我国专业学位研究生培养模式的系统结构研究
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摘要
随着科学技术的不断发展以及全球化的不断深入,以科技和人才为核心的国际竞争日趋激烈。研究生教育担负着培养高层次创新型人才、发展科学技术文化以及促进现代化建设的重任,在这一过程中起着极为重要的作用。专业学位研究生教育以培养高层次、应用型人才为目标,是我国研究生教育体系中的一个重要类别,也是满足社会对于实践型人才需求的一个重要手段。然而我国现有的专业学位培养模式却存在着诸如教育规模偏小,优秀教材与案例比较缺乏,师资总体水平有待提高,专业学位与职业或岗位任职资格之间的衔接不够紧密,质量保证措施尚需完善等等问题。我国学术界对这些问题展开了诸多讨论,取得了丰硕的成果。但总体说来,这些研究基本集中在“问题——对策”以及“经验——借鉴”的层面上,未能站在系统的视角和高度来考察我国专业学位研究生的培养模式问题。另外,当前学术界对于研究生“培养模式”所包含要素的观点也很不一致。因此,从系统的角度研究我国专业学位研究生培养模式的结构问题,不管从理论上还是实践上都是一个前沿而富有意义的课题。
本文结合前人最新的研究成果以及国内、国外关于专业学位研究生培养的实践经验来探讨我国专业学位研究生培养模式的问题,力图为我国专业学位教育的研究提供一个新的视角和思路。本文采用定量研究与定性研究相结合的方式,根据研究问题的需要综合运用了多种研究方法。具体来说,首先应用内容分析的方法对我国专业学位研究生培养模式所包含的系统要素进行了比较科学和客观的划分,在此基础之上,以收集的国内外的案例和各种数据的统计结果作为论据,结合文献分析的方法,对这些要素及其所构成的子系统的内涵、结构与发展现状进行了研究。之后,结合系统动力学的因果反馈回路分析方法以及建模和仿真方法,对我国专业学位研究生培养模式的系统结构进行了分析,建立了系统动力学模型并对系统结构的运行模式进行了模拟,比较了四个管理策略对系统运行的影响。在此基础之上运用自组织理论的相关原理分析了我国专业学位研究生培养模式系统结构的运行机制与功能。本文的主要创新在于:
第一,从系统理论的视角研究我国专业学位研究生培养模式的系统结构,建立了我国专业学位研究生培养模式的系统结构模型,并对系统结构的运行模式进行了仿真。一方面将系统科学的理论和方法在高等教育研究领域尤其是学位与研究生教育研究领域加以应用,拓展了系统科学的应用范围;另一方面也是我国高等教育的研究在视角和方法层面的新的探索和尝试,提供了可资借鉴的新思路。
第二,首次提出我国专业学位研究生培养模式具有目标、管理、师资、课程、教学、学科、质量、资源和文化九个系统要素。运用内容分析的方法对我国专业学位研究生培养模式的系统要素及其下一级要素进行了划分与归纳。基于这样的划分,为专业学位研究生培养模式下了定义:在专业学位研究生培养情境之中,目标、管理、师资、课程、教学、学科、质量、资源和文化九个要素按照一定的方式组合,并遵循一定的运行规律,培养高层次、应用型专业人才的模型与范式。要素的划分工作解决了当前学界对于“培养模式”要素划分的观点各不相同且依据不足的现象,为本文接下来的模型研究奠定了基础,所划分的两级要素体系也可在将来的研究中发展作为指标体系使用。
第三,建立了我国专业学位研究生培养模式系统结构的系统动力学模型,对系统结构的运行进行了模拟,并比较了不同管理策略下的系统运行结果。研究发现:目标水平、管理力度、质量监控力度、培养水平和内部支撑条件五个变量可以构成一个增强回路,由于触发机制的不同,增强回路可能使系统迅速增长,也可能使系统迅速衰退;此外,具有成长上限约束的我国专业学位研究生培养模式受到增强回路和调节回路的双重作用,其发展呈现S型的增长模式;要使我国专业学位研究生培养模式获得持续稳定的发展,关键是在系统增长出现停滞现象之前找到并移除限制因素;我国专业学位研究生培养模式系统具有动态复杂性,各个要素和子系统之间是相互联系、相互制约的关系,管理政策的微小变动可能对培养质量有重大影响。
总的来说,本文总结了当前国内外关于专业学位教育以及培养模式的研究成果,在此基础之上运用系统理论对我国专业学位研究生培养模式的结构进行了分析,得到了有意义的发现,并且有针对性地提出了发展策略,旨在为相关的管理者提供理论支持和决策建议。
With the rapid growth of science and technology and the deepening of globalization, the international competition with a core of science and talents is going more and more intense. The graduate education, which has a function of educating advanced innovative talents, developing science and culture and promoting the modernization drive, plays a very important role in this procedure. As an important part of Chinese graduate education, the graduate education of professional degrees takes the education of advanced applied talents as its goal and sets up to satisfy the needs of the society in providing practiced manpower. However, there still exist problems in Chinese cultivation mode of the graduate education of professional degrees. The education scale is too small. Fine teaching materials and teaching cases are lacked. The quality of teaching staff still needs improvement. Professional degrees are not required in job qualifications. The quality assurance system still needs improvement. Chinese Scholars have done much research work on these problems and have got a lot of achievements. But in general, their work mainly focuses on the problem-strategy and experience using level. Few of them can study the cultivation mode of professional degree graduates of our country in a system theory perspective. Moreover, scholars have different ideas about the elements of the cultivation mode of graduates. Thus it will be a leading and meaningful topic both theoretically and practically to do research on the structure of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates in a system theory perspective.
