枸杞木虱啮小蜂Tamarixa Lyciumi Yang生物学特性的研究
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摘要
枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica Yang & Li是枸杞的重要害虫,给我国枸杞产业造成了巨大的损失。为了给枸杞木虱的生物防治工作提供科学依据,作者对枸杞木虱的一种重要的专寄生天敌—枸杞木虱啮小蜂Tamarixa lyciumi Yang(膜翅目Hymenoptera:姬小蜂科Eulophidae)的形态、行为、发育、存活、繁殖等生物学特性进行了较为系统的研究。主要研究结果如下:
1.形态观察:成蜂体黑色,略带金属光泽,雌蜂个体明显大于雄蜂。卵长椭圆形,光滑,一端稍膨大。
2.枸杞木虱啮小蜂在内蒙古西部地区1a发生5～6代,7月末8月初寄生率达到最高。
3.枸杞木虱啮小蜂卵多产于枸杞木虱胸足间,产1粒卵需40～80s。羽化时间多集中在清晨6:00～8:00和下午18:00～20:00点间,雄性较雌性早羽化2～3d。雌雄虫均可多次交尾,交尾时间一般30～40s,交尾后便可产卵。成虫趋光性强,在黑暗状态下,行动迟缓,也不交配产卵。
4.枸杞木虱啮小蜂大多进行两性生殖,少数雌蜂也能进行孤雌生殖,孤雌生殖所羽化的小蜂均为雄性。枸杞木虱啮小蜂的自然性比为1.51:1~2.28:l,平均1.80:1。
5.第1~3d蜂龄的枸杞木虱啮小蜂的寄生能力较高。该蜂最喜寄生4龄枸杞木虱若虫,其次为5龄和3龄若虫。一头蜂一般一次只产一粒卵,寄生一头寄主,对已被寄生的寄主具有明显的辨别能力。在试验条件下,枸杞木虱啮小蜂不能在沙枣木虱和柽柳木虱等其它寄主上产卵寄生,只有枸杞木虱才能被枸杞木虱啮小蜂雌蜂所寄生。
6.温度和补充营养对枸杞木虱啮小蜂成蜂寿命有显著影响。在16~36℃间[0],分别以15%蜂蜜水溶液、15%蔗糖溶液、百事可乐、不喂食为营养源时,单头饲养未交配的枸杞木虱啮小蜂成蜂[0],随温度的升高,成蜂的寿命逐渐缩短,补充各种营养的成蜂寿命均在36℃时最短;在相同温度条件下补充营养能延长成虫寿命,取食15%蜂蜜水的寿命最长,不补充营养寿命最短。
7.营养条件对枸杞木虱啮小蜂的繁殖有显著的影响。喂食20%蜂蜜水时其繁殖力最高,各指标均分别为:雌蜂寿命7.56d、雄蜂3.92 d,产卵期为7.16d、每雌蜂日均产卵5.65粒、一生总产卵量为40.24粒、羽化子蜂总数为35.68头;其次为20%蔗糖溶液,补充清水时只可延长枸杞木虱啮小蜂寿命而不能提高其繁殖力。
8.通过室内实验发现,温度对枸杞木虱啮小蜂的发育、繁殖均有显著的影响。枸杞木虱啮小蜂卵、幼虫、蛹的发育起点温度分别为8.06℃、9.16℃和7.65℃,有效积温则分别为20.53、69.37和127.49日度;从卵发育到成虫需要8.22℃以上的有效积温217.21日度。成虫寿命与温度之间呈直线负相关,其关系式为:雌蜂y = -0.44x + 17.904(R2 = 0.9571),雄蜂y = -0.1864x + 7.82(R2 = 0.9136);成虫的平均总产卵量y与温度x呈抛物线相关,其关系式为:y = -0.2523x2 + 12.059x– 105.27(R2 = 0.9773)。枸杞木虱啮小蜂在温度为23.45℃时,单雌总产卵量达到理论最大值。
9. 5℃下冷藏枸杞木虱啮小蜂蛹15天以内,不影响其正常羽化、繁殖。冷藏15d以上时羽化率显著降低;冷藏30d内对雌雄蜂寿命无明显影响,而且雌蜂寄生能力也没有受到显著影响。
10.分别研究了枸杞木虱啮小蜂在25℃下对不同龄期枸杞木虱若虫及对4龄枸杞木虱若虫在不同温度下的寄生功能反应。结果表明,其功能反应均呈HollingⅡ型,且功能反应受到寄主龄期、温度、寄主密度和寄生物密度的影响。在相同寄主龄期下,枸杞木虱啮小蜂的寄生数量随寄主密度的增大而增加,不同龄期的寄生数量在4龄时最大,5龄时次之,3龄时最少;在同一温度下,寄生数量随寄主密度的增大而增加,在15℃～25℃范围内,随着温度的升高,被寄生的枸杞木虱数量增加,但在25℃～35℃呈相反的趋势。枸杞木虱啮小蜂的寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用,随自身密度(P)的增加,枸杞木虱啮小蜂对枸杞木虱4龄若虫的发现域(a)随之降低,枸杞木虱啮小蜂自身密度对其寄生能力的影响可采用Hassell-varley(1969)模型a = QP -m进行模拟,其关系式为a = 0.1222P -0.4641(25℃,4龄枸杞木虱)。
上述枸杞木虱啮小蜂寄生生物学和繁殖生物学的研究结果,为以后的大量繁殖和进一步研究利用提供了基本的理论依据,因而具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。
Tamarixa lyciumi Yang (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) is a new specie parasitoid of Paratrioza sinica Yang & Li (Homoptera:Psyllidae), which is an important insect of Lycium spp.. The biological characteristics of Tamarixa lyciumi is systematically studied in this paper. Morphology, behavior, davelopmentle, survival and reproduction of the parasitoid were studied under laboratory conditions, the results are briefly summarized as below.
