监狱企业管理体制转型研究
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摘要
以劳动手段改造罪犯是基于马克思主义的认识论和劳动学说而产生的,是我国社会主义社会改造罪犯的一个特色。监狱不仅要保证被监禁的罪犯顺利服刑,不发生暴力侵害、逃跑、自杀等危害行为,而且要通过监管、教育、劳动等活动对罪犯进行改造,努力将罪犯改造成守法公民。长期以来,由于监狱企业生产与劳动改造罪犯形式上的统一形成了监狱企业与监狱的管理统一,“监企合一”管理体制在计划经济体制下充分发挥了结构单一、执行力强的优势,为我国的社会主义建设做出了巨大贡献。而在我国建设有中国特色的社会主义市场经济、逐步对外开放、加快和深化改革、并加入WTO的今天,日益暴露出对市场经济的不适应,许多监狱企业的经营陷入困境,监狱企业的体制改革势在必行。
2003年,司法部向全国监狱系统提出“全额保障、监企分开、收支分开、规范运行”的改革要求,其实质是监企分离,还监狱国家专政机关的本来面目,并在上海、湖南、广东、辽宁、山西等五个地区推行试点活动,监狱与企业分离是我国监狱工作改革的基本方向和发展的必然要求,但在具体管理模式上仍存在很大争议。笔者认为:市场经济条件下,监狱企业应当与社会企业在同等条件下展开竞争,监狱企业在享受一定的优惠政策、承担其社会效益同时实现其经济效益。从长远看,监狱企业与社会企业将可依据市场经济的选择,在一定条件下相互转换。因此必须通过管理体制改革,完善相关法律制度,建立体制内、外兼具互补的监狱企业管理模式。
本文从监狱企业管理体制形成和发展入手,剖析监狱企业管理体制面临的困境与挑战,分析和总结国外监狱企业管理体制改革运行状况及经验教训的基础上,提出了我国监狱企业管理体制改革的思考和对策。时代已经刻不容缓地向我们提出了监狱改革发展的主题[48]。“凡事预则立,不预则废”[1]。尽管中国监狱企业发展未来之路的设计与论述,远非一篇文章之廖数千言所能事,但理性和现实、理论和实际相结合,严肃地开始这种探索却是必需的和迫切的。也是对依法治国、依法制监、防止腐败、维护社会稳定、加强政治文明建设等方面都具有特别重要的意义。
The arising of labor reform of offenders, which based on the Marxist theory of knowledge and labor theory, is one of features of the reform of offenders in our socialist society. the responsible of Prison is not only to ensure the smooth acception of the criminals serve for the offenders, prevent the offenders from violence, escape, suicide and other harmful behavior, but also in an effort to transform criminals into law-abiding citizens through regulation, education, labor and other activities . For a long time, for the form unified of prison enterprises and the formation of the prison management, that is based on the prison production and labor rehabilitation of offenders.“the union of prison and enterprise”system has made a great contribution to china for the strong advantages as structure of single and the strong implementation under the planned economic system. With the building of socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, gradually opening up, accelerate and deepen reform, join WTO. China is increasingly exposed not adjust to the marketing economic, many Prison Enterprises are in trouble. So it’s urgent to implement the reform system in prison enterprise.
In 2003, the Ministry of Justice prison system propose reform requirement to the nation as "full protection, the separation of monitoring and enterprise、income and expenditure, standardized operation". its essence is the separation of prison enterprises, keep the previous state of the dictatorship, and implement the pilot activities in Shanghai, Hunan, Guangdong, Liaoning and Shanxi. Although the separation of prisons and corporate is the basic direction of prison reform and the necessary requirements of development, there is still much controversy in the specific management model. In my opinion, the prison enterprise should compete with social enterprises in the same conditions under the marketing economics, the prison enterprises enjoy certain preferential policies, assume their social benefits, while achieving economic benefits. In the long run, prison enterprises and social enterprises will be interchange under certain condition, that is based on the choice of a market economy. So it’s necessary to build the prison enterprise management with both inside and outside institution by the reform of system and improve of relevant legal systems.
