2009,31(4):601-607
[4].陈江弢,杨崇仁.当归属植物的研究进展.天然产物研究与开发,2004,16(4):359-365
[5].孙元琳.当归多糖的制备、结构分析和抗辐射效应研究:[博士学位论文].无锡:江南大学,2006
[6].刘琳娜,梅其炳,程建峰.当归挥发油研究的进展.中成药,2002,24(8):621-623
[7].丁毅.炮制对当归挥发油及多糖的影响.时珍国医国药,2004,15(8):496-497
[8].李桂生,李八方.GC法测定当归油中Z-藁本内酯.中草药,2005,36(12):1816－1818
[9].邓永健,郭志伟,王萌.当归的化学成份及其药理作用研究进展.新疆中医药,2006,24(5):109-113
[10].王冬梅,贾正平,马制刚.气相色谱-质谱联用分析甘肃岷当归挥发油成分.兰州医学院学报,2002,28(3):44-45
[11].陈慧珍.当归的研究进展.海峡药学,2008,20(8):83-85
[12].王芳,李东.当归的化学及药理研究进展.中国药房,2003,14(10):630-631
[13].韦玮,龚苏晓,张铁军,等.当归多糖类成分及其药理作用研究进展.药物评价研究,2009,32(2):130-134
[14].王芙蓉,吴冬青,安红钢,等.当归总黄酮提取工艺及体外抗氧化性研究.中兽医医药杂志,2010(5):11-15
[15].李谷才,魏文亭,高堂杰,等.当归总黄酮提取及其体外抑菌活性研究.时珍国医国药,2011,22(2):310-311
[16].白迎春,石松利,王登奎,等.滨海当归中总黄酮含量的测定.包头医学院学报,2011,27(3):14-15
[17].贾忠山,关天颖,曹国君.当归的微量元素和氨基酸含量分析.氨基酸杂志,1992,2:49-51
[18].关天颖,贾忠山,贾纳新.当归白术黄芪中氨基酸和矿物元素的含量分析.中兽医医药杂志,1992(6):4-5
[19].陈耀祖,张惠迪,蔡文涛.当归化学成分分析研究—甘肃岷归中的氨基酸分析.兰州大学化学学报,1983,19:194-195
[20].龚跃新.当归头、身、尾的氨基酸成份研究.中药饮片,1998(2):29-30
[21].曹志源,方建慧,陆伟,等.微波消解ICP-OES法测定当归中的微量元素.微量元素与健康研究,2011,28(5):18-20
[22].徐银娣,施丹萍,吴晓燕,等.FAAS测定酒当归中的微量元素.光谱实验室,2011,28(3):1212-1214
[23].王桂艳,魏怀春,刘娟.中药当归不同药用部位微量元素含量测定.黑龙江医药科学,2003,26(1):30
[24].宋立人，洪恂，丁绪亮，等．现代中药学大辞典．北京:人民卫生出版社，2001:821-822
[25].张宇.不同产地当归中金属微量元素的比较研究.天津药学,2010,22(5):16-19
[26].方积年.多糖体的结构分析.国外医学(药学分册),1986a,4:222-228
[27].孙元琳,顾小红,李德远,等.当归多糖的制备及抗辐射效应研究.食品科学,2005,26(12):48-52
[28].张惠迪,李志孝,陈耀祖.当归有效成分的研究第11报——当归多糖的分离、性质及生理活性.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1989,25(4):78-81
[29].张林维,赵织平,沈业寿.当归多糖的分离纯化及其部分性质的研究.生物学杂志,1998,15(3):12-14
[30].商澎,梅其炳,曹之宪,等.当归多糖组分的高效液相色谱分析.中国药学杂志,2000,35(5):332-335
[31].陈汝贤,刘叶民.当归多糖X-C-3-II的分离纯化与组成研究.中国新药杂志,2001a,10(6):431-432
[32].陈汝贤,王海燕.当归多糖XC-1的分离与结构研究.化学通报,2001b,64(6):372-374
[33].陈汝贤,王海燕,许鸿章,等.岷当归两个多糖组分的分离、纯化与鉴定.中药材,2001c,24(1):36-37
[34].王顺春,施松善,崔健,等.当归中一种杂多糖的分离纯化与结构鉴定.中国药学杂志,2007,42(16):1255-1258
[35].曹蔚,李小强,侯颖,等.当归多糖APS-2a的结构分析及抗肿瘤作用研究.中药材,2008a,31(2):261-266
[36].曹蔚,李小强,侯颖,等.当归多糖APS-3c的结构特征及体外抗肿瘤作用的研究.天然产物研究与开发,2008b,20:217-222
[37].陈曦,曹蔚,孙阳,等.当归多糖APS-bII的结构特征及体外抗肿瘤作用.科学技术与工程,2010,10(8):1839-1843
[38].刘娟,彭仁琇,乐江,等.当归多糖的分离纯化及其部分理化性质的研究.华西药学杂志,2004,19(6):412-414
[39].杨兴斌,赵燕,周四元,等.柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法分析当归多糖的单糖组成.分析化学,2005,33(9):1287-1290
[40].曹蔚.当归多糖的结构与抗肿瘤作用及其机制研究:[博士学位论文].西安:第四军医大学,2006
[41].孙元琳,陕方,崔武卫,等.当归多糖ASP3及其水解产物的NMR光谱分析.高等学校化学学报,2009c,30(9):1739-1743
[42].孙元琳,申瑞玲,汤坚,等.当归多糖的水解特征及其水解产物分析.分析化学,2008a,36(3):348-352
[43].孙元琳,申瑞玲,汤坚,等.当归多糖ASP3的甲基化分析.高等学校化学学报,2008b,29(7):1367-1370
[44].夏雪雁,彭仁琇,王智勇.当归多糖及其分离组分对小鼠免疫功能的调节效应.武汉大学学报(医学版),2001,22(3):199-207
[45].Han S B, Kim Y H, Lee C W, et al. Characteristic immunostimulation by angelan isolatedfrom Angelica gigas Nakai. Immunopharmacology,1998,40(1):39-48
[46].奚瑾磊,彭仁,杨哲琼.当归多糖及其中性组分对巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α的影响.武汉大学学报(医学版),2002,23(1):21-23
[47].单俊杰,王易,王顺春,等.当归多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖及诱生INF-γ的影响.药学学报,2002,37(7):497-500
[48].冯景奇,柳钟勋.当归多糖拮抗环胞霉素A、氢化可的松及抗肿瘤药的免疫抑制作用.中国实验临床免疫学杂志,1998,10(4):5-8
[49].凌小曼,丁虹,罗顺德,等.当归多糖对血瘀证动物免疫功能和抗氧化功能的影响.中国医院药学杂志,2002,22(10):584-586
[50].王瑾,刘君炎,夏丰年,等.当归多糖体外诱导巨噬细胞的实验研究.云南中医中药杂志,1999,20(4):34-36
[51].杨铁虹,贾敏,梅其炳.当归多糖对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用.中成药,2005,(5):563-565
[52].王君,夏雪雁,彭仁琇,等.当归多糖对大鼠Kupffer细胞免疫功能的激活作用.药学学报,2004,39(3):168-171
