中温两相厌氧消化处理低有机质剩余污泥效能研究
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摘要
近年来,由于生物营养去除(Biological Nutrients Removal, BNR)工艺的普遍应用,使之产生的剩余污泥有机质含量(即挥发性固体,VS)数值偏低。目前有关污泥厌氧消化的研究,其污泥有机质含量通常较高,但对于这种有机质含量偏低的剩余污泥,其厌氧消化的研究尚未见相关报道。
本文通过自行设计的污泥中温两相厌氧消化小试与中试装置,考察了两套装置的启动性能,在系统稳定运行的基础上,探讨了剩余污泥中温(35℃)两相厌氧消化小试运行特性,分析了消化污泥脱水性能的变化及其主要影响因素,研究了超声预处理对低VS含量剩余污泥中温两相厌氧消化效能的影响,建立了不同VS含量污泥中温两相厌氧消化小试工艺的动力学模型,并将小试拟合曲线与中试测定值进行比较分析。
当小试工艺进入稳定运行时,随着有机负荷的增加,VS去除率随着有机负荷的增加而降低,大肠杆菌的灭活效率与VS去除率的变化相同,最大比产甲烷活性(SMA)则随着有机负荷的升高而逐渐增加。厌氧消化前后重金属的形态分析表明,Cd、Pb和Cr的稳定效果较好。污泥中Cu消化后可以实现进一步稳定,稳定率提高到98.4%。投配污泥中Zn和Ni各种存在形态分布相对比较均匀,消化后重金属的稳定率不高。
分别采用浓缩剩余污泥以及剩余污泥与厨余垃圾混合物,研究了不同有机质含量污泥的中温两相厌氧消化特性。结果表明,随着OLR的增加,各系统出料的VS浓度、TCOD浓度均呈现增加的趋势,而且相应的VS去除率和TCOD去除率逐渐下降。随着HRT的延长,各系统的SMA活性逐渐提高,而且产气中的甲烷含量也随之增加。经过中温消化产酸相处理后性能变差,但是经过产甲烷相进一步消化后又有所改善。污泥的沉降与脱水性能与胞外聚合物有显著的相关性,而与钙、镁离子的相关性不明显。
以低有机质剩余污泥为对象,选择超声波与CaO联合处理作为厌氧消化的预处理,考察了预处理对污泥厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,随着系统有机负荷的增加,系统的稳定性增强。当HRT由15d降至10d后,VS去除率下降了约5%,对于低VS含量的剩余活性污泥,进行中温厌氧消化时应该维持足够的HRT。不同有机负荷条件下,两相内的产甲烷活性在0.35~0.38 L CH4/gVSrem的范围内,产气量和沼气含量都没有产生较大变化,但随着系统有机负荷的增加,产酸相INT-ETS活性逐渐增加,并超过产甲烷相微生物活性。
中试工艺运行结果表明,随着有机负荷的增加,两相VS去除率均呈现逐渐下降的趋势。在不同OLRs条件下,产酸相比甲烷产率的变化幅度不大,而产甲烷相的比甲烷产率呈现逐渐下降的趋势。随着有机负荷的增加,产酸相INT-ETS活性逐渐升高,而产甲烷相的活性变化不大。随着有机负荷的增加,消化污泥的脱水性能逐渐变差,且产酸相的CST值高于产甲烷相。热能平衡分析表明,当污泥的HRT为10d时,在寒冷地区运行污泥中温两相厌氧消化工艺,采取保温措施后,沼气所产生的热能可满足污泥消化耗热量的65.5%。
采用Chen-Hashimoto模型,研究了不同进料基质浓度下,污泥、污泥与厨余垃圾的中温两相厌氧消化动力学特性。结果表明,当基质II的进料COD浓度略高于基质I时,基质II的两个动力学参数μmax和K值低于基质I,说明基质II中可能存在着某种抑制物质。小试拟合曲线与中试测定值的比较表明,中试VS去除率与甲烷产率测定值与小试拟合曲线趋势相近,但略低于小试动力学模型曲线拟合值。
The advanced biological nutrients removal (BNR) processes have been widely used in recent years, resulting in a low organic (volatile solids, VS) content of waste activated sludge (WAS) from these processes. However, most researchers focused on the anaerobic digestion of sludge with high VS content, and not much has been reported on the anaerobic digestion of sludge with a low VS content. And the effect of anaerobic digestion on the dewatering property of sludge is paid more attention for most researchers.