1. Morphology: The body of the adult T. lyciumi is black, having a metallic sheen. The female is obviously larger than the male. The egg is long oval, somooth , with an inflated end.
2. T. lyciumi multiply 5~6 generations annually in west Inner Mongolia, and the parasitism is highest in the end of July to the early August.
3. The egg of T. lyciumi was laid on the prothoracic legs of the host namph, which takes 40-80 seconds for each one. The peak period of eclosion is am6:00~am8:00 and pm6:00~pm8:00, adult male eclosion is 2~3 days earlier than female. Both the male and female can mate more times than once, the mating behavior lasts 30~40s, female will lay eggs after mating. Study of negative phototaxis of adult shows that T. lyciumi has a great negative phototaxis. The adult shows slow-moving and won’t copulate in dark.
4. Sexual reproduction occurs much more than parthenogenesis, from which the offspring is male only. The sex ratio of T. lyciumi is 1.51:1-2.28:l in nature, with a mean ratio of 1.80:1.
5. The 1~3 days old T. lyciumi has a stronger parasitic ability, which prefers the 4th nymphal stage of Paratrioza sinica to the 3rd to 5th nymphal stages. One female, lays one egg and parasitizes one nymph at a time, could identify its host easily. Under the controlled condition, the T. lyciumi would never lay eggs on the nymph of Trioza magnisetosa Log. and Eustigmata tamaricina Log., but Paratrioza sinica.
6. At 16℃to 36℃, feeding the non-mating and non-spawning adult with 15% honey water, 15% sucrose water, pepsi coke and nothing as control, shows that the temperature and nutrition affect the lifetime of adult significantly. A higher temperature offers a shorter life, which happens under all the trophic levels, while the nutrition protracts the lifetime at every temperature. The adult fed by 15% honey water has the longest life, while the control has the shortest life.
7. Nutrient conditions had significant effect on the fecundity of Tamarixa lyciumi. The adults with 20% honey water supply have the highest fecundity. The adults had the longest longevity of 7.56 days for female and 3.92 days for male. The spawning period of female is 7.16 days, averaging 5.65 eggs per adult per day and totally 40.24 eggs with eclosion number of 35.68 through its life. The adult with 20% sucrose water supply has the secondly highest fecundity, Supplying water, however, could prolong the lifetime but not increase the reproduction.