With the hope to provide a new perspective and thought, this dissertation jointed the latest research with the experiences on the cultivation of professional degree graduates both aboard and in China and attempted to explore the cultivation mode of professional degree graduates. Methods of quantitative and qualitative were combined and several methods were exerted in this research according to the needs of specific question. Concretely, first we used content analysis method to categorize the elements included in the cultivation mode system of Chinese professional degree graduates scientifically and objectively. Then, taking the cases and results we collected as hereunder, we studied the connotation, structure and current situation of these elements and the sub-systems consisted of these elements, integrating with content analysis method. Afterward, we bonded methods of causal feedback loop in System Dynamic, modeling and simulation to analyze the structure of the system of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates, building the System Dynamic model, carrying out the simulation on the operation mode of system structure and comparing four strategies and their effects on the system. Based on what have been done above, we applied the self-organizing theory to construe the operation mechanism and function of the system structure of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates system. The main innovation of this dissertation includes three points.
Firstly, this dissertation analyzed the system structure of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates in a system theory perspective, built a model of it and then carried out the simulations. On one hand, this dissertation used the theory and methodology of system science in the higher education research field, especially in the graduate education field and broadened the applied range of system science. On the other hand, this dissertation brings up a useful thought and is a brand-new exploration and attempt for the higher education research in our country both in viewpoint and methodology level.
Secondly, this dissertation determined ten elements of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates. This dissertation divided and concluded the elements and sub-elements of the cultivation mode system of Chinese professional degree graduates by the method of content analysis. Thus it defined the cultivation mode of professional degree graduates as a model and pattern which combined the elements of target, management, staff, curriculum, teaching and learning, discipline, integration of production, teaching and research, quality, resource and culture in the complex of cultivation of professional degree graduates. It follows some operation rules and aims at the cultivation of achieved applied talents. The determination of these elements solved the problem that different scholars have different viewpoints about the elements and most of their work lacked of basis and laid a foundation for the model research hereunder. The double-level element system can also be used as an indicator system in future work.
Thirdly, this dissertation built a System Dynamic model for the system structure of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates, carried out simulations for the operation of the system structure and compared the results of different strategies. These findings are carried out. Five variables of target level, management intensity, quality assurance intensity, cultivation level and internal supporting condition can construct a positive feedback loop. Due to the difference of a trigger mechanism, the positive feedback loop may spur the system to increase swiftly or to decline as well. The cultivation mode system of Chinese professional degree graduates with a limit to growth is influenced by double function of both positive feedback loop and negative feedback loop and it has an increasing S-shaped curve. To get a sustainable and stable development of the cultivation mode system of Chinese professional degree graduates, it is a key point to find and remove the limiting factor before the increasing of system becomes stagnant. The cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates is a complex dynamic system. Its elements and subsystems connect each other and restrict each other. Even a tiny alternation may have great influence on the quality of cultivation.
