辽东地区油松散斑壳属生态学及生物学特性的研究
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摘要
油松是辽宁省东部地区的主要树种之一，既有大面积的天然林，也有范围广泛的人工林。近年来，油松落针病在辽东山区普遍发生，部分地区危害严重。作者对省内东部山区主要油松林区的油松落针病病情进行了调查，发现导致松针感病脱落的病原菌主要为散斑壳属真菌。散斑壳属是菌物系统中的一个重要组成部分，隶属于盘菌纲(Discomycetes)斑痣盘菌目(Rhytismatales)斑痣盘菌科(Rhytismataceae)。本文采用现代菌物学和林木病理学研究技术，对辽东山区油松落针病病原中的散斑壳属(Lophodermium spp．)部分种的生态学特性及生物学特性进行了较系统的研究。主要内容包括：辽东地区油松落针病危害程度的调查及症状的描述、生态因子对病害发生的影响的研究、散斑壳菌培养特性观察及分析。
以Minter(1981)的分类标准为主要依据，对采自辽宁省东部地区(沈阳、抚顺、本溪和丹东4个地区)的12个地方的40余号病原菌标本进行整理编号、种的形态及解剖学鉴定及分离培养。共查明散斑壳属真菌5种，分别是：针叶树散斑壳(Lophodermiumconigenum)、松针散斑壳(Lophodermi pinastri)、A_2、新2B、光亮散斑壳(Lophodermiumnnitens Darker)。这5种散斑壳菌可在树上挂叶、二年生、三年生或正在腐败的落地针叶上产生子实体。本研究选用其中的4个种进行了研究。
辽东山区油松落针病发生与生态因子存在一定的关系：油松落针病的发生与坡向关系不明显，坡位、树种的组成、林分密度和郁闭度与油松落针病的发生有明显的关系。坡的下腹发病较重，上坡明显发病较轻。人工纯林病害的发生程度最重，人工混交林和天然混交林的发病程度较低。林分密度越大发病越重；同样，郁闭度越大发生越重，反之则轻。病害的发生和土壤类型也有一定的关系。石质棕色森林土壤类型的发病率和发病指数均高于暗棕色森林土壤类型。土壤中速效氮、速效磷含量和钙、镁元素含量均随着病重而呈现减少趋势，速效氮表现最明显。随着土壤pH值逐渐降低，酸性增加，油松落针病的发病程度逐渐加重。
本研究采用子囊果组织分离法，对部分成熟材料进行分离培养，并对其培养性状进行了观察记录，研究了不同营养、pH值、温度、光照条件对4个菌种菌落特征及生长量的影响，结果表明：绝大多数菌种在PDA培养基上菌丝生长较快；菌种在CA，OA上形成分生孢子器的时间早些，在PDA，PSA，PA，PAS上形成的稍晚些，但是在PDA，PSA上形成的分生孢子器直径大于在CA，OA，PA，PAS上形成的分生孢子器直径。所有菌种在培养60天后，仍未见形成子囊；生长最适pH值为5.5或6.0，在pH值4.0-10.0时大部分菌种均可生长；光照条件对菌落生长量影响的差异不显著；生长的温度范围为2℃-35℃，生长最适温度为25℃，超过35℃时菌丝几乎停止生长。
本文在参考前人研究资料的基础上，综述和评论了松落针病病原的生活史及其造成的危害性、生态学以及生物学特性，同时对当前国内外防治落针病的方法进行了总结归纳。希望本研究能为在林业生产中防治落针病提供一定的理论基础。
Pine tabulaeformis is one of the major trees in the east of Liaoning province, and large areas of Pine tabulaeformis are appeared both in natural and artificial forests. Recently, the needle cast of Pine tabulaeformis has occurred wildly in the east of Liaoning forest region, and severely threatened Pine tabulaeformis's growth in some area. The authors had an investigation on this disease in major Pine tabulaeformis areas, and found that Lophodermium spp. was the pathogenic fungi which caused the needle cast. Lophodermium spp. is an important part in the fungi. In this present thesis, ecological characteristics and biological characteristics of some species of Lophodermium spp. were systematically studied with the techniques of modem mycology and forest pathology. Including the research of the needle cast of Pine tabulaeformis and description of the symptom, the effect of entironmeng on the disease, the observe and analysis biological characteristics of these species of Lophodermium spp.
More than 40 samples collected from the east of Liaoning province(include Shenyang, Fushun, Benxi, Dandong)come to 12 places were sorted, cultured, and indentified by their morpHologic characteristics to species and cultured. Based on the classification standard proposed by Minter, five species of Lophodermium genus were indentified. They were L. conigenum(brunaud)Hilita, L. pinastri(Schrad)Chev, A_2, Xin2B, L. nitens Darker. These kind of fungi fruit bodies develop on recently dead for instrusion or decayed plant materials. In this article 4 fungi were studied.