[53].Wang T, Feng L, Wang X L, et al. Effects of angelica polysaccharides on the proliferationof mouse skeletal muscle satellite cells in hematopoietic microenvironments in vitro.Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research,2010,14(40):7580-7582
[54].吴宏,姜蓉,郑敏,等.人参多糖和当归多糖诱导人内皮细胞表达造血生长因子的实验研究.中国中西医结合杂志,2002,22(9):687-690
[55].郑敏,王亚平.当归多糖对人髓系多向造血祖细胞增殖分化的影响及机理的研究.解剖学杂志,2002a,25(2):105-109
[56].郑敏,王亚平,姜蓉等.当归多糖诱导胎儿胸腺细胞、脾细胞表达GM-CSF、IL-3的实验研究.重庆医科大学学报,2002b,27(4):373-375
[57].李静,王亚平.当归多糖对骨髓巨噬细胞的影响及其与造血调控的关系.中草药,2005,36(1):69-72
[58].华自森,宋姝丹,罗春燕,等.当归多糖协同Epo对造血干/祖细胞JAK2/STAT5信号传导通路的影响.中国中药杂志,2009a,34(24):3268-3271
[59].宋姝丹,华自森,王亚平,等.当归多糖对K562细胞EpoR介导的信号转导通路研究.生物技术,2009,19(2):15-18
[60].张雁,杜小丽,吴宏,等.当归多糖对小鼠骨髓和外周血单个核细胞黏附分子表达及黏附功能的影响.第四军医大学学报,2009,30(23):2753-2756
[61].胡晶,吴宏.当归多糖对小鼠外周血造血干细胞动员作用的研究.中草药,2006,37(12):1835-1838
[62].郑敏,王亚平.当归多糖对K562细胞增殖抑制与诱导分化的实验研究.中国中西医结合杂志,2002c,22(1):54-57
[63].Marusyk A, Casás-Selves M, Henry C J, et al. Irradiation alters selection for oncogenicmutations in hematopoietic progenitors. Cancer Res,2009,69(18):7262-7269
[64].张雁,吴宏,关雪晶,等.当归多糖照射前后给药对放射损伤小鼠造血功能恢复的比较研究.重庆医科大学学报,2010,35(7):965-969
[65].张雁,芮永军,糜菁熠.当归多糖对放射损伤小鼠骨髓单个核细胞黏附分子表达及黏附功能的影响.江苏中医,2011a,43(11):86-88
[66].张雁,芮永军,糜菁熠,等.当归多糖对放射损伤小鼠骨髓单个核细胞细胞周期及细胞凋亡的影响.重庆医科大学学报,2011b,36(8):913-916
[67].洪艳,刘煜敏,熊小红,等.当归多糖对放射损伤小鼠红细胞免疫功能和造血功能的保护作用.医学临床研究,2002,19(1):31-32
[68].方积年.多糖的研究现状.药学学报,1986b,21(12):944-950
[69].杨兴斌,梅其炳,周四元,等.当归多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放细胞效应分子的诱导作用.细胞与分子免疫学杂志,2004,20(6):747-749
[70].曹蔚,李小强,侯颖,等.当归多糖-1cII的抗肿瘤活性研究.中国新药杂志,2008c,(12):1018-1021
[71].宋姝丹,王建伟,王亚平,等.当归多糖对K562细胞增殖抑制及定向红系细胞分化的实验研究.重庆医科大学学报,2008,33(1):1-5,12
[72].华自森,王建伟,宋姝丹,等.当归多糖对K562白血病细胞JAK2、STAT3表达和活化的影响.解剖学杂志,2009b,32(1):8-11
[73].商澎,杨铁虹,贾敏,等.当归多糖AP-0对小鼠移植性肿瘤的抑制作用.第三军医大学学报,2001,23(11):1299-1302
[74].骆传环,崔玉芳,黄荣清,等.当归多糖的制备及抑瘤作用.科学技术与工程,2003,3(6):551-552
[75].Shang P, Qian A R, Yang T H, et al. Experimental study of anti-tumor effects ofpolysaccharides from Angelica sinensis. World J. Gastroenterol,2003,9(9):1963-1967
[76].洪艳,张渝侯,王红玲,等.当归多糖对60Co照射小鼠免疫功能影响的研究,华中医学杂志,2000,24(6):291-292
[77].洪艳,刘君炎,王红玲,等.当归多糖对放射损伤小鼠细胞免疫的调节作用.武汉大学学报(医学版),2001a,22(1):26-28
[78].洪艳,张渝侯,王红玲,等.当归多糖对放射损伤小鼠红细胞免疫粘附功能和外周血象的影响.现代中西医结合杂志,2001b,10(8):708-709
[79].孙元琳,顾小红,李德远,等.当归多糖对急性辐射损伤小鼠外周血淋巴细胞的保护作用.中华放射医学与防护杂志,2006,26(4):369-370
[80].孙元琳,顾小红,李德远,等.当归多糖对亚急性辐射损伤小鼠的防护作用研究.食品科学,2007,28(2):305-308
[81].孙元琳,马国刚,汤坚.当归多糖对亚慢性辐射损伤小鼠的防护作用研究.中国食品学报,2009a,9(4):33-37
[82].孙元琳,汤坚,顾小红.当归多糖对亚慢性辐射损伤小鼠细胞凋亡的影响及其防护作用.中国预防医学杂志,2009b,10(12):1050-1052
[83].胡元亮,刘家国,陈玉库,等.中药成分对传染性法氏囊病毒感染细胞的影响.畜牧与兽医,2003,35(12):8-10
[84].胡元亮,孔祥峰,李祥瑞,等.10种中药成分对CEF的增殖和抵抗NDV感染的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2004,35(3):301-305
[85].孔祥峰,胡元亮,王德云,等.中药成分对培养细胞的生长和抵抗病毒感染的影响.畜牧与兽医,2003,35(11):4-7
[86].孔祥峰,胡元亮,王德云,等.中药成分与新城疫病毒感作后对病毒感染活性的影响.南京农业大学学报,2004,27(2):90-93
[87].贾敏,姚秀娟,杨铁虹,等.当归多糖硫酸酯抗小鼠L6565逆转录病毒的作用.中国药理学与毒理学杂志,2005,19(2):93-97
[88].杨铁虹,贾敏,姚秀娟,等.当归多糖硫酸酯的合成及其抗小鼠L6565逆转录病毒的作用.中国新药杂志,2006,15(10):783-786
[89].李声方,王兮,桂希恩,等.当归多糖对乙肝病毒转基因小鼠树突状细胞功能状态的影响.实用诊断与治疗杂志,2005,19(5):313-314,317
[90].张萍萍,王清文,陈惠芹,等.当归多糖在体外抑制HCMV感染所致巨核系细胞凋亡中的作用探讨.中国实验血液学杂志,2009,17(1):193-197
[91].李贵荣,吕昌银,杨胜圆.当归多糖清除活性氧自由基作用的研究.南华大学学报(理工版),2002,16(3):18-20
[92].徐露,董志.当归多糖抗衰老作用的实验研究.激光杂志,2008,29(4):89-90
[93].许莹,丁虹.当归多糖对糖尿病小鼠抗氧化功能的影响.中华现代内科学杂志,2004,1(3):196-198
[94].刘少平,董卫国.当归多糖对大鼠实验性结肠炎中氧自由基的影响.中国现代医学杂志,2003,13(22):28-31
[95].夏雪雁,彭仁诱,孔锐,等.当归总多糖对小鼠肝脏药物代谢酶活性具有调节作用.中国中药杂志,2003,28(2):149-152
[96].刘娟.当归多糖对不同化学性肝损伤的干预作用.中国现代药物应用,2011,5(9):52-54
