九龙江冲淡水在台湾海峡西部扩展特征的观测与动力分析
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摘要
本文以实测CTD数据、卫星遥感浊度资料为基础,分析了九龙江冲淡水在台湾海峡西部的水文特征和扩展模式；在径流量和遥感风场数据的基础上,探讨了九龙江冲淡水扩展方式的主要影响因素,并结合流体力学的知识和热力学统计模型对九龙江冲淡水的动力特征进行了研究；同时,本文还利用ROMS模式模拟了不同背景沿岸流下,理想化九龙江冲淡水的扩展情况,进一步了解理想化九龙江冲淡水对沿岸流的响应过程和动力机制。
通过对2009-2012年6-7月厦门湾口附近海域CTD资料的分析表明,2009年、2010年和2012年夏季九龙江冲淡水以射流的形式经厦门湾进入台湾海峡西部；进入台湾海峡后,九龙江冲淡水在扩展的过程中可能会发生淡水块的脱落,形成孤立的低盐区。通过分析厦门湾口附近海域2008年11月和2012年2月航次的CTD资料,结果显示：冬季厦门湾口附近海域被低温、低盐水覆盖,这些低盐水不仅来自九龙江,也有可能是浙闽沿岸流或闽江冲淡水；2008年冬季航次期间,九龙江冲淡水不以射流的形式进入台湾海峡。
利用二维射流理论知识对实测资料进行分析结果表明,东山附近上升流区的低温、高盐水在某些航次期间会在西南风的驱动下,以射流的形式流经厦门湾口附近海域,与九龙江冲淡水射流相互作用,影响九龙江冲淡水的水文特征和扩展方式。
根据MODIS浊度资料和CTD资料,统计出夏季九龙江冲淡水主要有四种扩展形态：(1)沿岸向东北扩展的形态；(2)同时向东北和西南扩展的双向扩展形态,其中,2010年和2012年夏季航次期间,九龙江冲淡水的扩展形态属于这一类型；(3)集中在厦门湾口向外扩展的形态,除上述两个夏季航次外,其他航次期间九龙江冲淡水的扩展方式属于该类型；(4)离岸向东北方扩展形态。分析表明径流量、风场、沿岸流和地形均对九龙江冲淡水的扩展有影响。
由于流场数据的缺乏,沿岸流对冲淡水的扩展有何影响不能定量描述,本文通过利用ROMS模型,设计在不同背景沿岸流的作用下,对理想化的九龙江冲淡水进行模拟,结果表明：背景沿岸流对冲淡水的扩展是有影响的,当背景沿岸流小于0.05m/s时,理想化九龙江冲淡水主要沿岸向西南扩展；当背景沿岸流大于0.05m/s时,冲淡水主要向东北方扩展,扩展形态与岸线成一定的夹角；理论分析与模型结果显示,当背景沿岸流为0.05m/s左右时,冲淡水趋于垂直于岸线,达到稳定状态。动量分析和理论分析表明,随着背景沿岸流的增加,冲淡水叠加在背景沿岸流之上,形成一个两层的垂直流速结构,上层的冲淡水处于准地转平衡状态,下层是由正压驱动的单向水流,动量平衡为正压和垂直涡动粘滞项,科氏力的作用变小。
On the basis of the in-situ CTD data and the satellite remote-sensing turbidity data, the hydrological characteristics and the expanding patterns of the Jiulongjiang River diluted water (JDW) have been studied. The paper has also analyzed the influencing factors. Then the knowledge of fluid dynamics and a terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) distribution model have been applied to reveal the dynamics of JDW. Meanwhile, the model of Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) has been used to simulate the flowing patterns of the idealized JDW (IJDW) with different background coastal currents (BCCs), and investigate the dynamic response and mechanisms of the IJDW to the BCCs.
