丹江口水库淹没区淅川段土壤氮磷分布及释放影响因素研究
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摘要
本文以南水北调中线源头丹江口水库淹没区(河南淅川段)为研究对象,采取野外调查和实验室模拟分析相结合的方法,系统开展淹没区土壤氮、磷分布特征研究并在此基础上通过实验室模拟进行氮、磷在土壤—水界面释放影响因素研究,研究结果表明:
⑴丹江口水库淹没区淅川段土样各营养元素含量均呈正态分布。土壤耕作层(0-20cm)硝氮含量范围介于5.8～77.9mg/kg,其均值为25.02mg/kg;氨氮含量介于5.2～25.6mg/kg之间,其均值为13.53mg/kg;总氮含量介于181.5～1640.6mg/kg之间,其均值为671.92mg/kg;总磷含量介于457.9～1473.2mg/kg之间,其均值为877.3mg/kg;有机质含量介于1.7～45.3g/kg之间,其均值为18.08g/kg。硝氮、氨氮、总氮、总磷及有机质含量在土壤剖面由上向下减少,耕作层含量大于非耕作层。耕作层有机质含量较高为I级,总氮含量较低为III级,总磷平均含量与全国土壤总磷含量范围相比,含量较高。耕作层土壤总氮、总磷平均含量,均大于沉积物中能引起最低级别生态毒性效应的总氮浓度和总磷的浓度。
⑵各土地利用类型硝氮含量:村庄>底泥>旱地>消落带>林地>水田;土地利用类型对土壤氨氮的分布影响不显著。除林地耕作层土壤氨氮含量较高外,其他土地利用类型土壤氨氮含量差别较小;水田总氮含量远大于其他土地利用类型土壤含量,可能与土壤中有机质含量有关,底泥由于其累积效应,总氮含量略高于其他土地利用类型;土地利用类型对土壤中总磷含量分布影响不太显著,除消落带和林地较低以外,旱地、村庄,底泥及水田中总磷平均含量相差不大;采样点土壤中有机质含量受土地利用类型影响较为显著,其含量分布:水田>村庄>底泥>旱地>消落带>林地。
⑶经分区研究,氮、磷在空间上的含量分布受离河岸远近影响较小,淹没区下游第四区域氮、磷及有机质平均含量略高于其他区域,而第三区域与第五区域氮、磷及有机质含量略低。说明淹没区土壤受人类种植活动影响较大。
⑷土地利用类型对土壤—水界面氮、磷营养物释放影响较小;上覆水与土壤—水界面间隙水间营养盐浓度梯度对氮磷释放影响显著;中性条件有利于硝氮、氨氮向上覆水体的释放,而与之相反,总磷在中性条件下释放强度低于酸、碱性条件;温度升高能促进土壤中硝氮、氨氮及总磷的释放;在试验初期,扰动大大加快了硝氮、氨氮、总磷的释放,但达到最大释放量后,其释放强度下降;在无藻类等水生植物生存条件下,光照对硝氮、氨氮及总磷释放影响较小,光照组释放强度略高于遮光组。
In this research,the submerged area of Danjiangkou Reservoir in Xichuan was selected as the research,field study and lab simulation were comprehensivey applied into investigating the distribution characteristics and the release influence factors of nitrogen and phosphor in soil-water interface. The research results are as follows:
⑴The contents of nutritive elements all show Normal distribution in the submerged area of Danjiangkou reservoir. The NO_3-N content range of topsoil (0-20cm) is from 5.8 to 77.9mg/kg, and the average is 25.02mg/kg; NH_4-N is between 5.2 and 25.6mg/kg, the average is 13.53mg/kg; TN from 181.5 to 1640.6mg/kg, the average 671.92; TP between 457.9 and 1473.2 mg/kg, the average 877.3mg/kg; Organic matter from 1.7 to 45.3g/kg, the average 18.08g/kg. The content of NO_3-N, NH_4-N, TN, TP and Organic matter decreases from the top to the bottom of soil profiles, and it is bigger than the content of subsoil. The content of Organic matter is relatively high, and can be classified as grade I; the TN low and grade III; the TP higher than the nationwide average. The average contents of TN and TP are higher than the concentration of TN and TP in sediment, which can cause the lowest level ecological toxic effects.