[97].俞发.当归多糖对刀豆蛋白A所致小鼠免疫性肝损伤的保护作用.中药材,2009,32(10):1580-1583
[98].胡顺珍,贾乐.食药用真菌多糖构效关系研究进展.生物技术通报,2007(4):42-50
[99].Mizuno T, Saito H, Nishitoba T, et al. Antitumor-active substances from mushrooms. FoodRev Int,1995,11:23–61
[100]. Cao W, Li XQ, Liu L et al. Structure of an anti-tumor polysaccharide from Angelicasinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Carbohydrate Polymers,2006,66(2):149-159
[101]. Kawagishi H, Kanao T, Inagaki R, et al. Formulation of a potent anti-tumor(1→6)-beta-D-glucan-protein complex from Agaricus blazei fruiting bodies and antitumoractivity of the resulting products. Carbohydr Polym,1990,12:393–404
[102]. Zhuang C, Mizuno T, Shimada A, et al. Antitumor protein-containing polysaccharidesfrom a Chinese mushroom Fengweigu or Houbitake, Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Sing. BiosciBiotechnol Biochem,1993,57:901–906
[103]. Mizuno T, Yeohlui P, Kinoshita T, et al. Antitumor activity and chemical modificationof polysaccharides from Niohshimeji mushroom, Tricholoma giganteum. Biosci BiotechnolBiochem,1996,60:30–33
[104]. Mizuno T, Minato K, Ito H, et al. Antitumor polysaccharide from the mycelium ofliquid-cultured Agaricus blazei Murrill. Biochem Mol Biol Int,1999,47:707–714
[105]. Sun Y X, Liu J C. Purification, structure and immunobiological activity of awater-soluble polysaccharide from the fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus. BioresourceTechnology,2009,100(2):983-986
[106]. Yadomae T, Ohno N. Sparassis crispa Fr. extract. Japanese Patent,2000–217543,2000-08
[107]. Wasser S P. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulatingpolysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2002,60:258-274
[108]. Chen Y, Mao W J, Tao H W, et al. Structural characterization and antioxidantproperties of an exopolysaccharide produced by the mangrove endophytic fungusAspergillus sp. Y16. Bioresource Technology,2011,102:8179-8184
[109].王淼,丁萧霖.葡聚糖生物活性与结构的关系.无锡轻工大学学报,1997,2:90-94
[110].杜巍,李元瑞,袁静.食药用菌多糖生物活性与结构的关系.食用菌,2001(2):3-5
[111].高小荣,刘培勋.多糖构效关系研究进展.中草药,2004,35(2):229-231
[112]. Mulloy B, Mourao P AS, Gray E. Structure/function studies of anticoagulant sulphatedpolysaccharides using NMR. Journal of Biotechnology,2000,77(1):123-135
[113].李凤玲,何金环.植物多糖的结构与分离纯化技术研究进展.中国农学通报,2008,24(10):276-279
[114]. Guo S D, Mao W J, Han Y, et al. Structural characteristics and antioxidant activities ofthe extracellular polysaccharides produced by marine bacterium Edwardsiella tarda.Bioresource Technology,2010,101(12):4729-4732
[115]. Bohn J A, BeMiller J N.(1→3)-β-D-Glucans as biological response modifiers: areview of structure-functional activity relationships. Carbohydrate Polymers,1995,28(1):3-14
[116].肖朱洋.多糖的结构分析与构效关系.海峡药学,2007,19(3):98-100
[117]. Shi B J, Nie X H, Chen L Z, et al. Anticancer activities of a chemically sulfatedpolysaccharide obtained from Grifola frondosa and its combination with5-Fluorouracilagainst human gastric carcinoma cells. Carbohydrate Polymers,2007,68(4):687-692
[118]. Wang Y F, Zhang L N, Li Y Q, et al. Correlation of structure to antitumor activities offive derivatives of a β-glucan from Poria cocos sclerotium. Carbohydate Research,2004,339(15):2567-2574
[119]. Xu J, Liu W, Yao W B, et al. Carboxymethylation of a polysaccharide extracted fromGanoderma lucidum enhances its antioxidant activities in vitro. Carbohydrate Polymers,2009,78:227-234