After analysing the CTD data around the Xiamen Bay mouth in June and July from the year of2009to2012, the results show that during the summer cruises of2009,2010and2012, the JDW debouches into the west Taiwan Strait in the form of jets through the Xiamen Bay. Four summertime cruises data also show that during the process of expanding, there may be patch of diluted water detaching from the main route of JDW. The wintertime cruise data in November2008and February2012show that low temperature and low salinity water covers the area around the Xiamen Bay mouth in winter, however, the low salinity water is not only from the Jiulongjiang River, but also part of the Zhemin coastal current or the Minjiang River diluted water; The results also reveal that during the winter cruise of2008, JDW does not flow into the west Taiwan Strai in the form of jet.
By using the knowledge of jet to analyze the CTD data, this paper indicates that: as driven by the summer southwesterly wind, the upwelling-related Dongshan low temperature and high salinity water flows northeastward in the form of jet as well. To a certain degree, the Dongshan low temperature and high salinity jet may interact with the jets formed by the JDW, and then affect the hydrological characteristics and expanding patterns of the JDW.
Based on the turbidity and CTD data, there are mainly four types of spreading patterns in summer for the JDW, including (1) going northeastward along the coastline,(2) extending northeastward and southwestward at the same time,(3) just spreading out near the Xiamen Bay mouth, and (4) flowing northeastward offshore. The results also indicate that the Jiulongjiang runoff, wind, the BCCs and topography all have effect on the extending patterns.
Due to the lack of current data, it is hard to quantitatively describe the influence of BCCs on the spreading of the JDW, so the ROMS is utilized to simulate the IJDW under the conditions of different BCCs. The results demonstrate that BCCs may modify the spreading patterns of IJDW. When the BCCs are less than0.10m/s, the IJDW largely flows southwestward along the coast; when the BCCs are greater than0.10m/s, the IJDW mainly spreads northeastward with an angle to the coastline. The results of model and theoretical analysis show that, when the BCCs equal to0.05m/s, the route of IJDW is almost perpendicular to the coastline, reaching a steady state. At the same time, the theoretical and momentum analysis results also indicate that with the increasing of BCCs, diluted water overlays on the BBCs and forms a two-layer vertical velocity structure with the upper layer in quasi-geostrophic balance and the lower layer in a one-way flow driven by barotropy which is balanced by the vertical viscosity term, while the effect of Coriolis term is diminished in the lower layer.
通过对2009-2012年6-7月厦门湾口附近海域CTD资料的分析表明,2009年、2010年和2012年夏季九龙江冲淡水以射流的形式经厦门湾进入台湾海峡西部；进入台湾海峡后,九龙江冲淡水在扩展的过程中可能会发生淡水块的脱落,形成孤立的低盐区。通过分析厦门湾口附近海域2008年11月和2012年2月航次的CTD资料,结果显示：冬季厦门湾口附近海域被低温、低盐水覆盖,这些低盐水不仅来自九龙江,也有可能是浙闽沿岸流或闽江冲淡水；2008年冬季航次期间,九龙江冲淡水不以射流的形式进入台湾海峡。
利用二维射流理论知识对实测资料进行分析结果表明,东山附近上升流区的低温、高盐水在某些航次期间会在西南风的驱动下,以射流的形式流经厦门湾口附近海域,与九龙江冲淡水射流相互作用,影响九龙江冲淡水的水文特征和扩展方式。
根据MODIS浊度资料和CTD资料,统计出夏季九龙江冲淡水主要有四种扩展形态：(1)沿岸向东北扩展的形态；(2)同时向东北和西南扩展的双向扩展形态,其中,2010年和2012年夏季航次期间,九龙江冲淡水的扩展形态属于这一类型；(3)集中在厦门湾口向外扩展的形态,除上述两个夏季航次外,其他航次期间九龙江冲淡水的扩展方式属于该类型；(4)离岸向东北方扩展形态。分析表明径流量、风场、沿岸流和地形均对九龙江冲淡水的扩展有影响。
由于流场数据的缺乏,沿岸流对冲淡水的扩展有何影响不能定量描述,本文通过利用ROMS模型,设计在不同背景沿岸流的作用下,对理想化的九龙江冲淡水进行模拟,结果表明：背景沿岸流对冲淡水的扩展是有影响的,当背景沿岸流小于0.05m/s时,理想化九龙江冲淡水主要沿岸向西南扩展；当背景沿岸流大于0.05m/s时,冲淡水主要向东北方扩展,扩展形态与岸线成一定的夹角；理论分析与模型结果显示,当背景沿岸流为0.05m/s左右时,冲淡水趋于垂直于岸线,达到稳定状态。动量分析和理论分析表明,随着背景沿岸流的增加,冲淡水叠加在背景沿岸流之上,形成一个两层的垂直流速结构,上层的冲淡水处于准地转平衡状态,下层是由正压驱动的单向水流,动量平衡为正压和垂直涡动粘滞项,科氏力的作用变小。