8. The interior experiment shows that temperature significantly affects the development of T. lyciumi at the range of 15-35℃,the developmental period of T. lycium is decreased with the temperature increasing. According to the law of effective accumulative temperature , the low temperature threshold of development for the egg, larval, pupa and egg-pupa of T. lycium are estimated to be 8.06℃, 9.16℃, 7.65℃and 8.22℃respectively; the effective accumulative temperature for the egg, larval, pupa and egg-pupa are 20.53, 69.37, 127.49 and 217.21 day-degrees respectively. Both the longevity of adult and generation period decrease with the temperature rising, the relationship between longevity of adult (y) and temperature(x),are described as the following formula: y= -0.44x + 17.904 (R2 = 0.9571)(female), y=-0.1864x + 7.82(R2 = 0.9136)(male), meanwhile, the average total number of eggs laid by per female (y) and temperature (x) were described as the following formula: y = -0.2523x2 + 12.059x– 105.27(R2 = 0.9773)。
9. There is no significant difference in the [0]progeny number of per female at 5℃cold storage in 15 days. The emergence rate decreased obviously after the pupa cold storage keeps longer than 15 days; the life span of the adults which emerged after the pupa cold storage within 30 days has no significant difference with the no cold ones, and the fecundity of the female has no significant difference also.
10. the parasitic functional response of Tamarixa lycium adult parasitizes different instar stages host at 25℃, [0]and parasitizes the 4th instar stage Paratrioza sinica at different temperature are also studied in this research. The results showed that all the response of Tamarixa lycium fit Holling TypeⅡequation, and it is affected by the host instar stage, temperature and the densities of host and parasitoid. Supplying the host on the same instar stage at 25℃, the number of parasitized host increase with increasing host density. the number of parasitized comes highest when the host is on 4th instar stages, which on 5th is sencondly, and the 3rd nympha is the lowest. At the same temperature, the number of parasitized host increase with increasing host density also. At 15~25℃, the parasitized number increase with temperature; while at 25~35℃, it is in adverse. There is a strong intraspecific interference in the parasitic functional response of Tamarixa lycium. The relationship between discovered area (a)of T. lycium and its density(P) could be well simulated as a = 0.1222P -0.4641 by Hassell-varley(1969) model a=QP–m, which under the 4th instar stage Paratrioza sinica as the host at 25℃.
1.形态观察:成蜂体黑色,略带金属光泽,雌蜂个体明显大于雄蜂。卵长椭圆形,光滑,一端稍膨大。
2.枸杞木虱啮小蜂在内蒙古西部地区1a发生5～6代,7月末8月初寄生率达到最高。
3.枸杞木虱啮小蜂卵多产于枸杞木虱胸足间,产1粒卵需40～80s。羽化时间多集中在清晨6:00～8:00和下午18:00～20:00点间,雄性较雌性早羽化2～3d。雌雄虫均可多次交尾,交尾时间一般30～40s,交尾后便可产卵。成虫趋光性强,在黑暗状态下,行动迟缓,也不交配产卵。