[120].曾凯宏,明建,曾凯芳.真菌多糖的结构与功能.食品科技,2001(4):65-68
[121].刘玉红,王凤山.真菌多糖结构研究进展.中国药学杂志,2007,42(8):561-564
[122]. Maeda Y Y, Watanabe S T, Chihara C, et al. Denaturation and renaturation of a β-1,6;1,3-glucan, lentinan, associated with expression of T-cell-mediated responses. Cancer Res,1988,48:671–675
[123]. Yanaki T, Ito W, Tabata K, et al. Correlation between the antitumor activity of apolysaccharide schizophyllan and its triple-helical conformation in dilute aqueous solution.Biophys Chem,1983,17:337–342
[124]. Yanaki T, Ito W, Tabata K. Correlation between antitumor activity of schizophyllan andits triple helix. Agric Biol Chem,1986,509:2415–2416
[125].黄益丽.香菇多糖的生物活性.生命的化学,2001,21(5):372-373
[126].王黎明.植物活性多糖构效关系研究进展.安徽农学通报,2008,14(23):45-46,49
[127]. Gao Q P, Jiang R Z, Chen H Q, et al. Characterization and cytokine stimulatingactivities of heteroglycans from Tremella fuciformis. Planta Med,1996a,62:297–302
[128]. Gao Q P, Seljelid R, Chen H Q, et al. Characterization of acidic heteroglycans fromTremella fuciformis Berk. with cytokine stimulating activity. Carbohydr Res,1996b,288:135–142
[129].郑建仙.功能性食品.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2002
[130].卢艳花.中药有效成分提取分离实例.北京：化学工业出版社,2007
[131].方积年,丁侃.天然药物——多糖的主要生物活性及分离纯化方法.中国天然药物,2007,5(5):338-347
[132].段金友,方积年.多糖及其保健品去色素的新方法.中国专利,CN1369510,2002-09-18
[133].刘春兰.少数民族地区药用植物多糖的化学与药理.北京：中央民族大学出版社,2008
[134].郭振楚.糖类化学.北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[135].李红燕.宽礁膜抗凝血活性多糖及其寡糖的制备和结构研究:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011
[136].王艺峰.茯苓菌核多糖及其衍生物的结构及其生物活性:[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉大学,2004
[137].刘锐.多糖类物质的研究进展.安徽农业科学,2005,33(9):1722-1725
[138].陈志强,金杨,王昌禄.多糖结构分析方法的研究.饲料工业,2008,29(6):59-61
[139].李艳,王兆梅,郭祀远.生物活性多糖高级结构的研究方法进展.广东化工,2005(8):78-81
[140]. Staub A M. Removal of proteins (Sevag method). Method in Carbohydrate Chemistry(V),1965,5:5-6
[141].张文超.金针菇子实验体多糖的提取、分离及鉴定研究：[硕士学位论文].广州：华南理工大学，2001
[142].高美风,俞婷婷.黄芪多糖中脱蛋白方法的研究.中华中医药学刊,2008,26(3):614-615
[143].杨铁虹.当归多糖的分离纯化与免疫调节作用及其机理研究：[博士学位论文].西安:第四军医大学,2003
[144].郭忠武,王来曦.糖化学研究进展.化学进展,1995,7(1):10-29
[145]. Kojima T, Tabata K, Itoh W, et al. Molecular weight dependence of the antitumoractivity of schizophyllan. Agric. Biol. Chem.,1996,50:231-232
[146]. Calazans G M T, Lima R C, de Franca F P, et al. Molecular weight and antitumoractivity of Zymomonas mobilis levans. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2000,27:245-247
[147]. Falch B H, Espevik T, Ryan L, et al. The cytokine stimulating activity of(1→3)-β-D-glucans is dependent on the triple helix conformation. Carbohydrate Research,2000,329(3):587-596
[148]. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK et al. Colorimetric method for determination ofsugars and related substances[J]. Anal Chem,1956,28:350
[149]. Bradford M M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgramquantifies of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem,1976,7(72):248-254
[150].文赤夫,董爱文,李国章,等.蒽酮比色法测定紫花地丁中总糖及还原糖含量.现代食品科技，2005，21(3):122-123,130
[151].宋广磊,杜琪珍.黑木耳多糖AAPS-3的化学结构.菌物学报,2010,29(4):576-581
[152].逯南南,石丽花,刘辉,等.马尾松花粉多糖中单糖组分的HPLC分析.中国野生植物资源,2008,4(27):61-63
[153].刘成梅,万茵,涂宗财等.百合多糖脱蛋白方法的研究.食品科学,2002,23(1):89-90
[154].张惟杰.复合多糖生化研究技术.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1987.166-168
[155].李津,俞詠霆.生物制药设备和分离纯化技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[156].刘凤,陶慧卿,何培民.条斑紫菜多糖脱蛋白方法与条件优化.上海水产大学学报,2007,16(2):140-143