⑵The variation of NO_3-N content is village > sediment > farmland > water fluctuating zone > woodland > paddy. The influence of land use type on the distribution of NH_4-N is not remarkable. The contents of NH_4-N in each land use type are nearly same but the content of woodland topsoil is relatively high; the content of TN in paddy is far bigger than other land use types, which maybe relative to the organic matter in soil. The content of TN in sediment is a little higher than other land use types for accumulation effect. The influence of land use type on TP in the soil is not too remarkable, and the average contents in farmland, village, sediment and paddy show little difference except water fluctuating zone and woodland. The influence of land use type on the organic matter in sampling sites is relatively remarkable, the content distribution is paddy > village > sediment > farmland >water fluctuating zone > woodland.
⑶After the division research, the content distribution of nitrogen and phosphor in space is little affected by the distance of riverbank, the average content of nitrogen, phosphor and organic matter in the fourth division is a little higher than other division, however, the third and fifth divisions a little lower. It demonstrates that soil in submerged area is greatly affected by cropping activities.
⑷The influence of land use type on the release of nitrogen and phosphor in soil-water interface is relatively low; the release of nitrogen and phosphor is remarkably affected by the concentration gradient of nutrient salts in the interstitial water between overlying water and soil-water interface. Neutral pH conditions are favorable to the release of NO_3-N and NH_4-N to overlying water. In contrast, the release strength of TP under neutral pH conditions is lower than the acid and alkaline conditions. The rise of temperature can promote the release of NO_3-N, NH_4-N and TP. The disturbance can also promote the release of NO_3-N, NH_4-N and TP. when the release is the biggest, the release strength decreases. Under the living circumstance of aquatic plants without algae, light shows a little influence on the release of NO_3-N, NH_4-N, and TP, the release strength of light group is a little higher then dodging group.
⑴丹江口水库淹没区淅川段土样各营养元素含量均呈正态分布。土壤耕作层(0-20cm)硝氮含量范围介于5.8～77.9mg/kg,其均值为25.02mg/kg;氨氮含量介于5.2～25.6mg/kg之间,其均值为13.53mg/kg;总氮含量介于181.5～1640.6mg/kg之间,其均值为671.92mg/kg;总磷含量介于457.9～1473.2mg/kg之间,其均值为877.3mg/kg;有机质含量介于1.7～45.3g/kg之间,其均值为18.08g/kg。硝氮、氨氮、总氮、总磷及有机质含量在土壤剖面由上向下减少,耕作层含量大于非耕作层。耕作层有机质含量较高为I级,总氮含量较低为III级,总磷平均含量与全国土壤总磷含量范围相比,含量较高。耕作层土壤总氮、总磷平均含量,均大于沉积物中能引起最低级别生态毒性效应的总氮浓度和总磷的浓度。
⑵各土地利用类型硝氮含量:村庄>底泥>旱地>消落带>林地>水田;土地利用类型对土壤氨氮的分布影响不显著。除林地耕作层土壤氨氮含量较高外,其他土地利用类型土壤氨氮含量差别较小;水田总氮含量远大于其他土地利用类型土壤含量,可能与土壤中有机质含量有关,底泥由于其累积效应,总氮含量略高于其他土地利用类型;土地利用类型对土壤中总磷含量分布影响不太显著,除消落带和林地较低以外,旱地、村庄,底泥及水田中总磷平均含量相差不大;采样点土壤中有机质含量受土地利用类型影响较为显著,其含量分布:水田>村庄>底泥>旱地>消落带>林地。
⑶经分区研究,氮、磷在空间上的含量分布受离河岸远近影响较小,淹没区下游第四区域氮、磷及有机质平均含量略高于其他区域,而第三区域与第五区域氮、磷及有机质含量略低。说明淹没区土壤受人类种植活动影响较大。
⑷土地利用类型对土壤—水界面氮、磷营养物释放影响较小;上覆水与土壤—水界面间隙水间营养盐浓度梯度对氮磷释放影响显著;中性条件有利于硝氮、氨氮向上覆水体的释放,而与之相反,总磷在中性条件下释放强度低于酸、碱性条件;温度升高能促进土壤中硝氮、氨氮及总磷的释放;在试验初期,扰动大大加快了硝氮、氨氮、总磷的释放,但达到最大释放量后,其释放强度下降;在无藻类等水生植物生存条件下,光照对硝氮、氨氮及总磷释放影响较小,光照组释放强度略高于遮光组。
In this research,the submerged area of Danjiangkou Reservoir in Xichuan was selected as the research,field study and lab simulation were comprehensivey applied into investigating the distribution characteristics and the release influence factors of nitrogen and phosphor in soil-water interface. The research results are as follows:
⑴The contents of nutritive elements all show Normal distribution in the submerged area of Danjiangkou reservoir. The NO_3-N content range of topsoil (0-20cm) is from 5.8 to 77.9mg/kg, and the average is 25.02mg/kg; NH_4-N is between 5.2 and 25.6mg/kg, the average is 13.53mg/kg; TN from 181.5 to 1640.6mg/kg, the average 671.92; TP between 457.9 and 1473.2 mg/kg, the average 877.3mg/kg; Organic matter from 1.7 to 45.3g/kg, the average 18.08g/kg. The content of NO_3-N, NH_4-N, TN, TP and Organic matter decreases from the top to the bottom of soil profiles, and it is bigger than the content of subsoil. The content of Organic matter is relatively high, and can be classified as grade I; the TN low and grade III; the TP higher than the nationwide average. The average contents of TN and TP are higher than the concentration of TN and TP in sediment, which can cause the lowest level ecological toxic effects.
⑵The variation of NO_3-N content is village > sediment > farmland > water fluctuating zone > woodland > paddy. The influence of land use type on the distribution of NH_4-N is not remarkable. The contents of NH_4-N in each land use type are nearly same but the content of woodland topsoil is relatively high; the content of TN in paddy is far bigger than other land use types, which maybe relative to the organic matter in soil. The content of TN in sediment is a little higher than other land use types for accumulation effect. The influence of land use type on TP in the soil is not too remarkable, and the average contents in farmland, village, sediment and paddy show little difference except water fluctuating zone and woodland. The influence of land use type on the organic matter in sampling sites is relatively remarkable, the content distribution is paddy > village > sediment > farmland >water fluctuating zone > woodland.
⑶After the division research, the content distribution of nitrogen and phosphor in space is little affected by the distance of riverbank, the average content of nitrogen, phosphor and organic matter in the fourth division is a little higher than other division, however, the third and fifth divisions a little lower. It demonstrates that soil in submerged area is greatly affected by cropping activities.
⑷The influence of land use type on the release of nitrogen and phosphor in soil-water interface is relatively low; the release of nitrogen and phosphor is remarkably affected by the concentration gradient of nutrient salts in the interstitial water between overlying water and soil-water interface. Neutral pH conditions are favorable to the release of NO_3-N and NH_4-N to overlying water. In contrast, the release strength of TP under neutral pH conditions is lower than the acid and alkaline conditions. The rise of temperature can promote the release of NO_3-N, NH_4-N and TP. The disturbance can also promote the release of NO_3-N, NH_4-N and TP. when the release is the biggest, the release strength decreases. Under the living circumstance of aquatic plants without algae, light shows a little influence on the release of NO_3-N, NH_4-N, and TP, the release strength of light group is a little higher then dodging group.
引文
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