低能量密度超声波/碱协同溶胞—隐性生长污泥减量研究
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摘要
当前污水处理厂的污泥产量大且处理处置成本高，使得污泥源头减量技术日益受到关注。溶胞-隐性生长技术可同时减少污泥产量和提高氮磷去除效率，应用前景广阔。高效溶胞是该技术的关键。课题组此前的研究发现将低能量密度超声波辐射与碱处理耦合可实现低成本溶胞，并在相关小试中获得了理想的污泥减量效果。然而，该组合工艺对大规模设施的适用性和可行性仍需进一步研究。
本研究建立和运行了400m~3/d的溶胞-隐性生长规模化实验系统，连续处理城市污水进行污泥减量研究。将低能量密度超声波/碱协同溶胞与水解酸化耦合用于其污泥预处理，并以传统活性污泥（CAS）工艺进行生物降解。
连续运行表明规模化系统的表观产率系数可降至0.27kgVSS/kgCOD_(去除)，污泥减量率达56.45%。预处理有效地促进了剩余污泥的生物降解。系统出水水质良好，其COD_(Cr)、BOD_5、SS和pH值能满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级B标准的要求。污泥预处理对CAS体系活性污泥的活性无明显影响，活性污泥的SVI值介于80~120mL/g之间。污泥预处理体系运行稳定。在污泥层厚度53.3mm（对应的能量密度和超声时间分别为0.089W/mL和154s）和碱剂量66.0gNaOH/kgDS等优化条件下，污泥溶胞率为12.16%；溶胞后污泥上清液中SCOD、TN、NH_4~+-N和TP浓度分别增至2280.7、287.27、15.90和126.33mg/L；溶胞污泥pH值为11.84。后置反应和水解酸化改善了溶胞污泥的可生化性，其VFA产率、污泥酸化程度和氨化效率分别为2.38mol/kgVSS、19.05%和19.59%。预处理后污泥pH值降至8.70左右。
超声装置内的污泥层厚度和碱剂量是影响溶胞效果的关键参数。需要修正小试得出的薄层超声策略。在声强为0.476W/cm~2时，理想的污泥层厚度介于40~70mm之间，最佳值为53.3mm。合适的碱剂量为66.0gNaOH/kgDS。
规模化系统的COD、氮和磷的平衡结果分别为91.30%、97.25%和71.49%。系统存在同化作用之外的氮磷去除重要途径。系统运行成本为1.210元/m~3污水，比常规CAS系统低11.49%。其中，CAS体系的污水和污泥处理的成本占主导。
研究表明低能量密度超声波/碱协同溶胞-隐性生长污泥减量工艺在技术上和经济上都是可行的。
Currently, the large amounts of sludge produced in wastewater treatment and itshigh cost for treatment and disposal have resulted in an increasing concern on thein-situ excess sludge reduction technologies. Lysis-cryptic growth strategy is thepromising technology with great potential, because the excess sludge reduction andthe improvement of nutrients removal can be achieved simultaneously in alysis-cryptic growth system. Effective lysis is the key of this technology. It has beenfound in our previous research that the effective sludge lysis with low cost can beaccomplished using the combined technique of low-density ultrasonication andalkaline treatment, and a desirable sludge reduction efficiency (SRE) has beenachieved in a related bench-scale investigation. However, the applicability andfeasibility of this combined method for large-scale system still needs furtherinvestigation.
In this study, a large-scale lysis-cryptic growth system with a capacity of400m~3/dwas built and operated continuously to treat municipal wastewater for excess sludgereduction. Low density ultrasonic/alkaline disintegration and hydrolysis/acidogenesiswere integrated to pretreat its waste activated sludge (WAS). Conventional activatedsludge (CAS) process was used for its biodegradation.