[157].马钊.洋葱多糖提取及其提高免疫力和降血脂功能性质研究:[硕士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学,2005
[158].孙利芹,王长海,江涛.紫球藻细胞破碎方法研究.海洋通报,2004,23(4):71-74
[159].陈洪亮.植物多糖的制备及对肉仔鸡免疫功能影响的研究:[博士学位论文].北京:中国农业科学院,2002
[160].葛月兰,段金廒,钱大玮,等.不同产地不同采收期当归的多糖含量变化研究.江苏中医药,2009,41(3):55-56
[161].王亚丽,唐红霞,朱书强.甘肃不同产地当归的比较分类研究.中国中药杂志,2009,34(11):1390-1394
[162].钟方晓,任海华,李岩.多糖含量测定方法比较.时珍国医国药,2007,18(8):1916
[163].吴丽,刘婷婷,梁剑锋,等.黄芪多糖的分离和纯化.食品与药品,2007,9(4):62-64
[164].张洪波,任春晓.黄芪叶提取及黄芪多糖测定方法研究.黑龙江医药,2005,18(1):6-8
[165]. Reilly A, K ferstein F. Food safety hazards and the application of the principles of theHazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system for their control in aquacultureproduction. Aqucult Res,1997,28(10):735-752
[166]. Sakai M. Current research status of fish immunostimulants.Aquacult,1999,172:63-92
[167]. Tzianabos AO. Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structuralaspects and biologic function. Clin Microbiol Rev,2000,13:523-533
[168]. Han S B, Park SK, Ahn HJ et al. Characteriaztion of B cell membrane receptors ofpolysaccharide isolated from the root of Acanthopanax koreanum. Int Immunopharmacol,2003,3:683-691
[169]. Lee KY, Jeon YJ. Polysaccharide isolated from Poria cocos scerotium inducesNF-κB/Rel activation and iNOS expression in murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol,2003,3:1353-1362
[170]. Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT. Botanical polysaccharides: Macrophageimmunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int Immunopharmacol,2006,6:317-333
[171]. Sun Y X, Xu Y P, Wang T T et al. Effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on geneexpression of lysozyme in coelmocytes of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Sci,2009,28(10):572-574
[172]. Ye Y N, Koo M W L, Li Y et al. Angelica sinensis modulates migration andproliferation of gastric epithelial cells. Life Sci,2001,68(8):961-968
[173]. Ye Y N, So H L, Liu E S L et al. Effect of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis ongastric ulcer healing. Life Sci,2003,72(8):925-932
[174]. Liu P J, Hsieh W T, Huang H et al. Hematopoietic effect of water-solublepolysaccharides from Angelica sinensis on mice with acute blood loss. Exp Hematol,2010,38(6):437-445
[175].刘少平,董卫国,吴东方,等.当归多糖对免疫结肠炎大鼠结肠损伤的保护作用研究.中国药理学通报,2003,19(6):693-696
[176].刘少平,董卫国,余保平,等.当归多糖对大鼠乙酸性结肠炎的保护作用.世界华人消化杂志,2004,12(2):367-370
[177]. Yang T H, Jia M, Meng J et al. Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide isolatedfrom Angelica sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol,2006,39(4-5):179-184
[178]. Chen Y, Duan JA, Qian DW et al. Assessment and comparison of immunoregulatoryactivity of four hydrosoluble fractions of Angelica sinensis in vitro on the peritonealmacroophages in ICR mice. Int Immunopharmacol,2010,10(4):422-430
[179].覃映雪,池信才,苏永全,等.网箱养殖青石斑鱼的溃疡病病原.水产学报,2004,28(3):297-302
[180].陈信忠,苏亚玲,龚艳清,等.逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测5种养殖石斑鱼的神经坏死病毒.中国水产科学,2004,11(3):202-207
[181].胡学峰,石存斌,潘厚军,等.海水养殖斜带石斑鱼溃疡病病原（溶藻弧菌）的初步研究.中国海洋大学学报（自然科学版）,2005,35(2):232-236
[182].吴叶,王昌梅,张丽芬，等.人及兔醛化红细胞的制备和应用.安徽农业科学，2008,36（21）：8885-8886
[183]. Li Q, Zhan WB, Xing J et al. Production, characterisation and applicability ofmonoclonal antibodies to immunoglobulin of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).Fish Shellfish Immunol,2007,23:982–990