The two-phase anaerobic digestion equipments in laboratory and pilot scale were used in this study. The start-up of two equipments was examined. The mesophilic (35℃) two-phase anaerobic digestion of WAS with different VS contents was investigated during the steady operation, and the variation and impact factors of sedimentation and dewatering properties of anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The effects of ultrasonication treatment on the anaerobic digestion of WAS with low VS content were discussed. And finally, the kinetic models for the mesophilic (35℃) two-phase anaerobic digestion of sludge with different VS contents was established, the determined value from pilot-scale test was compared with the fitted curve from laboratory-scale test.
The results from laboratory system showed that the stability was not greatly influenced due to the increase of organic loading rate (OLR), however, the VS removal efficiencies decreased with the increase of OLR, and the variation of deactivation efficiency of total coliform was the same as the VS removal efficiencies. The speciation analyses of heavy metals before and after anaerobic digestion showed that Cd, Pb and Cr had better stabilization efficiencies. The stabilization efficiency of Cu was enhanced and reached 98.4% after anaerobic digestion. The speciation of Zn and Ni were relatively average in the feeding sludge, however the stabilization efficiencies of them was lower. In addition, the stabilization efficiencies occurred mainly in the acidogenic phase other than the methanogenic phase.
The thickened WAS and mixture of WAS with kitchen garbage were used to examine the mesophilic (35℃) two-phase anaerobic digestion of sludge with different VS contents. The results showed that the acidification efficiency of acidogenic phase was better than the others for the system with addition of kitchen garbage. There existed good stabilization for the methanogenic phases of three systems. The effluent VS and TCOD concentrations increased with the increase of OLR, and the corresponding VS and TCOD removal efficiencies decreased. The specific methanogenic acivity (SMA) of each system increased with the increase of HRT, and the methane content of biogas also increased. The change of sedimentation and dewatering properties was similar for three systems, the sedimentation and dewatering properties became poorer after the treatment of acidogenic phase, and were improved again after the treatment of methanogenic phase. The sedimentation and dewatering properties correlated well with the content of extracellular polymer (ECP) other than the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The particle size of digested sludge became smaller, which was also an important influence factor of dewatering property.
The combination of physicochemical treatment was used to improve the efficiency of subsequent anaerobic digestion of WAS with low VS content. According to the results from batch tests, the combined treatment of ultrasonication and lime was used as the pretreatment of anaerobic digestion. The effects of combined treatment on the efficiency of subsequent anaerobic digestion were investigated. The results showed that the stabilization of system increased with the increase of OLR. The VS removal efficiency decreased 5% when the HRT decreased from 15 d to 10 d, which suggested that the sufficient HRT must be maintained for the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of WAS with low VS content. The SMA of two phases was in a range of 0.35~0.38 L CH4/gVSrem at different OLRs, and the variations of biogas production and methane content were not apparent. However, the specific INT-ETS of acidogenic phase increased with the increase of OLR, and the value exceeded that of methanogenic phase.
The results of pilot-scale test showed that the effluent VS concentration increased with the increase of OLR, and the corresponding VS removal efficiency decreased. The specific methane yield of acidogenic phase was stable under different OLRs, and that of methanogenic phase decreased gradually. The specific INT-ETS activity increased with the increasing of OLR for acidogenic phase, and that of methanogenic phase was stable. However, the dewatering property of digested sludge became poor with the increasing of OLR, and the CST value of acidogenic phase was higher than that of methanogenic phase, the change of dewatering property was similar with the sedimentation property. The analyses of heat balance for pilot-scale system showed that in the cold zone, the heat energy produced from biogas could compensate about 65.5 percent of heat exhausted for the operation of mesophilic TPAD process when the HRT was 10 days and the equipment was kept warm.
The Chen-Hashimoto model was used to examine the kinetic characteristics of mesophilic two-phase anaerobic digestion under different influent VS concentrations. The results showed that the kinetic parameters ofμmax and K of substrate II was lower than that of substrate I when the influent VS concentration of substrate II was higher than that of substrate I, which suggested that there existed some inhibitory matter in substrate II. The kinetic parameters ofμmax and K of substrate III were both higher than the others. The comparison of determined value from pilot-scale test and fitted curve of laboratory-scale test showed that the VS removal efficiency and methane yield from pilot-scale test was lower than those of laboratory-scale test, however, the change trends of them were similar.
