我国留守儿童监护问题研究
摘要
随着我国经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,大量农村剩余劳动力流入城市,而其中以年轻人居多。这些进城务工的年轻夫妻由于受户籍制度、教育制度、经济水平及工作强度等因素的影响,大多选择把他们的未成年子女委托给年迈的父母或者其他亲属朋友代为抚养和监护,使这些留守的未成年子女成为留守儿童。留守儿童是未成年人中的一个特殊群体,由于父母监护的缺位和其他委托监护人对留守儿童的监管不到位,导致留守儿童的受照顾权、生命健康权、受教育权以及发展权等权益受到严重的损害。同时随着留守儿童年龄的增长,他们对亲情的渴望和现实亲情缺失之间的矛盾,很容易使留守儿童在生理、心理、学习以及行为举止上出现一系列的问题。可以说留守儿童监护的缺失是导致留守儿童人身和财产等合法权益受到侵害的直接原因,留守儿童监护成为解决留守儿童问题中最为关键的核心内容。因此,笔者从农村留守儿童监护的现状和问题入手,结合我国现行的监护制度的缺失,从法理学的角度分析留守儿童的父母、父母以外的其他亲属朋友以及国家对留守儿童各自应当承担的监护职责和义务。最后根据我国的国情和文化背景提出了完善农村留守儿童监护体系的建议。
With the rapid economic development and the growing urbanlization, a large amount of extra work force from the rural areas is moving into the cities, and among them, the young blood take the most part. Considering the relevant factors such as the registered permanent residence policy, the education system, economic situation as well as the working pressure, most of the married young couple prefers to entrust their old parents or relatives and friends with their children in the form of bring-up and custody, which makes the under-ages become the stay-bewatched children. The stay-bewatched child is a special group when compared with the other under-ages. And the empty of the parents’custody and the shortage of the guardian’s care lead to a serious damage of the stay-bewatched children’s rights, such as the rights of be watched, be safe and healthy, be educated as well as be promoted. Meanwhile, with the children’s growth, the contradiction between their aspiration for the parents’care and the shortage of that in the real life could easily trigger some problems on the children’s physiology, psychology, study and behavior. It is clear that the shortage of the stay-bewatched children’s custody is the direct reason of the damage on their health and wealth, and the custody of the stay-bewatched children become the principal issue. Therefore, the writer started from the current problems of the rural stay-bewatched children, combined the empty of the nation’s current custody system, analysised the responsibility and obligation of the stay-bewatched children’s parents, relatives or friends besides parents and also the nation to them in a nomological way. Then concluded that the definitude of each group’s responsibility and obligation is the only way to guarantee and supervise the stay-bewatched children more effectively. In the end, based on our current situation as well as the cultural background, the writer drawn some suggestions to promote and perfect the rural stay-bewatched children’s custody system
With the rapid economic development and the growing urbanlization, a large amount of extra work force from the rural areas is moving into the cities, and among them, the young blood take the most part. Considering the relevant factors such as the registered permanent residence policy, the education system, economic situation as well as the working pressure, most of the married young couple prefers to entrust their old parents or relatives and friends with their children in the form of bring-up and custody, which makes the under-ages become the stay-bewatched children. The stay-bewatched child is a special group when compared with the other under-ages. And the empty of the parents’custody and the shortage of the guardian’s care lead to a serious damage of the stay-bewatched children’s rights, such as the rights of be watched, be safe and healthy, be educated as well as be promoted. Meanwhile, with the children’s growth, the contradiction between their aspiration for the parents’care and the shortage of that in the real life could easily trigger some problems on the children’s physiology, psychology, study and behavior. It is clear that the shortage of the stay-bewatched children’s custody is the direct reason of the damage on their health and wealth, and the custody of the stay-bewatched children become the principal issue. Therefore, the writer started from the current problems of the rural stay-bewatched children, combined the empty of the nation’s current custody system, analysised the responsibility and obligation of the stay-bewatched children’s parents, relatives or friends besides parents and also the nation to them in a nomological way. Then concluded that the definitude of each group’s responsibility and obligation is the only way to guarantee and supervise the stay-bewatched children more effectively. In the end, based on our current situation as well as the cultural background, the writer drawn some suggestions to promote and perfect the rural stay-bewatched children’s custody system
引文
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[2] 杨大文.亲属法[M].法律出版社,1997 年版,第 275 页.
[3]吴霓等.农村留守儿童问题调研报告[J].教育研究,2004,(10)
[4]段成荣,周福林.我国留守儿童状况研究[J].人口研究,2005,(1)
[5]周福林,段成荣.留守儿童研究综述[J].人口学刊,2006,(3).
[6]郭明瑞.民商法原理[M] .北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999 年版,第 162 页.
[7]张俊浩.民法学原理[M] .北京:中国政法大学出版社,1991 年版,120 页.
[8]佟柔.中国民法[M] .北京:法律出版社,1990 年版,第 75 页.
[9]王利明.民法新论(上册)[M] .北京:中国政法大学出版社,1988 年版,第 166 页.
[10]陈国柱.民法学[M] .吉林:吉林大学出版社,1987 年版,第 40 页.
[11]肖秀娟.论我国未成年人监护的缺失及立法完善[D] :[硕士学位论文] .北京:中国政法大学,2006:3.
[12]范先佐.农村“留守儿童”教育面临的问题及对策[J].国家教育行政学院学报,2005,(7).
[13]周宗奎,孙晓军,刘亚,周东明.农村留守儿童心理发展与教育问题[J].北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)2005,(1).
[14][23][24][25][27]曹诗权.未成年人监护制度研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004年版,第 277 页. 第 268 页. 第 268 页. 第 5 页. 第 41 页.
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[16]柳青.未成年人监护制度之研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉大学,2004:10.
[17]王秋香.论父母监护缺位与农村留守儿童权益保障问题[J].学术论坛,2006.10.
[18]周秋化.农村留守儿童问题引发的关于完善未成年人监护制度的法律思考[J].法制与社会,2007,11.
[19]吕建波.我国未成年人监护制度研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].南宁:广西大学,2006:6.
[22]蒋月,何丽新.婚姻家庭与继承法[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2002.4.第 343 页.
[26]龙卫球.民法总论[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2001 年版,第 276—277 页.
[28]徐琴.委托监护中的责任承担[N].江苏经济报,2005-08-24(B02).
[29]韩志清.监护制度若干问题之研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].苏州:苏州大学,2003:5.
[30]杨颖秀.进城务工农民子女受教育权保障的政府责任[J].教育理论与实践,2008,5.
[31]栾义娟.保护“留守儿童”权益完善委托监护立法[J].青年探索,2007.2.
[33]司伟.在校未成年学生人身伤害赔偿浅义[J].法学论坛,2001.4.
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