[184]. Cheng A C, Tu C W, Chen Y Y, et al. The immunostimulatory effects of sodiumalginate and iota-carrageenan on orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coicoides and itsresistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2007,22:197-205
[185].王伟庆，李爱杰.维生素C对中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）免疫功能的影响.动物营养研究论文集.北京：中国农业大学出版社，1996,53-58
[186].郭小华，陆文清，邓萍，等.益生枯草芽孢杆菌MA139增殖培养基的优化.中国农业大学学报,2006,11（3）：41-46
[187].王庆奎,赵海运,吕志敏,等.口服当归多糖对点带石斑鱼非特异性免疫力的影响.安徽农业科学,2011,39(22):13857-13860
[188]. Sahoo P K, Mohanty J, Mukherjee S C. The effect of three imuunomodulators onhaemotological parameters and immunity level in rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings. J. Aquac.Trop.1999,14,127–135
[189]. Wu F C, Ting Y Y, Chen H Y. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid is more optimal thaneicosapentaenoic acid affecting the level of cellular defence responses of the juvenilegrouper Epinephelus malabaricus. Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2003,14:223-238
[190]. Gebran S J, Romano E L, Pons H A, et al. A modified colorimetric method for themeasurement of phagocytosis and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity using2,7-diaminofluorene. Journal of Immunological Methods,1992,151:255-260
[191].聂品.鱼类非特异性免疫研究的新进展.水产学报,1997,21(1):69-73
[192].艾庆辉,麦康森.鱼类营养免疫研究进展.水生生物学报,2007,31(3):425-430
[193]. Wang T T, Sun Y X, Jin L J et al. Enhancement of non-specific immune response in seacucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) by Astragalus membranaceus and its polysaccharides.Fish Shellfish Immunol,2009,27:757-762
[194]. Huang X X, Zhou H Q, Zhang H. The effect of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharideextracts on vibriosis resistance and immune activity of the shrimp, Fenneropenaeuschinensis. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2006,20:750-757
[195]. Fu Y W, Hou W Y, Yeh S T, et al. The immunostimulatory effects of hot-water extractof Gelidium amansii via immersion, injection and dietary administrations on white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2007,22:763-685
[196].张晓君,祝晨陈,胡黎等.当归多糖的免疫活性和对造血功能影响.中药药理与临床,2002,18(5):24-25
[197].杨铁虹,卢保华,贾敏,等.当归多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响.中国药理学通报,2003,19(4):448-451
[198].朱起,张东蕾,王芝萍,等.某些植物多糖对小鼠淋巴和造血细胞生成的影响.军事医学科学院院刊,1985,9(3):279-285
[199].李明峰,任军,梅其炳,等.当归多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响.第四军医大学学报,1987,8(6):422-423
[200]. Shephard K L. Functions for fish mucus. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,1992,4:401-429
[201]. Palaksha K J, Shin G W, Kim Y R, et al. Evaluation of non-specific immunecomponents from the skin mucus of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2008,24:479-488
[202].黄智慧,马爱军,王岷.鱼类体表黏液分泌功能与作用研究进展.海洋科学,2009,33(1):90-94
[203].梁英,黄文树,关瑞章,等.鱼类表皮黏液抗菌蛋白/肽研究进展.水生生物学报,2009,33(5):963-969
[204]. Salton M R J, Ghuysen J M. The structure of di-and tetra-saccharides released fromcell walls by lysozyme and Streptomyces F1enzyme and the β(1→4)N-acetylhexosaminidase activity of these enzymes. Biochem Biophys Acta,1959,36:552-554
[205]. Glynn A A. The complement lysozyme sequence in immune bacteriolysis.Immunology,1969,16:463-471
[206]. Klockars M, Roberts P. Stimulation of phagocytosis by human lysozyme. Acta Haemat,1976,55:289-295