The investigation of continuous operation indicated that the observed biomassyield of the large-scale system was0.27kg VSS/kg COD-consumed, and the SREreached56.45%. The pretreatment promoted significantly the biodegradation of WAS.The water quality of effluent was satisfactory, and the COD_(Cr), BOD_5, SS and pHvalue of effluent wastewater could steadily meet the first class B criteria specified inthe Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002). There was no significant effect of sludge pretreatment on the bioactivityof activated sludge in the CAS system. The SVI was80~120mL/g. The sludgepretreatment system performed well. Under the optimized conditions of53.3mmsludge depth, which corresponded to an ultrasonic density of0.089W/mL and anultrasonic duration of154s, and66.0g NaOH/kg DS, the degree of disintegration(DD) was12.16%, and the SCOD, TN, NH_4~+-N and TP in the supernatant ofultrasonicated sludge increased dramatically to2280.7,287.27,15.90and126.33mg/L, respectively. The pH value of ultrasonicated sludge was11.84. With thepretreatment of post-reaction and hydrolysis/acidogenesis, the biodegradability ofultrasonicated WAS could be improved. The specific VFA production, sludge acidogenesis degree (SAD) and ammonification efficiency (AE) were2.38mol/kgVSS,19.05%and19.59%, respectively. The pH of pretreated sludge decreasedto about8.70.
The sludge depth in the ultrasonic trough and alkaline dosage were importantparameters to affect disintegration effectiveness. It was necessary to modify thestrategy of thin sludge layer for ultrasonic disintegration from bench-scaleinvestigation. With an ultrasonic intensity of0.476W/cm~2, the desirable sludge depthwas between40and70mm and the optimal value of53.3mm could be determined.The preferred alkaline dosage was66.0g NaOH/kg DS.
The COD, nitrogen and phosphorus balances of the large-scale lysis-crypticgrowth system were determined as91.30%,97.25%and71.49%, respectively.Besides the assimilation of microorganisms, there must be other important approachesto remove the nutrients in wastewater. The operation cost of the large-scalelysis-cryptic growth system was1.210Yuan (￥)/m~3wastewater, which was11.49%less than that of a typical CAS system. The cost for wastewater and sludge treatmentof CAS system was predominant.
It can be concluded that the combined low-density ultrasonic/alkalinelysis-cryptic growth process for excess sludge reduction was both technologically andeconomically feasible.
本研究建立和运行了400m~3/d的溶胞-隐性生长规模化实验系统，连续处理城市污水进行污泥减量研究。将低能量密度超声波/碱协同溶胞与水解酸化耦合用于其污泥预处理，并以传统活性污泥（CAS）工艺进行生物降解。
连续运行表明规模化系统的表观产率系数可降至0.27kgVSS/kgCOD_(去除)，污泥减量率达56.45%。预处理有效地促进了剩余污泥的生物降解。系统出水水质良好，其COD_(Cr)、BOD_5、SS和pH值能满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级B标准的要求。污泥预处理对CAS体系活性污泥的活性无明显影响，活性污泥的SVI值介于80~120mL/g之间。污泥预处理体系运行稳定。在污泥层厚度53.3mm（对应的能量密度和超声时间分别为0.089W/mL和154s）和碱剂量66.0gNaOH/kgDS等优化条件下，污泥溶胞率为12.16%；溶胞后污泥上清液中SCOD、TN、NH_4~+-N和TP浓度分别增至2280.7、287.27、15.90和126.33mg/L；溶胞污泥pH值为11.84。后置反应和水解酸化改善了溶胞污泥的可生化性，其VFA产率、污泥酸化程度和氨化效率分别为2.38mol/kgVSS、19.05%和19.59%。预处理后污泥pH值降至8.70左右。
超声装置内的污泥层厚度和碱剂量是影响溶胞效果的关键参数。需要修正小试得出的薄层超声策略。在声强为0.476W/cm~2时，理想的污泥层厚度介于40~70mm之间，最佳值为53.3mm。合适的碱剂量为66.0gNaOH/kgDS。
规模化系统的COD、氮和磷的平衡结果分别为91.30%、97.25%和71.49%。系统存在同化作用之外的氮磷去除重要途径。系统运行成本为1.210元/m~3污水，比常规CAS系统低11.49%。其中，CAS体系的污水和污泥处理的成本占主导。
研究表明低能量密度超声波/碱协同溶胞-隐性生长污泥减量工艺在技术上和经济上都是可行的。
Currently, the large amounts of sludge produced in wastewater treatment and itshigh cost for treatment and disposal have resulted in an increasing concern on thein-situ excess sludge reduction technologies. Lysis-cryptic growth strategy is thepromising technology with great potential, because the excess sludge reduction andthe improvement of nutrients removal can be achieved simultaneously in alysis-cryptic growth system. Effective lysis is the key of this technology. It has beenfound in our previous research that the effective sludge lysis with low cost can beaccomplished using the combined technique of low-density ultrasonication andalkaline treatment, and a desirable sludge reduction efficiency (SRE) has beenachieved in a related bench-scale investigation. However, the applicability andfeasibility of this combined method for large-scale system still needs furtherinvestigation.
