芦笋雌雄株间生理化特性的差异研究
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摘要
芦笋(Asparagus officinalis Linn)又名石刁柏，俗称龙须菜，是百合科天门冬属多年生蔬菜。芦笋雌雄异株，在自然生长条件下，雌雄植株数目大体相等。而芦笋雌雄株间存在着显著的差异，雄株所产生的嫩茎比雌株所产生的嫩茎多，雄株产量一般比雌株高20％，但雄芦笋嫩茎比雌的细小。我们从生理生化方面对芦笋雌雄株间的差异进行了研究。
1、芦笋生长发育过程中雌雄株间几种酶活力的差异：拟叶和根中SOD活性及拟叶中CAT活性5-7月间呈上升趋势，这一时期根中CAT活性则表现为先升后降，在整个生长发育过程中，SOD酶活性的的变化相对CAT较为平缓，而CAT在芦笋生育过程中活性变化较大，POD活性的变化趋势则与CAT完全相反，在5-9月间持续快速下降，拟叶中POD活性9-10月间迅速上升，根中POD活性则是持续下降到10月份，之后又有所上升。CAT活性在雌雄株间拟叶和根中都是雄株明显高于雌株，根中SOD活性和拟叶中POD活性也是雄株大于雌株，但拟叶SOD活性和根POD活性在雌雄株间则没有表现出差异性。在性别分化前，POD同工酶谱带在株间没有差异。开花后，雌雄株间同工酶谱带表现出差异性，雌株拟叶和根中POD同工酶都有Rf为0.27和0.29的两条谱带，雄株拟叶和根则缺失了Rf0.29的谱带，而增加Rf0.36和0.41两条谱带。酯酶同工酶不仅雌雄株间有差异，品种间也表现出差异性。UC157雄株拟叶比雌株多一条条带，而雄株根比雌株缺失了Rf0.51的一条谱带。与UC157相比，UC800拟叶缺失了Rf0.61的一条，却增加了Rf0.58的一条谱带，且这两条差异带都很浓。UC800雌雄株间根酯酶同工酶谱带表现与UC157相同。蛋白质电泳结果显示，芦笋雄株蛋白条带与强度都明显高于雌株。
2、芦笋生长发育过程中雌雄株间碳水化合物的变化：芦笋拟叶中蔗糖在9月份最高。UC157雌雄株间表现为雌株拟叶中蔗糖含量大于雄株。芦笋根中蔗糖含量7-9月间下降，UC157下降幅度要大一些。9-11月间呈上升趋势。但两个品种雄株根中蔗糖含量始终高于雌株。芦笋拟叶中可溶性糖含量在UC157和UC800中都是雌株大于雄株，但差异不大。UC157根中可溶性糖含量，在7-9月间稍有下降，之后呈上升趋势。UC800根中可溶性糖含量的变化趋势有所不同，但在整个过程中，芦笋雄株根中可溶性糖含量大于雌株。
3、秋季收获期间碳水化合物的变化：地上部、拟叶和储藏根中糖含量的变化趋势相同。还原糖含量在秋季收获时期变化不大，雌雄株在地上部和拟叶中含量没有明显差异，但在储藏根中，9.8日以后，雄株根中还原糖含量开始高于雌株，特别是UC800，雄株根中还原糖含量在9.15日显著高于雌株。蔗糖含量在9.1-9.22之间一直呈上升趋势，之后则迅速
F降。地上部可溶性糖含量在9.1到9.8日间稍有上升，之后又有所下降，而拟叶和根中可
溶性糖含量却迅速下降。芦笋雌雄株地上部和拟叶中糖含量的差异没有很大的规律性，但储
藏根中几种形式的糖含量都是雄株大于雌株，因此雄株可以抽发更多数量的嫩茎。
4、茎枯病菌侵染后芦笋拟叶队L和活性氧清除酶的动态变化:芦笋植株在受病菌侵染
后，CAT活性迅速上升，UC 157和UC800雌株相对于对照提高了54.9%和25.7%，雄株升
高了134.5%和61.6%，显著大于雌株。之后Ucl57雄株CAT活性始终保持较高的水平，
而雌株则下降较快，而UC800雌雄株CAT活性都迅速’卜降，达到最低值，之后基本保持不
变。UC 157受到病菌感染后，APX活性在发病初期上升，显著高于对照，雌雄株APX活性
分别比对照高24%和65.9%，之后雌雄株APX活性都下降，但雄株下降较雌株较快。UC800
APX活性变化规律同UC157相似。接种后，芦笋拟叶 SOD活性有所上升，但与对照差异
不大，且雌雄株间也没有什么差异。病菌处理芦笋后，队L表现较为敏感，活性提高，且雄
株拟叶中PAL活性的提高先于雌株，表现出较强的抗病能力。UC 157接种后，雌株PPO活
性迅速上升，对照在此过程中则有所下降，雄株在发病初期与对照几乎没有差异，到发病盛
期，感病植株PPO活性上升，比对照高出16%，之后雌雄株酶活力都显著下降:UC800接
种后，雌雌株PPO活性都上升，之后 PPO酶活性基本保持不变，雄株稍微有所下降，发病
盛期以后，酶活力迅速下降。雌雄株间酶活力变化规律一致，两者间没有显著差异。
Asparagus officinalis L. is a member of the Lily family. Asparagus is by nature a dioecious species.-the sexes are on different plants. Males produce 25-40% more spears, while females produce larger spears. In order to know more of the differences between male and female asparagus,We studied some physiological and biochemical characteristics of male and female asparagus.
1 Dynamic changes of isozymes activities of male and female asparagus during growth. SOD activity of cladophylls and roots increased between May and July. CAT activity of cladophylls increased .while CAT activity of roots increased at first and later it decreased. During the whole growth period , CAT activity changed more sharply compared to SOD activity .POD activities showed a contrast trend compared to CAT activity. CAT activity of