[207]. Jollès P, Jollès J. What’s new in lysozyme research? Always a model system, today asyesterday. Mol Cell Biochem,1984,63:165-189
[208]. Yano T. The nonspecific immune system: humoral defense. In: Hoar W S, Randall D J,Farrell A P eds. Fish Physiology series Volume15, The Fish Immune System: Organism,Pathogen and Environment. San Diego: Academic Press,1996.107
[209]. Cha S H, Lee J S, Song C B, et al. Effects of chitosan-coated diet on improving waterquality and innate immunity in the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture,2008,278:110-118
[210]. Misra C K, Das B K, Mukherjee S C, et al. Effect of long term administration ofdietary β-glucan on immunity, growth and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Aquaculture,2006a,255:82-94
[211]. MacArthur J I, Fletcher T C. Phagocytosis in fish. In: Manning M J and Tatner M F(eds). Fish immunology. London: Academic Press,1985.29-46
[212]. Secombes C J. The Nonspecific Immune System: Cellular Defenses. In: Hoar W S,Randall D J, Farrell A P eds. Fish Physiology series Volume15, The Fish Immune System:Organism, Pathogen and Environment. San Diego: Academic Press,1996.82-86
[213]. Sakai M, Kamiya H, Ishii S, Atsuta S, Kobayashi M. The immunostimulating effects ofchitin in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In: Shariff M, Subasighe RP, Arthur JR (eds)Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, vol1, Fish Health Section. Manila, Philippines: AsianFisheries Society,1992.413-417
[214]. Siwicki A K, Anderson D P, Rumsey G L. Dietary intake of immunostimulants byrainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. VetImmunol Immunopathol,1994,41:125-139
[215]. Yeh S P, Chang C A, Chang C Y et al. Dietary sodium alginate administration affectsfingerling growth and resistance to Streptococcus sp. and iridovirus, and juvenilenon-specific immune responses of the orage-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FishShellfish Immunol,2008,25:19-27
[216]. Park K H, Jeong H D. Enhanced resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection intilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by administration of protein-bound polysaccharide.Aquaculture,1996,143:135-143
[217]. Yin G J, Jeney G, Racz T, et al. Effect of two Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix andScutellaria radix) on non-specific immune response of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.Aquaculture,2006,253:39-47
[218]. Castro R, Zarra I, Lamas J. Water-soluble seaweed extracts modulate the respiratoryburst activity of turbot phagocytes. Aquaculture,2004,229:67-78
[219]. Sizemore R C, Miller N W, Cuchens M A. Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: thecellular requirements for in vitro mitogenic responses of channel catfish leucocytes. JImmunol,1984,133:2920-2924
[220]. Alexander J B, Ingram G A. Noncellular non-specific defense mechanisms of fish. Ann.Rev. Fish Dis.,1992,2,249–279
[221].杨静,吴刚.血清一氧化氮测定方法的研究进展.包头医学院学报,2009,25(3):77-79
[222].姜国建,于仁诚,周名江.活性氮中间体和一氧化氮合成酶系统在水产养殖生物病害防御中的作用.海洋科学,2006,30(3):90-93
[223].王勇军,王长法,张士璀.水产动物中一氧化氮合酶的研究概况.海洋水产研究,2003,24(2):88-94
[224]. Neumann N F, Belosovic M. Deactivation of primed respiratory burst response ofgoldfish macrophages by leukocyte-derived macrophage activating factor(s). Developmentaland Comparative Immunology,1996,20:427–439