In this study, a large-scale lysis-cryptic growth system with a capacity of400m~3/dwas built and operated continuously to treat municipal wastewater for excess sludgereduction. Low density ultrasonic/alkaline disintegration and hydrolysis/acidogenesiswere integrated to pretreat its waste activated sludge (WAS). Conventional activatedsludge (CAS) process was used for its biodegradation.
The investigation of continuous operation indicated that the observed biomassyield of the large-scale system was0.27kg VSS/kg COD-consumed, and the SREreached56.45%. The pretreatment promoted significantly the biodegradation of WAS.The water quality of effluent was satisfactory, and the COD_(Cr), BOD_5, SS and pHvalue of effluent wastewater could steadily meet the first class B criteria specified inthe Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002). There was no significant effect of sludge pretreatment on the bioactivityof activated sludge in the CAS system. The SVI was80~120mL/g. The sludgepretreatment system performed well. Under the optimized conditions of53.3mmsludge depth, which corresponded to an ultrasonic density of0.089W/mL and anultrasonic duration of154s, and66.0g NaOH/kg DS, the degree of disintegration(DD) was12.16%, and the SCOD, TN, NH_4~+-N and TP in the supernatant ofultrasonicated sludge increased dramatically to2280.7,287.27,15.90and126.33mg/L, respectively. The pH value of ultrasonicated sludge was11.84. With thepretreatment of post-reaction and hydrolysis/acidogenesis, the biodegradability ofultrasonicated WAS could be improved. The specific VFA production, sludge acidogenesis degree (SAD) and ammonification efficiency (AE) were2.38mol/kgVSS,19.05%and19.59%, respectively. The pH of pretreated sludge decreasedto about8.70.
The sludge depth in the ultrasonic trough and alkaline dosage were importantparameters to affect disintegration effectiveness. It was necessary to modify thestrategy of thin sludge layer for ultrasonic disintegration from bench-scaleinvestigation. With an ultrasonic intensity of0.476W/cm~2, the desirable sludge depthwas between40and70mm and the optimal value of53.3mm could be determined.The preferred alkaline dosage was66.0g NaOH/kg DS.
The COD, nitrogen and phosphorus balances of the large-scale lysis-crypticgrowth system were determined as91.30%,97.25%and71.49%, respectively.Besides the assimilation of microorganisms, there must be other important approachesto remove the nutrients in wastewater. The operation cost of the large-scalelysis-cryptic growth system was1.210Yuan (￥)/m~3wastewater, which was11.49%less than that of a typical CAS system. The cost for wastewater and sludge treatmentof CAS system was predominant.
It can be concluded that the combined low-density ultrasonic/alkalinelysis-cryptic growth process for excess sludge reduction was both technologically andeconomically feasible.
引文
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