The relation between entironment and pathogeny was: the orientation of slope was unconspicuous for the needle cast. The position of slope, stand composition, stand density and crown density had conspicuous relation to the disease. Downgrade was more severe than upgrade. The pure forest had worse disease than mixture plantation and mixture natural forest. With the bigger of stand density, goingwith crown density turnned to smaller, the disease aggravated. vice versa. There are some relation between agrotype and pathogeny, also: the incidence of the disease and the exponent of the disease of the lithoid brown forest soil were higher than dark-brown forest soil. With the aggravater of the disease the content of quick result nitrogen and pHospHorus, calcium, magnesium decreased. the most conspicuous was the content of nitrogen. The pH show a weak acid level. The disease stand extent increasing went with the incresed acid level.
The Lophodermium fungi were isolated by tissue isolation. Effect of culture medium, pH value, temperature, light on The Lophodermium fungi were researched. Culture characters data of 4 species were obtained. PDA was the best culture medium for growth of the kind of fungi. Most formed pycnidia earlier onCA. and OA, PDA and PSA, PA, PAS formed pycnidia later, but the diameter of pycnidia on PDA and PSA were larger than CA, OA, PA, PAS. None of the species can produce ascocarps in 60 days. The optimum pHvalue was 5.5 or 6.0, Most LopHodermium fungi could also growth in 4.0-10.0 pH value; Effect of light on the LopHodermium fungi was unconspicuous. They could grow in 2-35℃, the best temperature for them was 25℃, they couldn't grow in 35℃.
On the premise of consulting historical documents,the life history, the harmfulness,ecological and biological characteristic were summarized and discussed.The methods of prevention and cure the needle cast were concluded.At last,wish the study can give some help to the Needle Cast of P. tabulaeformis.
以Minter(1981)的分类标准为主要依据，对采自辽宁省东部地区(沈阳、抚顺、本溪和丹东4个地区)的12个地方的40余号病原菌标本进行整理编号、种的形态及解剖学鉴定及分离培养。共查明散斑壳属真菌5种，分别是：针叶树散斑壳(Lophodermiumconigenum)、松针散斑壳(Lophodermi pinastri)、A_2、新2B、光亮散斑壳(Lophodermiumnnitens Darker)。这5种散斑壳菌可在树上挂叶、二年生、三年生或正在腐败的落地针叶上产生子实体。本研究选用其中的4个种进行了研究。
辽东山区油松落针病发生与生态因子存在一定的关系：油松落针病的发生与坡向关系不明显，坡位、树种的组成、林分密度和郁闭度与油松落针病的发生有明显的关系。坡的下腹发病较重，上坡明显发病较轻。人工纯林病害的发生程度最重，人工混交林和天然混交林的发病程度较低。林分密度越大发病越重；同样，郁闭度越大发生越重，反之则轻。病害的发生和土壤类型也有一定的关系。石质棕色森林土壤类型的发病率和发病指数均高于暗棕色森林土壤类型。土壤中速效氮、速效磷含量和钙、镁元素含量均随着病重而呈现减少趋势，速效氮表现最明显。随着土壤pH值逐渐降低，酸性增加，油松落针病的发病程度逐渐加重。
本研究采用子囊果组织分离法，对部分成熟材料进行分离培养，并对其培养性状进行了观察记录，研究了不同营养、pH值、温度、光照条件对4个菌种菌落特征及生长量的影响，结果表明：绝大多数菌种在PDA培养基上菌丝生长较快；菌种在CA，OA上形成分生孢子器的时间早些，在PDA，PSA，PA，PAS上形成的稍晚些，但是在PDA，PSA上形成的分生孢子器直径大于在CA，OA，PA，PAS上形成的分生孢子器直径。所有菌种在培养60天后，仍未见形成子囊；生长最适pH值为5.5或6.0，在pH值4.0-10.0时大部分菌种均可生长；光照条件对菌落生长量影响的差异不显著；生长的温度范围为2℃-35℃，生长最适温度为25℃，超过35℃时菌丝几乎停止生长。
本文在参考前人研究资料的基础上，综述和评论了松落针病病原的生活史及其造成的危害性、生态学以及生物学特性，同时对当前国内外防治落针病的方法进行了总结归纳。希望本研究能为在林业生产中防治落针病提供一定的理论基础。
Pine tabulaeformis is one of the major trees in the east of Liaoning province, and large areas of Pine tabulaeformis are appeared both in natural and artificial forests. Recently, the needle cast of Pine tabulaeformis has occurred wildly in the east of Liaoning forest region, and severely threatened Pine tabulaeformis's growth in some area. The authors had an investigation on this disease in major Pine tabulaeformis areas, and found that Lophodermium spp. was the pathogenic fungi which caused the needle cast. Lophodermium spp. is an important part in the fungi. In this present thesis, ecological characteristics and biological characteristics of some species of Lophodermium spp. were systematically studied with the techniques of modem mycology and forest pathology. Including the research of the needle cast of Pine tabulaeformis and description of the symptom, the effect of entironmeng on the disease, the observe and analysis biological characteristics of these species of Lophodermium spp.