[225]. Secombes C J, Wang T, Hong S, et al. Cytokines and immunity of fish. Developmentaland Comparative Immunology,2001,25:713–723
[226].邱妍,崔保安,董发明,等.4种多糖对鸡脾脏淋巴细胞增殖和一氧化氮分泌的影响.畜牧与兽医,2008,40(8):58-60
[227].吴旋,白东清,朱国霞,等.长期投喂黄芪多糖对黄颡鱼免疫细胞活性的影响.动物营养学报,2011,23(5):887-892
[228].白东清,吴旋,郭永军,等.长期投喂黄芪多糖对黄颡鱼抗氧化及非特异性免疫指标的影响.动物营养学报,2011,23(9):1622-1630
[229].米瑞芙.草鱼、鲤和鲢血液学指标的测定.淡水渔业，1982，（4）：10-16
[230]. Zhang J J, Zou W Z, Yan Q P. Non-specific immune response of bullfrog Ranacatesbeiana to intraperitoneal injection of bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Chinese Journalof Oceanology and Limnology,2008,26(3):248-255
[231]. Kaminski N E, Roberts J F, Guthrie F E. A rapid spectrophotometric method forassessing macrophage phagocytic activity. Immunology Letters,1985,10:329-331
[232]. Zhao H X, Cao J M, Wang A L, et al. Effect of long-term administration of dietaryβ-1,3-glucan on growth, physiological, and immune responses in Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone,1931). Aquaculture International,2012,20(1):145-158
[233]. Cook M T, Hayball P J, Hutchinson W, et al. Administration of a commercialimmunostimulant preparation, EcoActivaTMas a feed supplement enhances macrophagerespiratory burst and the growth rate of snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae (Bloch andSchneider)) in winter. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2003;14:333-345
[234]. Whittington R, Lim C, Klesius P H. Effect of dietary β-glucan levels on the growthresponse and efficacy of Streptococcus iniae vaccine in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.Aquaculture,2005,248:217-225
[235]. Kumari J, Sahoo P K. Dietary β-1,3glucan potentiates innate immunity and diseaseresistance of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.). J Fish Dis,2006,29:95-101
[236]. Shiau S Y, Yu Y P. Dietary supplementation of chitin and chitosan depresses growth intilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus. Aquaculture,1999,179:439-446
[237]. Esteban M A, Cuesta A, Mulero V, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intakeof chitin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2001,11:303-315
[238]. Dalmo R A, Ingebrigtsen K, Bogwald J. Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish,with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Journal of Fish Diseases,1997,20(4):241-273
[239].曹丽萍,丁炜东,张柳,等.香菇多糖和黄芪多糖对鲤免疫细胞的活性和IL-1β体外诱生表达的影响.水产学报,2008,32(4):628-635
[240].周进,黄偼,宋晓玲.免疫增强剂在水产养殖中的应用.海洋水产研究,2003,24(4):70-79
[241]. Misra C K, Das B K, Mukherjee S C, et al. Effect of multiple injections of β-glucan onnon-specific immune response and disease resistance in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2006b,20:305-319
[242]. Esteban M A, Mulero V, Cuesta A, et al. Effects of injecting chitin particles on theinnate immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2000,10:543-554
[243]. Fujiki K, Shin D, Nakao M, Yano T. Effects of k-carrageenan on the non-specificdefense system of carp Cyprinus carpio. Fisheries Sci,1997,63:934-938
[244]. Peddie S, Zou J, Secombes C J. Immunostimulation in the rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) following intraperitoneal administration of Ergosan. Vet ImmunolImmunopathol,2002,86:101-113
[245].张永安,孙宝剑,聂品.鱼类免疫组织和细胞的研究概况.水生生物学报,2000,24(6):648-654
[246].郭建巍,吕同德,张银霞,等.当归多糖对免疫细胞增殖作用的实验研究.微生物学免疫学进展,2003,31(4):37-40