4.枸杞木虱啮小蜂大多进行两性生殖,少数雌蜂也能进行孤雌生殖,孤雌生殖所羽化的小蜂均为雄性。枸杞木虱啮小蜂的自然性比为1.51:1~2.28:l,平均1.80:1。
5.第1~3d蜂龄的枸杞木虱啮小蜂的寄生能力较高。该蜂最喜寄生4龄枸杞木虱若虫,其次为5龄和3龄若虫。一头蜂一般一次只产一粒卵,寄生一头寄主,对已被寄生的寄主具有明显的辨别能力。在试验条件下,枸杞木虱啮小蜂不能在沙枣木虱和柽柳木虱等其它寄主上产卵寄生,只有枸杞木虱才能被枸杞木虱啮小蜂雌蜂所寄生。
6.温度和补充营养对枸杞木虱啮小蜂成蜂寿命有显著影响。在16~36℃间[0],分别以15%蜂蜜水溶液、15%蔗糖溶液、百事可乐、不喂食为营养源时,单头饲养未交配的枸杞木虱啮小蜂成蜂[0],随温度的升高,成蜂的寿命逐渐缩短,补充各种营养的成蜂寿命均在36℃时最短;在相同温度条件下补充营养能延长成虫寿命,取食15%蜂蜜水的寿命最长,不补充营养寿命最短。
7.营养条件对枸杞木虱啮小蜂的繁殖有显著的影响。喂食20%蜂蜜水时其繁殖力最高,各指标均分别为:雌蜂寿命7.56d、雄蜂3.92 d,产卵期为7.16d、每雌蜂日均产卵5.65粒、一生总产卵量为40.24粒、羽化子蜂总数为35.68头;其次为20%蔗糖溶液,补充清水时只可延长枸杞木虱啮小蜂寿命而不能提高其繁殖力。
8.通过室内实验发现,温度对枸杞木虱啮小蜂的发育、繁殖均有显著的影响。枸杞木虱啮小蜂卵、幼虫、蛹的发育起点温度分别为8.06℃、9.16℃和7.65℃,有效积温则分别为20.53、69.37和127.49日度;从卵发育到成虫需要8.22℃以上的有效积温217.21日度。成虫寿命与温度之间呈直线负相关,其关系式为:雌蜂y = -0.44x + 17.904(R2 = 0.9571),雄蜂y = -0.1864x + 7.82(R2 = 0.9136);成虫的平均总产卵量y与温度x呈抛物线相关,其关系式为:y = -0.2523x2 + 12.059x– 105.27(R2 = 0.9773)。枸杞木虱啮小蜂在温度为23.45℃时,单雌总产卵量达到理论最大值。
9. 5℃下冷藏枸杞木虱啮小蜂蛹15天以内,不影响其正常羽化、繁殖。冷藏15d以上时羽化率显著降低;冷藏30d内对雌雄蜂寿命无明显影响,而且雌蜂寄生能力也没有受到显著影响。
10.分别研究了枸杞木虱啮小蜂在25℃下对不同龄期枸杞木虱若虫及对4龄枸杞木虱若虫在不同温度下的寄生功能反应。结果表明,其功能反应均呈HollingⅡ型,且功能反应受到寄主龄期、温度、寄主密度和寄生物密度的影响。在相同寄主龄期下,枸杞木虱啮小蜂的寄生数量随寄主密度的增大而增加,不同龄期的寄生数量在4龄时最大,5龄时次之,3龄时最少;在同一温度下,寄生数量随寄主密度的增大而增加,在15℃～25℃范围内,随着温度的升高,被寄生的枸杞木虱数量增加,但在25℃～35℃呈相反的趋势。枸杞木虱啮小蜂的寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用,随自身密度(P)的增加,枸杞木虱啮小蜂对枸杞木虱4龄若虫的发现域(a)随之降低,枸杞木虱啮小蜂自身密度对其寄生能力的影响可采用Hassell-varley(1969)模型a = QP -m进行模拟,其关系式为a = 0.1222P -0.4641(25℃,4龄枸杞木虱)。
上述枸杞木虱啮小蜂寄生生物学和繁殖生物学的研究结果,为以后的大量繁殖和进一步研究利用提供了基本的理论依据,因而具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。
Tamarixa lyciumi Yang (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) is a new specie parasitoid of Paratrioza sinica Yang & Li (Homoptera:Psyllidae), which is an important insect of Lycium spp.. The biological characteristics of Tamarixa lyciumi is systematically studied in this paper. Morphology, behavior, davelopmentle, survival and reproduction of the parasitoid were studied under laboratory conditions, the results are briefly summarized as below.
1. Morphology: The body of the adult T. lyciumi is black, having a metallic sheen. The female is obviously larger than the male. The egg is long oval, somooth , with an inflated end.
2. T. lyciumi multiply 5~6 generations annually in west Inner Mongolia, and the parasitism is highest in the end of July to the early August.
3. The egg of T. lyciumi was laid on the prothoracic legs of the host namph, which takes 40-80 seconds for each one. The peak period of eclosion is am6:00~am8:00 and pm6:00~pm8:00, adult male eclosion is 2~3 days earlier than female. Both the male and female can mate more times than once, the mating behavior lasts 30~40s, female will lay eggs after mating. Study of negative phototaxis of adult shows that T. lyciumi has a great negative phototaxis. The adult shows slow-moving and won’t copulate in dark.