本文通过自行设计的污泥中温两相厌氧消化小试与中试装置,考察了两套装置的启动性能,在系统稳定运行的基础上,探讨了剩余污泥中温(35℃)两相厌氧消化小试运行特性,分析了消化污泥脱水性能的变化及其主要影响因素,研究了超声预处理对低VS含量剩余污泥中温两相厌氧消化效能的影响,建立了不同VS含量污泥中温两相厌氧消化小试工艺的动力学模型,并将小试拟合曲线与中试测定值进行比较分析。
当小试工艺进入稳定运行时,随着有机负荷的增加,VS去除率随着有机负荷的增加而降低,大肠杆菌的灭活效率与VS去除率的变化相同,最大比产甲烷活性(SMA)则随着有机负荷的升高而逐渐增加。厌氧消化前后重金属的形态分析表明,Cd、Pb和Cr的稳定效果较好。污泥中Cu消化后可以实现进一步稳定,稳定率提高到98.4%。投配污泥中Zn和Ni各种存在形态分布相对比较均匀,消化后重金属的稳定率不高。
分别采用浓缩剩余污泥以及剩余污泥与厨余垃圾混合物,研究了不同有机质含量污泥的中温两相厌氧消化特性。结果表明,随着OLR的增加,各系统出料的VS浓度、TCOD浓度均呈现增加的趋势,而且相应的VS去除率和TCOD去除率逐渐下降。随着HRT的延长,各系统的SMA活性逐渐提高,而且产气中的甲烷含量也随之增加。经过中温消化产酸相处理后性能变差,但是经过产甲烷相进一步消化后又有所改善。污泥的沉降与脱水性能与胞外聚合物有显著的相关性,而与钙、镁离子的相关性不明显。
以低有机质剩余污泥为对象,选择超声波与CaO联合处理作为厌氧消化的预处理,考察了预处理对污泥厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,随着系统有机负荷的增加,系统的稳定性增强。当HRT由15d降至10d后,VS去除率下降了约5%,对于低VS含量的剩余活性污泥,进行中温厌氧消化时应该维持足够的HRT。不同有机负荷条件下,两相内的产甲烷活性在0.35~0.38 L CH4/gVSrem的范围内,产气量和沼气含量都没有产生较大变化,但随着系统有机负荷的增加,产酸相INT-ETS活性逐渐增加,并超过产甲烷相微生物活性。
中试工艺运行结果表明,随着有机负荷的增加,两相VS去除率均呈现逐渐下降的趋势。在不同OLRs条件下,产酸相比甲烷产率的变化幅度不大,而产甲烷相的比甲烷产率呈现逐渐下降的趋势。随着有机负荷的增加,产酸相INT-ETS活性逐渐升高,而产甲烷相的活性变化不大。随着有机负荷的增加,消化污泥的脱水性能逐渐变差,且产酸相的CST值高于产甲烷相。热能平衡分析表明,当污泥的HRT为10d时,在寒冷地区运行污泥中温两相厌氧消化工艺,采取保温措施后,沼气所产生的热能可满足污泥消化耗热量的65.5%。
采用Chen-Hashimoto模型,研究了不同进料基质浓度下,污泥、污泥与厨余垃圾的中温两相厌氧消化动力学特性。结果表明,当基质II的进料COD浓度略高于基质I时,基质II的两个动力学参数μmax和K值低于基质I,说明基质II中可能存在着某种抑制物质。小试拟合曲线与中试测定值的比较表明,中试VS去除率与甲烷产率测定值与小试拟合曲线趋势相近,但略低于小试动力学模型曲线拟合值。
The advanced biological nutrients removal (BNR) processes have been widely used in recent years, resulting in a low organic (volatile solids, VS) content of waste activated sludge (WAS) from these processes. However, most researchers focused on the anaerobic digestion of sludge with high VS content, and not much has been reported on the anaerobic digestion of sludge with a low VS content. And the effect of anaerobic digestion on the dewatering property of sludge is paid more attention for most researchers.