cladophylls and roots of male and female plants showed significant differences. SOD activity of roots and POD activities of cladophylls showed differences too. In general ,enzyme activity of male plants were higher than female plants. Before florescence, the isozymograms of peroidase showed no differences between each plant. After florescence .different isozymograms appeared between male and female plants.Two major peroxidase bands(Rf 0.27and0.29)were present in female cladophylls and roots, while in male cladophylls and roots the band Rf=0.29 were absent, and two more bands we
re presented. NSE isozyme and soluble protein bands showed polymorphism not only between male and female but also between varieties. The band Rf=0.58 presented in male cladophylls of UC157 but was absent in female cladophylls. In male roots of UC157 the band Rf=0.51 was not observed while it presented in female roots.Compared to UC157,the band Rf=0.61 was absented in female cladophylls of UC800 and another band Rf=0.58 was added ,the same bands were found in male cladophylls to UC157.Results showed that electrophoresis bands of soluble protein of female cladophyllls and roots were much weaker than male.
2 Changes of carbohydrate contents of male and female asparagus during growth-Sucrose content of cladophyll was highest in September.and Sucrose content of cladophyll of female plants was much higher than male plants. While sucrose content of roots of male plants was higher than female plants during the whole growth season. The content of total soluble sugar of female
cladophylls was a little higher than male, but the difference was not statistically significant. The
total soluble sugar content of roots of increased constantly after September and reached highest in November,and it was much higher in male roots than female during the whole growth period.
3 Changes of carbohydrate contents of male and female asparagus during autumn harvest season. Carbohydrate contents of upground parts , cladophylls and storage roots showed similar trend.Reducing sugar content of upground parts and cladophylls changed little during this time, and no significant difference was found between male and female plants, but in storage roots, Reducing sugar content of male plants became higher than female after September 8th and reached significant level in September 15th.Sucrose content constantly increased from September 1st to September 22nd and sharply decreased after that time. There were no regular difference between male and female carbohydrate content of upground parts and cladophylls, while the carbohydrate content of male storage roots was much higher than that of female. This maybe the reason why male plants produce more spears.