On the basis of the in-situ CTD data and the satellite remote-sensing turbidity data, the hydrological characteristics and the expanding patterns of the Jiulongjiang River diluted water (JDW) have been studied. The paper has also analyzed the influencing factors. Then the knowledge of fluid dynamics and a terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) distribution model have been applied to reveal the dynamics of JDW. Meanwhile, the model of Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) has been used to simulate the flowing patterns of the idealized JDW (IJDW) with different background coastal currents (BCCs), and investigate the dynamic response and mechanisms of the IJDW to the BCCs.
After analysing the CTD data around the Xiamen Bay mouth in June and July from the year of2009to2012, the results show that during the summer cruises of2009,2010and2012, the JDW debouches into the west Taiwan Strait in the form of jets through the Xiamen Bay. Four summertime cruises data also show that during the process of expanding, there may be patch of diluted water detaching from the main route of JDW. The wintertime cruise data in November2008and February2012show that low temperature and low salinity water covers the area around the Xiamen Bay mouth in winter, however, the low salinity water is not only from the Jiulongjiang River, but also part of the Zhemin coastal current or the Minjiang River diluted water; The results also reveal that during the winter cruise of2008, JDW does not flow into the west Taiwan Strai in the form of jet.
By using the knowledge of jet to analyze the CTD data, this paper indicates that: as driven by the summer southwesterly wind, the upwelling-related Dongshan low temperature and high salinity water flows northeastward in the form of jet as well. To a certain degree, the Dongshan low temperature and high salinity jet may interact with the jets formed by the JDW, and then affect the hydrological characteristics and expanding patterns of the JDW.
Based on the turbidity and CTD data, there are mainly four types of spreading patterns in summer for the JDW, including (1) going northeastward along the coastline,(2) extending northeastward and southwestward at the same time,(3) just spreading out near the Xiamen Bay mouth, and (4) flowing northeastward offshore. The results also indicate that the Jiulongjiang runoff, wind, the BCCs and topography all have effect on the extending patterns.
Due to the lack of current data, it is hard to quantitatively describe the influence of BCCs on the spreading of the JDW, so the ROMS is utilized to simulate the IJDW under the conditions of different BCCs. The results demonstrate that BCCs may modify the spreading patterns of IJDW. When the BCCs are less than0.10m/s, the IJDW largely flows southwestward along the coast; when the BCCs are greater than0.10m/s, the IJDW mainly spreads northeastward with an angle to the coastline. The results of model and theoretical analysis show that, when the BCCs equal to0.05m/s, the route of IJDW is almost perpendicular to the coastline, reaching a steady state. At the same time, the theoretical and momentum analysis results also indicate that with the increasing of BCCs, diluted water overlays on the BBCs and forms a two-layer vertical velocity structure with the upper layer in quasi-geostrophic balance and the lower layer in a one-way flow driven by barotropy which is balanced by the vertical viscosity term, while the effect of Coriolis term is diminished in the lower layer.
引文
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