In sum, this dissertation summarized the previous and current research on the professional degree education and cultivation mode. On this basis, it also analyzed the structure of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates employing system theory. From all that have been done, we got much meaningful findings and put forth the development policy contrapuntally, and therefore the relevant governor could get some academic support and advice for decision-making.
本文结合前人最新的研究成果以及国内、国外关于专业学位研究生培养的实践经验来探讨我国专业学位研究生培养模式的问题,力图为我国专业学位教育的研究提供一个新的视角和思路。本文采用定量研究与定性研究相结合的方式,根据研究问题的需要综合运用了多种研究方法。具体来说,首先应用内容分析的方法对我国专业学位研究生培养模式所包含的系统要素进行了比较科学和客观的划分,在此基础之上,以收集的国内外的案例和各种数据的统计结果作为论据,结合文献分析的方法,对这些要素及其所构成的子系统的内涵、结构与发展现状进行了研究。之后,结合系统动力学的因果反馈回路分析方法以及建模和仿真方法,对我国专业学位研究生培养模式的系统结构进行了分析,建立了系统动力学模型并对系统结构的运行模式进行了模拟,比较了四个管理策略对系统运行的影响。在此基础之上运用自组织理论的相关原理分析了我国专业学位研究生培养模式系统结构的运行机制与功能。本文的主要创新在于:
第一,从系统理论的视角研究我国专业学位研究生培养模式的系统结构,建立了我国专业学位研究生培养模式的系统结构模型,并对系统结构的运行模式进行了仿真。一方面将系统科学的理论和方法在高等教育研究领域尤其是学位与研究生教育研究领域加以应用,拓展了系统科学的应用范围;另一方面也是我国高等教育的研究在视角和方法层面的新的探索和尝试,提供了可资借鉴的新思路。
第二,首次提出我国专业学位研究生培养模式具有目标、管理、师资、课程、教学、学科、质量、资源和文化九个系统要素。运用内容分析的方法对我国专业学位研究生培养模式的系统要素及其下一级要素进行了划分与归纳。基于这样的划分,为专业学位研究生培养模式下了定义:在专业学位研究生培养情境之中,目标、管理、师资、课程、教学、学科、质量、资源和文化九个要素按照一定的方式组合,并遵循一定的运行规律,培养高层次、应用型专业人才的模型与范式。要素的划分工作解决了当前学界对于“培养模式”要素划分的观点各不相同且依据不足的现象,为本文接下来的模型研究奠定了基础,所划分的两级要素体系也可在将来的研究中发展作为指标体系使用。
第三,建立了我国专业学位研究生培养模式系统结构的系统动力学模型,对系统结构的运行进行了模拟,并比较了不同管理策略下的系统运行结果。研究发现:目标水平、管理力度、质量监控力度、培养水平和内部支撑条件五个变量可以构成一个增强回路,由于触发机制的不同,增强回路可能使系统迅速增长,也可能使系统迅速衰退;此外,具有成长上限约束的我国专业学位研究生培养模式受到增强回路和调节回路的双重作用,其发展呈现S型的增长模式;要使我国专业学位研究生培养模式获得持续稳定的发展,关键是在系统增长出现停滞现象之前找到并移除限制因素;我国专业学位研究生培养模式系统具有动态复杂性,各个要素和子系统之间是相互联系、相互制约的关系,管理政策的微小变动可能对培养质量有重大影响。
总的来说,本文总结了当前国内外关于专业学位教育以及培养模式的研究成果,在此基础之上运用系统理论对我国专业学位研究生培养模式的结构进行了分析,得到了有意义的发现,并且有针对性地提出了发展策略,旨在为相关的管理者提供理论支持和决策建议。
With the rapid growth of science and technology and the deepening of globalization, the international competition with a core of science and talents is going more and more intense. The graduate education, which has a function of educating advanced innovative talents, developing science and culture and promoting the modernization drive, plays a very important role in this procedure. As an important part of Chinese graduate education, the graduate education of professional degrees takes the education of advanced applied talents as its goal and sets up to satisfy the needs of the society in providing practiced manpower. However, there still exist problems in Chinese cultivation mode of the graduate education of professional degrees. The education scale is too small. Fine teaching materials and teaching cases are lacked. The quality of teaching staff still needs improvement. Professional degrees are not required in job qualifications. The quality assurance system still needs improvement. Chinese Scholars have done much research work on these problems and have got a lot of achievements. But in general, their work mainly focuses on the problem-strategy and experience using level. Few of them can study the cultivation mode of professional degree graduates of our country in a system theory perspective. Moreover, scholars have different ideas about the elements of the cultivation mode of graduates. Thus it will be a leading and meaningful topic both theoretically and practically to do research on the structure of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates in a system theory perspective.