4 Dynamic changes of activity of several reactive-oxygen-scavenging enzymes in asparagus cladophylls infected by Phoma asparagi Sacc. CAT activity of asparagus cladophylls rapidly increased after being infected by Phoma asparagi Sacc, CAT activity of male and female plants was almost the same, but the CAT activity of male plants of UC157 and UC800 increased 134.5% and 61.6% than that of control. It is much higher than that of female(54.9% and 25.7%). APX activity of asparagus cladophylls rapidly increased at th
1、芦笋生长发育过程中雌雄株间几种酶活力的差异：拟叶和根中SOD活性及拟叶中CAT活性5-7月间呈上升趋势，这一时期根中CAT活性则表现为先升后降，在整个生长发育过程中，SOD酶活性的的变化相对CAT较为平缓，而CAT在芦笋生育过程中活性变化较大，POD活性的变化趋势则与CAT完全相反，在5-9月间持续快速下降，拟叶中POD活性9-10月间迅速上升，根中POD活性则是持续下降到10月份，之后又有所上升。CAT活性在雌雄株间拟叶和根中都是雄株明显高于雌株，根中SOD活性和拟叶中POD活性也是雄株大于雌株，但拟叶SOD活性和根POD活性在雌雄株间则没有表现出差异性。在性别分化前，POD同工酶谱带在株间没有差异。开花后，雌雄株间同工酶谱带表现出差异性，雌株拟叶和根中POD同工酶都有Rf为0.27和0.29的两条谱带，雄株拟叶和根则缺失了Rf0.29的谱带，而增加Rf0.36和0.41两条谱带。酯酶同工酶不仅雌雄株间有差异，品种间也表现出差异性。UC157雄株拟叶比雌株多一条条带，而雄株根比雌株缺失了Rf0.51的一条谱带。与UC157相比，UC800拟叶缺失了Rf0.61的一条，却增加了Rf0.58的一条谱带，且这两条差异带都很浓。UC800雌雄株间根酯酶同工酶谱带表现与UC157相同。蛋白质电泳结果显示，芦笋雄株蛋白条带与强度都明显高于雌株。
2、芦笋生长发育过程中雌雄株间碳水化合物的变化：芦笋拟叶中蔗糖在9月份最高。UC157雌雄株间表现为雌株拟叶中蔗糖含量大于雄株。芦笋根中蔗糖含量7-9月间下降，UC157下降幅度要大一些。9-11月间呈上升趋势。但两个品种雄株根中蔗糖含量始终高于雌株。芦笋拟叶中可溶性糖含量在UC157和UC800中都是雌株大于雄株，但差异不大。UC157根中可溶性糖含量，在7-9月间稍有下降，之后呈上升趋势。UC800根中可溶性糖含量的变化趋势有所不同，但在整个过程中，芦笋雄株根中可溶性糖含量大于雌株。
3、秋季收获期间碳水化合物的变化：地上部、拟叶和储藏根中糖含量的变化趋势相同。还原糖含量在秋季收获时期变化不大，雌雄株在地上部和拟叶中含量没有明显差异，但在储藏根中，9.8日以后，雄株根中还原糖含量开始高于雌株，特别是UC800，雄株根中还原糖含量在9.15日显著高于雌株。蔗糖含量在9.1-9.22之间一直呈上升趋势，之后则迅速
F降。地上部可溶性糖含量在9.1到9.8日间稍有上升，之后又有所下降，而拟叶和根中可
溶性糖含量却迅速下降。芦笋雌雄株地上部和拟叶中糖含量的差异没有很大的规律性，但储
藏根中几种形式的糖含量都是雄株大于雌株，因此雄株可以抽发更多数量的嫩茎。
4、茎枯病菌侵染后芦笋拟叶队L和活性氧清除酶的动态变化:芦笋植株在受病菌侵染
后，CAT活性迅速上升，UC 157和UC800雌株相对于对照提高了54.9%和25.7%，雄株升
高了134.5%和61.6%，显著大于雌株。之后Ucl57雄株CAT活性始终保持较高的水平，
而雌株则下降较快，而UC800雌雄株CAT活性都迅速’卜降，达到最低值，之后基本保持不
变。UC 157受到病菌感染后，APX活性在发病初期上升，显著高于对照，雌雄株APX活性
分别比对照高24%和65.9%，之后雌雄株APX活性都下降，但雄株下降较雌株较快。UC800
APX活性变化规律同UC157相似。接种后，芦笋拟叶 SOD活性有所上升，但与对照差异
不大，且雌雄株间也没有什么差异。病菌处理芦笋后，队L表现较为敏感，活性提高，且雄
株拟叶中PAL活性的提高先于雌株，表现出较强的抗病能力。UC 157接种后，雌株PPO活
性迅速上升，对照在此过程中则有所下降，雄株在发病初期与对照几乎没有差异，到发病盛
期，感病植株PPO活性上升，比对照高出16%，之后雌雄株酶活力都显著下降:UC800接
种后，雌雌株PPO活性都上升，之后 PPO酶活性基本保持不变，雄株稍微有所下降，发病
盛期以后，酶活力迅速下降。雌雄株间酶活力变化规律一致，两者间没有显著差异。
Asparagus officinalis L. is a member of the Lily family. Asparagus is by nature a dioecious species.-the sexes are on different plants. Males produce 25-40% more spears, while females produce larger spears. In order to know more of the differences between male and female asparagus,We studied some physiological and biochemical characteristics of male and female asparagus.