More than 40 samples collected from the east of Liaoning province(include Shenyang, Fushun, Benxi, Dandong)come to 12 places were sorted, cultured, and indentified by their morpHologic characteristics to species and cultured. Based on the classification standard proposed by Minter, five species of Lophodermium genus were indentified. They were L. conigenum(brunaud)Hilita, L. pinastri(Schrad)Chev, A_2, Xin2B, L. nitens Darker. These kind of fungi fruit bodies develop on recently dead for instrusion or decayed plant materials. In this article 4 fungi were studied.
The relation between entironment and pathogeny was: the orientation of slope was unconspicuous for the needle cast. The position of slope, stand composition, stand density and crown density had conspicuous relation to the disease. Downgrade was more severe than upgrade. The pure forest had worse disease than mixture plantation and mixture natural forest. With the bigger of stand density, goingwith crown density turnned to smaller, the disease aggravated. vice versa. There are some relation between agrotype and pathogeny, also: the incidence of the disease and the exponent of the disease of the lithoid brown forest soil were higher than dark-brown forest soil. With the aggravater of the disease the content of quick result nitrogen and pHospHorus, calcium, magnesium decreased. the most conspicuous was the content of nitrogen. The pH show a weak acid level. The disease stand extent increasing went with the incresed acid level.
The Lophodermium fungi were isolated by tissue isolation. Effect of culture medium, pH value, temperature, light on The Lophodermium fungi were researched. Culture characters data of 4 species were obtained. PDA was the best culture medium for growth of the kind of fungi. Most formed pycnidia earlier onCA. and OA, PDA and PSA, PA, PAS formed pycnidia later, but the diameter of pycnidia on PDA and PSA were larger than CA, OA, PA, PAS. None of the species can produce ascocarps in 60 days. The optimum pHvalue was 5.5 or 6.0, Most LopHodermium fungi could also growth in 4.0-10.0 pH value; Effect of light on the LopHodermium fungi was unconspicuous. They could grow in 2-35℃, the best temperature for them was 25℃, they couldn't grow in 35℃.
On the premise of consulting historical documents,the life history, the harmfulness,ecological and biological characteristic were summarized and discussed.The methods of prevention and cure the needle cast were concluded.At last,wish the study can give some help to the Needle Cast of P. tabulaeformis.
引文
1、边银丙等 1996杉木落针病病原菌生物学特性及药剂防治的研究．华中农业大学学报15(5)：426-430
2、曹长文等 1993红松上三种散斑壳菌培养特性的研究．林业科技，18(4)：26-28
3、曹秀文 2000云杉散斑壳菌生物学特性的初步研究．甘肃农业大学学报，35(2)：176-180
4、曹支敏等 1990陕西松树散斑壳分类初探．西北林学院学报，5(2)：27-31
5、高国平等 1991油松落针病的初步研究．辽宁林业科技，(3)：39-42
6、高国平等．2004油松落针病的病原菌生物学特性及其侵染循环冻北林业大学学报，6
7、郭锡华，高国平等．1987红松落针病及其防治技术的研究．林业科技通讯，5：10-12，27
8、何秉章等 1985樟子松落针病的病原菌和防治的研究．东北林学院学报，13(2)：75-81
9、何秉章等 1986红松上的散斑壳．真菌学报，5(2)：71-74
10．何秉章 1992松针壳蠕孢生物学特性的研究．东北林业大学学报，4
11 宇峰．2005一些重要斑痣盘菌的分类、培养及RAPD分析：(硕士学位论文)．合肥．安徽农业大学
12 侯成林．1990松落针病菌的初步研究：(硕士学位论文)．合肥．安徽农学院
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2、曹长文等 1993红松上三种散斑壳菌培养特性的研究．林业科技，18(4)：26-28
3、曹秀文 2000云杉散斑壳菌生物学特性的初步研究．甘肃农业大学学报，35(2)：176-180
4、曹支敏等 1990陕西松树散斑壳分类初探．西北林学院学报，5(2)：27-31
5、高国平等 1991油松落针病的初步研究．辽宁林业科技，(3)：39-42
6、高国平等．2004油松落针病的病原菌生物学特性及其侵染循环冻北林业大学学报，6
7、郭锡华，高国平等．1987红松落针病及其防治技术的研究．林业科技通讯，5：10-12，27
8、何秉章等 1985樟子松落针病的病原菌和防治的研究．东北林学院学报，13(2)：75-81
9、何秉章等 1986红松上的散斑壳．真菌学报，5(2)：71-74
10．何秉章 1992松针壳蠕孢生物学特性的研究．东北林业大学学报，4
11 宇峰．2005一些重要斑痣盘菌的分类、培养及RAPD分析：(硕士学位论文)．合肥．安徽农业大学
12 侯成林．1990松落针病菌的初步研究：(硕士学位论文)．合肥．安徽农学院
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