With the hope to provide a new perspective and thought, this dissertation jointed the latest research with the experiences on the cultivation of professional degree graduates both aboard and in China and attempted to explore the cultivation mode of professional degree graduates. Methods of quantitative and qualitative were combined and several methods were exerted in this research according to the needs of specific question. Concretely, first we used content analysis method to categorize the elements included in the cultivation mode system of Chinese professional degree graduates scientifically and objectively. Then, taking the cases and results we collected as hereunder, we studied the connotation, structure and current situation of these elements and the sub-systems consisted of these elements, integrating with content analysis method. Afterward, we bonded methods of causal feedback loop in System Dynamic, modeling and simulation to analyze the structure of the system of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates, building the System Dynamic model, carrying out the simulation on the operation mode of system structure and comparing four strategies and their effects on the system. Based on what have been done above, we applied the self-organizing theory to construe the operation mechanism and function of the system structure of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates system. The main innovation of this dissertation includes three points.
Firstly, this dissertation analyzed the system structure of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates in a system theory perspective, built a model of it and then carried out the simulations. On one hand, this dissertation used the theory and methodology of system science in the higher education research field, especially in the graduate education field and broadened the applied range of system science. On the other hand, this dissertation brings up a useful thought and is a brand-new exploration and attempt for the higher education research in our country both in viewpoint and methodology level.
Secondly, this dissertation determined ten elements of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates. This dissertation divided and concluded the elements and sub-elements of the cultivation mode system of Chinese professional degree graduates by the method of content analysis. Thus it defined the cultivation mode of professional degree graduates as a model and pattern which combined the elements of target, management, staff, curriculum, teaching and learning, discipline, integration of production, teaching and research, quality, resource and culture in the complex of cultivation of professional degree graduates. It follows some operation rules and aims at the cultivation of achieved applied talents. The determination of these elements solved the problem that different scholars have different viewpoints about the elements and most of their work lacked of basis and laid a foundation for the model research hereunder. The double-level element system can also be used as an indicator system in future work.
Thirdly, this dissertation built a System Dynamic model for the system structure of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates, carried out simulations for the operation of the system structure and compared the results of different strategies. These findings are carried out. Five variables of target level, management intensity, quality assurance intensity, cultivation level and internal supporting condition can construct a positive feedback loop. Due to the difference of a trigger mechanism, the positive feedback loop may spur the system to increase swiftly or to decline as well. The cultivation mode system of Chinese professional degree graduates with a limit to growth is influenced by double function of both positive feedback loop and negative feedback loop and it has an increasing S-shaped curve. To get a sustainable and stable development of the cultivation mode system of Chinese professional degree graduates, it is a key point to find and remove the limiting factor before the increasing of system becomes stagnant. The cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates is a complex dynamic system. Its elements and subsystems connect each other and restrict each other. Even a tiny alternation may have great influence on the quality of cultivation.
In sum, this dissertation summarized the previous and current research on the professional degree education and cultivation mode. On this basis, it also analyzed the structure of the cultivation mode of Chinese professional degree graduates employing system theory. From all that have been done, we got much meaningful findings and put forth the development policy contrapuntally, and therefore the relevant governor could get some academic support and advice for decision-making.
引文
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