1 Dynamic changes of isozymes activities of male and female asparagus during growth. SOD activity of cladophylls and roots increased between May and July. CAT activity of cladophylls increased .while CAT activity of roots increased at first and later it decreased. During the whole growth period , CAT activity changed more sharply compared to SOD activity .POD activities showed a contrast trend compared to CAT activity. CAT activity of cladophylls and roots of male and female plants showed significant differences. SOD activity of roots and POD activities of cladophylls showed differences too. In general ,enzyme activity of male plants were higher than female plants. Before florescence, the isozymograms of peroidase showed no differences between each plant. After florescence .different isozymograms appeared between male and female plants.Two major peroxidase bands(Rf 0.27and0.29)were present in female cladophylls and roots, while in male cladophylls and roots the band Rf=0.29 were absent, and two more bands we
re presented. NSE isozyme and soluble protein bands showed polymorphism not only between male and female but also between varieties. The band Rf=0.58 presented in male cladophylls of UC157 but was absent in female cladophylls. In male roots of UC157 the band Rf=0.51 was not observed while it presented in female roots.Compared to UC157,the band Rf=0.61 was absented in female cladophylls of UC800 and another band Rf=0.58 was added ,the same bands were found in male cladophylls to UC157.Results showed that electrophoresis bands of soluble protein of female cladophyllls and roots were much weaker than male.
2 Changes of carbohydrate contents of male and female asparagus during growth-Sucrose content of cladophyll was highest in September.and Sucrose content of cladophyll of female plants was much higher than male plants. While sucrose content of roots of male plants was higher than female plants during the whole growth season. The content of total soluble sugar of female
cladophylls was a little higher than male, but the difference was not statistically significant. The
total soluble sugar content of roots of increased constantly after September and reached highest in November,and it was much higher in male roots than female during the whole growth period.
3 Changes of carbohydrate contents of male and female asparagus during autumn harvest season. Carbohydrate contents of upground parts , cladophylls and storage roots showed similar trend.Reducing sugar content of upground parts and cladophylls changed little during this time, and no significant difference was found between male and female plants, but in storage roots, Reducing sugar content of male plants became higher than female after September 8th and reached significant level in September 15th.Sucrose content constantly increased from September 1st to September 22nd and sharply decreased after that time. There were no regular difference between male and female carbohydrate content of upground parts and cladophylls, while the carbohydrate content of male storage roots was much higher than that of female. This maybe the reason why male plants produce more spears.
4 Dynamic changes of activity of several reactive-oxygen-scavenging enzymes in asparagus cladophylls infected by Phoma asparagi Sacc. CAT activity of asparagus cladophylls rapidly increased after being infected by Phoma asparagi Sacc, CAT activity of male and female plants was almost the same, but the CAT activity of male plants of UC157 and UC800 increased 134.5% and 61.6% than that of control. It is much higher than that of female(54.9% and 25.7%). APX activity of asparagus cladophylls rapidly increased at th
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