The article summed up the run condition and lessons of the reform of foreign prison enterprise, proposed the thoughts and countermeasures for China's prison enterprises by the formation and development of enterprise management, the difficulties and challenges which the prison enterprise management system faced. There is no delay for us with the subject of prison reform and development. "Forewarned is forearmed and without prejudging the waste" [2]. It’s not said that the future of design and discussion for the prison enterprise development is far from based on an article with a lot of words , but it’s necessary and urgent to begin the exploration for the combination with reason and reality,theory and practice. It’s also Play an important part in the rule of law,according to the law system to monitor and prevent corruption, stick up for the social stability, strengthen the building of political civilization and so on.
2003年,司法部向全国监狱系统提出“全额保障、监企分开、收支分开、规范运行”的改革要求,其实质是监企分离,还监狱国家专政机关的本来面目,并在上海、湖南、广东、辽宁、山西等五个地区推行试点活动,监狱与企业分离是我国监狱工作改革的基本方向和发展的必然要求,但在具体管理模式上仍存在很大争议。笔者认为:市场经济条件下,监狱企业应当与社会企业在同等条件下展开竞争,监狱企业在享受一定的优惠政策、承担其社会效益同时实现其经济效益。从长远看,监狱企业与社会企业将可依据市场经济的选择,在一定条件下相互转换。因此必须通过管理体制改革,完善相关法律制度,建立体制内、外兼具互补的监狱企业管理模式。
本文从监狱企业管理体制形成和发展入手,剖析监狱企业管理体制面临的困境与挑战,分析和总结国外监狱企业管理体制改革运行状况及经验教训的基础上,提出了我国监狱企业管理体制改革的思考和对策。时代已经刻不容缓地向我们提出了监狱改革发展的主题[48]。“凡事预则立,不预则废”[1]。尽管中国监狱企业发展未来之路的设计与论述,远非一篇文章之廖数千言所能事,但理性和现实、理论和实际相结合,严肃地开始这种探索却是必需的和迫切的。也是对依法治国、依法制监、防止腐败、维护社会稳定、加强政治文明建设等方面都具有特别重要的意义。
The arising of labor reform of offenders, which based on the Marxist theory of knowledge and labor theory, is one of features of the reform of offenders in our socialist society. the responsible of Prison is not only to ensure the smooth acception of the criminals serve for the offenders, prevent the offenders from violence, escape, suicide and other harmful behavior, but also in an effort to transform criminals into law-abiding citizens through regulation, education, labor and other activities . For a long time, for the form unified of prison enterprises and the formation of the prison management, that is based on the prison production and labor rehabilitation of offenders.“the union of prison and enterprise”system has made a great contribution to china for the strong advantages as structure of single and the strong implementation under the planned economic system. With the building of socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, gradually opening up, accelerate and deepen reform, join WTO. China is increasingly exposed not adjust to the marketing economic, many Prison Enterprises are in trouble. So it’s urgent to implement the reform system in prison enterprise.
In 2003, the Ministry of Justice prison system propose reform requirement to the nation as "full protection, the separation of monitoring and enterprise、income and expenditure, standardized operation". its essence is the separation of prison enterprises, keep the previous state of the dictatorship, and implement the pilot activities in Shanghai, Hunan, Guangdong, Liaoning and Shanxi. Although the separation of prisons and corporate is the basic direction of prison reform and the necessary requirements of development, there is still much controversy in the specific management model. In my opinion, the prison enterprise should compete with social enterprises in the same conditions under the marketing economics, the prison enterprises enjoy certain preferential policies, assume their social benefits, while achieving economic benefits. In the long run, prison enterprises and social enterprises will be interchange under certain condition, that is based on the choice of a market economy. So it’s necessary to build the prison enterprise management with both inside and outside institution by the reform of system and improve of relevant legal systems.