4. Sexual reproduction occurs much more than parthenogenesis, from which the offspring is male only. The sex ratio of T. lyciumi is 1.51:1-2.28:l in nature, with a mean ratio of 1.80:1.
5. The 1~3 days old T. lyciumi has a stronger parasitic ability, which prefers the 4th nymphal stage of Paratrioza sinica to the 3rd to 5th nymphal stages. One female, lays one egg and parasitizes one nymph at a time, could identify its host easily. Under the controlled condition, the T. lyciumi would never lay eggs on the nymph of Trioza magnisetosa Log. and Eustigmata tamaricina Log., but Paratrioza sinica.
6. At 16℃to 36℃, feeding the non-mating and non-spawning adult with 15% honey water, 15% sucrose water, pepsi coke and nothing as control, shows that the temperature and nutrition affect the lifetime of adult significantly. A higher temperature offers a shorter life, which happens under all the trophic levels, while the nutrition protracts the lifetime at every temperature. The adult fed by 15% honey water has the longest life, while the control has the shortest life.
7. Nutrient conditions had significant effect on the fecundity of Tamarixa lyciumi. The adults with 20% honey water supply have the highest fecundity. The adults had the longest longevity of 7.56 days for female and 3.92 days for male. The spawning period of female is 7.16 days, averaging 5.65 eggs per adult per day and totally 40.24 eggs with eclosion number of 35.68 through its life. The adult with 20% sucrose water supply has the secondly highest fecundity, Supplying water, however, could prolong the lifetime but not increase the reproduction.
8. The interior experiment shows that temperature significantly affects the development of T. lyciumi at the range of 15-35℃,the developmental period of T. lycium is decreased with the temperature increasing. According to the law of effective accumulative temperature , the low temperature threshold of development for the egg, larval, pupa and egg-pupa of T. lycium are estimated to be 8.06℃, 9.16℃, 7.65℃and 8.22℃respectively; the effective accumulative temperature for the egg, larval, pupa and egg-pupa are 20.53, 69.37, 127.49 and 217.21 day-degrees respectively. Both the longevity of adult and generation period decrease with the temperature rising, the relationship between longevity of adult (y) and temperature(x),are described as the following formula: y= -0.44x + 17.904 (R2 = 0.9571)(female), y=-0.1864x + 7.82(R2 = 0.9136)(male), meanwhile, the average total number of eggs laid by per female (y) and temperature (x) were described as the following formula: y = -0.2523x2 + 12.059x– 105.27(R2 = 0.9773)。
9. There is no significant difference in the [0]progeny number of per female at 5℃cold storage in 15 days. The emergence rate decreased obviously after the pupa cold storage keeps longer than 15 days; the life span of the adults which emerged after the pupa cold storage within 30 days has no significant difference with the no cold ones, and the fecundity of the female has no significant difference also.
10. the parasitic functional response of Tamarixa lycium adult parasitizes different instar stages host at 25℃, [0]and parasitizes the 4th instar stage Paratrioza sinica at different temperature are also studied in this research. The results showed that all the response of Tamarixa lycium fit Holling TypeⅡequation, and it is affected by the host instar stage, temperature and the densities of host and parasitoid. Supplying the host on the same instar stage at 25℃, the number of parasitized host increase with increasing host density. the number of parasitized comes highest when the host is on 4th instar stages, which on 5th is sencondly, and the 3rd nympha is the lowest. At the same temperature, the number of parasitized host increase with increasing host density also. At 15~25℃, the parasitized number increase with temperature; while at 25~35℃, it is in adverse. There is a strong intraspecific interference in the parasitic functional response of Tamarixa lycium. The relationship between discovered area (a)of T. lycium and its density(P) could be well simulated as a = 0.1222P -0.4641 by Hassell-varley(1969) model a=QP–m, which under the 4th instar stage Paratrioza sinica as the host at 25℃.
引文
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