The two-phase anaerobic digestion equipments in laboratory and pilot scale were used in this study. The start-up of two equipments was examined. The mesophilic (35℃) two-phase anaerobic digestion of WAS with different VS contents was investigated during the steady operation, and the variation and impact factors of sedimentation and dewatering properties of anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The effects of ultrasonication treatment on the anaerobic digestion of WAS with low VS content were discussed. And finally, the kinetic models for the mesophilic (35℃) two-phase anaerobic digestion of sludge with different VS contents was established, the determined value from pilot-scale test was compared with the fitted curve from laboratory-scale test.
The results from laboratory system showed that the stability was not greatly influenced due to the increase of organic loading rate (OLR), however, the VS removal efficiencies decreased with the increase of OLR, and the variation of deactivation efficiency of total coliform was the same as the VS removal efficiencies. The speciation analyses of heavy metals before and after anaerobic digestion showed that Cd, Pb and Cr had better stabilization efficiencies. The stabilization efficiency of Cu was enhanced and reached 98.4% after anaerobic digestion. The speciation of Zn and Ni were relatively average in the feeding sludge, however the stabilization efficiencies of them was lower. In addition, the stabilization efficiencies occurred mainly in the acidogenic phase other than the methanogenic phase.
The thickened WAS and mixture of WAS with kitchen garbage were used to examine the mesophilic (35℃) two-phase anaerobic digestion of sludge with different VS contents. The results showed that the acidification efficiency of acidogenic phase was better than the others for the system with addition of kitchen garbage. There existed good stabilization for the methanogenic phases of three systems. The effluent VS and TCOD concentrations increased with the increase of OLR, and the corresponding VS and TCOD removal efficiencies decreased. The specific methanogenic acivity (SMA) of each system increased with the increase of HRT, and the methane content of biogas also increased. The change of sedimentation and dewatering properties was similar for three systems, the sedimentation and dewatering properties became poorer after the treatment of acidogenic phase, and were improved again after the treatment of methanogenic phase. The sedimentation and dewatering properties correlated well with the content of extracellular polymer (ECP) other than the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The particle size of digested sludge became smaller, which was also an important influence factor of dewatering property.
The combination of physicochemical treatment was used to improve the efficiency of subsequent anaerobic digestion of WAS with low VS content. According to the results from batch tests, the combined treatment of ultrasonication and lime was used as the pretreatment of anaerobic digestion. The effects of combined treatment on the efficiency of subsequent anaerobic digestion were investigated. The results showed that the stabilization of system increased with the increase of OLR. The VS removal efficiency decreased 5% when the HRT decreased from 15 d to 10 d, which suggested that the sufficient HRT must be maintained for the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of WAS with low VS content. The SMA of two phases was in a range of 0.35~0.38 L CH4/gVSrem at different OLRs, and the variations of biogas production and methane content were not apparent. However, the specific INT-ETS of acidogenic phase increased with the increase of OLR, and the value exceeded that of methanogenic phase.
The results of pilot-scale test showed that the effluent VS concentration increased with the increase of OLR, and the corresponding VS removal efficiency decreased. The specific methane yield of acidogenic phase was stable under different OLRs, and that of methanogenic phase decreased gradually. The specific INT-ETS activity increased with the increasing of OLR for acidogenic phase, and that of methanogenic phase was stable. However, the dewatering property of digested sludge became poor with the increasing of OLR, and the CST value of acidogenic phase was higher than that of methanogenic phase, the change of dewatering property was similar with the sedimentation property. The analyses of heat balance for pilot-scale system showed that in the cold zone, the heat energy produced from biogas could compensate about 65.5 percent of heat exhausted for the operation of mesophilic TPAD process when the HRT was 10 days and the equipment was kept warm.
The Chen-Hashimoto model was used to examine the kinetic characteristics of mesophilic two-phase anaerobic digestion under different influent VS concentrations. The results showed that the kinetic parameters ofμmax and K of substrate II was lower than that of substrate I when the influent VS concentration of substrate II was higher than that of substrate I, which suggested that there existed some inhibitory matter in substrate II. The kinetic parameters ofμmax and K of substrate III were both higher than the others. The comparison of determined value from pilot-scale test and fitted curve of laboratory-scale test showed that the VS removal efficiency and methane yield from pilot-scale test was lower than those of laboratory-scale test, however, the change trends of them were similar.
引文
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