The article summed up the run condition and lessons of the reform of foreign prison enterprise, proposed the thoughts and countermeasures for China's prison enterprises by the formation and development of enterprise management, the difficulties and challenges which the prison enterprise management system faced. There is no delay for us with the subject of prison reform and development. "Forewarned is forearmed and without prejudging the waste" [2]. It’s not said that the future of design and discussion for the prison enterprise development is far from based on an article with a lot of words , but it’s necessary and urgent to begin the exploration for the combination with reason and reality,theory and practice. It’s also Play an important part in the rule of law,according to the law system to monitor and prevent corruption, stick up for the social stability, strengthen the building of political civilization and so on.
引文
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[2]子思.礼记·中庸,北京:中国教育出版社, 2000,15
[3]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集.北京:人民出版社, 1972,233
[4]夏宇羲.监狱学基础理论.北京:北京法律出版社, 2001,46
[5]邹昭.对监狱生产管理体制改革的经济学思考.罪犯与改造研究, 2003,(3):8-9
[6]秦伯勤.把握监狱企业发展方向,促进和谐社会构建.监狱信息网, 2006-8-23
[7]高世洪,焦宁亚.我国监狱企业面临的困难与出路.中国监狱学刊, 1999, (6): 45-49
[8]孙治.试论监狱企业之定位.中国监狱学刊, 2006,(5):20-22
[9]陈宁享.监狱企业与市场兼容的难点与对策.农场经济管理, 2000, (1) :20-21
[10]马建军.我国监狱经济利益机制探析.中国监狱学刊, 2004, (1) :10-12
[11] (澳) Owen ? E ? Hughes.公共管理导论.彭和平、周明德、金竹青等译.第1版,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001, 149
[12]田越光.对德国监狱经营管理体制改革试点经验分析.中国监狱学刊, 2006. (8) :22-23
[13]缪成福.监狱企业管理人员可以保留民警身份.监狱信息网, 2007-10-17
[14]国务院批转司法部关于监狱体制改革试点工作指导意见的通知.国函2003115号文件
[15]薛小平,任广波,田栋.论监企适度分离.监狱信息网, 2005-10-23
[16]葛井泉.中国监狱企业的战略分析与构建.中国监狱学刊, 2007,(8) :12-13
[17]张文.对监狱体制改革若干问题探讨.中国监狱学刊, 2005, (3) : 32-33
[18]刘福印.监狱经费保障体制研究.中国监狱学刊, 2005, (2) : 17-18
[19]李明辉.从执法和实践的角度谈监狱企业的出路问题—从监企分离说开.监狱信息网,2008-5-17
[20]杨春平.中国监狱企业定性与发展定位思索.安徽警官职业学院学报, 2005,(8) : 17-18
[21]王恒勤.监狱企业体制改革路在何方.中国司法, 2006,(3):6-8
[22]刘军,刘运令.论监狱企业的租赁经营.监狱信息网, 2005-11-23
[23]楼杰科.浅析改革背景下监狱企业的出路与对策.飞迪在线, www.feidi.cn
[24]崔学东,彭春芳,李书金.试论我国监狱企业管理体制改革.安徽警官职业学院学报, 2006, (1) :17-18
[25]葛炳瑶.监狱体制改革背景下监狱企业的发展初探.犯罪与改造研究, 2007,(6) :27-29
[26]余昌夏.浅析监狱体制改革与监狱布局的调整.中国司法, 2002,(3):16-17
[27]王戍生.罪犯劳动概论.北京:北京法律出版社, 2002,66
[28]张绍彦.劳动改造改革方向探究.现代法学, 1993, (1) :23
[29]高世洪.我国监狱企业面临的困难与出路.中国监狱学刊, 2002, (6): 45-49
[30]贺志明,付学艳.浅论监狱企业摆脱困境的可能性选择.湖南经济管理干部学院学报, 2000, (10): 13-17
[31]夏宗素,曹务顺.监狱企业管理新论.北京:新华出版社, 2004,108
[32]福建省监狱学会课题组.监狱加工业的利弊分析及改进对策.监狱理论研究, 2002, (5):33
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