无线传感器网络中能量优化与安全方案研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络是以应用为目标的网络。随着半导体硬件制造工艺的提升以及操作系统、网络协议等研究领域诸多创新性成果的提出,无线传感器网络技术逐渐发展为适用于各式各样需求的技术,且成为未来物联网发展的主要支撑。早期无线传感器网络的协议设计注重实现网络广泛部署和自组织等功能,没有将安全机制作为考虑因素。现今,无线传感器网络深入应用到工业、农业、军事等各个领域,安全问题造成的后果日益严重,无线传感器网络的安全方案也就成为研究人员关注的热点和难点。
近年来,通过移植传统无线网络的已有算法、分析前人提出算法中的安全问题以及设计和实现新方案三种方式,研究人员已经提出包括密钥管理、安全路由、安全认证和可靠传输等安全方案。但是,保障安全必然以牺牲能量开销为代价,设计算法考虑安全性的同时如何去寻找“节能”和“安全”的平衡将是未来无线传感器网络安全方案研究的方向,也是本文要解决的主要问题。
本文深入分析无线传感器网络安全算法及其能量开销问题,设计和实现一系列保障无线传感器网络安全建立和运行的能量优化安全方案：
1.提出一种基于非均匀分布的能量优化安全路由协议。
针对无线传感器网络已有安全路由算法因能耗不均衡导致的“能量空洞”(也称“路由空洞”)问题,提出一种层簇式结构下通过非均匀分簇实现协议能量优化的安全路由协议。协议在簇头选举过程中引入边缘度参数、在簇建立过程中采用最小能耗路径思想以及在簇头骨干网生成过程中引入能耗比参数,实现路径建立过程的能量优化。同时,协议通过路径建立过程中的消息交互机制,在不增加任何路由通信消息的基础上,实现基于秘密共享信息的节点安全认证方案,有效阻止攻击者对网络的被动攻击和主动攻击。仿真实验结果证明,本安全路由协议在保证网络的安全通信的同时实现了网络的均衡能耗,解决“能量空洞”问题。
2.提出一种无线传感器网络批处理安全认证方案。
针对无线传感器网络中实现汇聚节点对整个网络的安全认证需要较多通信开销并且带来极大网络时延的问题,本方案采用基于椭圆曲线双线性对运算的批处理思想提出一种批处理安全认证方案,克服无线传感器网络中汇聚节点对网络认证困难的问题。本方案中只需普通节点生成认证请求消息发送到汇聚节点,无需消息交互的能量开销,大量节约通信能耗。同时,批处理的方法使得汇聚节点认证请求的验证同节点的数量和密度无关,极大降低了网络的认证时延。最后,本方案对基于身份的攻击,如仿冒攻击和Sybil攻击等具备一定的抵抗能力。仿真实验的结果表明本方案可以有效降低网络能耗、减少网络时延以及抵御基于身份的攻击。
3.提出一种无线传感器网络自适应可靠传输方案。
针对节点资源受限和网络链路质量下降对数据传输的影响,本文提出一种自适应可靠传输方案。数据传输可靠性决定无线传感器网络的可用性。本方案基于网络参与率和融合数据的联合信息熵,实现重传和多路径自适应调整的可靠传输机制,克服了节点失效以及链路误码率对网络可靠传输的影响。方案中根节点统计信源节点参与率表征网络的可靠性,中间节点计算联合信息熵确定消息冗余机制实现数据的可靠传输。仿真实验证明,本方案在保证网络数据可靠传输的同时,相比Cushion协议对消息冗余实现优化,并且对基于传输的攻击,如Black hole攻击、Sink hole攻击具备一定抵抗能力。
4.验证系统的设计和实现。
本文基于本实验室开发的无线传感器网络智能农业监控平台,设计和实现无线传感器网络异常节点检测系统对提出的研究成果进行验证,并将批处理安全认证方案以及自适应可靠传输方案部署到该系统。验证系统的实验结果表明,本文方案能够保证合法节点的安全接入的同时有效抵御非法节点的攻击行为。
Wireless sensor network is a technology with the goal of application. Due to the manufacturing process improvement of hardware and all the breakthroughs in the design of operation system or network protocols, wireless sensor network turns to be suitable for any kinds of indeed needs, and also becomes one of the most important technologies for the development of Internet of Things. In the beginning, designers only focused on the implement of widespread deployment and self-organization of the network, security issues had not been taken into consideration. Recently, wireless sensor network has been applied to industry and agriculture, military and other fields, security leaks lead to more serious consequences ever. Thus, the research of wireless sensor network security schemes becomes the hot and also difficult topic nowadays.
By transplanting the algorithms for other traditional network, analyzing security issues in pre-designed protocols for wireless sensor network, or designing brand new security schemes, researchers focused on this field have already proposed many security mechanisms as key management, security routing, security authentication or reliable transport. As we can see, enhancing the security of the network indeed will scarify the energy consumption. So, how to balance the "energy consumption" and "security issue" is the most important research direction in the future, and also the main problem we are going to solve in this paper.
In this paper, we deeply analyze the wireless sensor network security schemes and mainly focus on the energy consumption of them. Base on the research results, we design and implement three security schemes as follows.
1. Energy optimized secure routing protocol based on uneven distribution for wireless sensor network.
In order to solve the "energy black hole" problem caused by uneven energy consumption in wireless sensor network, we propose an energy-optimized secure routing protocol based on uneven distribution. In the process we introduce degree of edge parameters in cluster head election, the minimum energy consumption path mechanism in inter-cluster network establishment and energy consumption ratio parameters in inner-cluster network establishment to implement energy optimization in routing establishment. In the meantime, we also design a node authentication scheme based on secret sharing information, which brings no more message interactions at all, to implement the enhancement of the network. The node authentication scheme is proved to be an effective method to prevent the network from passive attacks and active attacks. Our proposal ensures the safety of network communication and it also balances the energy consumption of the entire network, prolongs the life-time of the network, which means solves the "energy black hole" problem.
2. Secure authentication scheme based on batch verification for wireless sensor network.
Most of the secure authentication schemes for wireless sensor networks are aiming at peer-to-peer authentication or sink node broadcast authentication, due to the energy restriction of sensor nodes, it is difficult to implement a scheme that the sink node can verify all the normal nodes for secure authentication, which will bring a lot of communication consumption and network delay. Our scheme is based on the idea of batch verification to implement sink node to normal nodes mode secure authentication. In the proposal, the only communication consumption is that normal nodes need to sign the message to form an authentication request and send to sink node. Our scheme can effectively reduce the communication consumption. At the same time, the time consumption is unrelated to the density of the nodes, which greatly reduces the network authentication delay. What is more, our proposal also has the ability to resist attacks based on identity, which like fake identity attack and Sybil attack.
3. Adaptive reliable transport scheme for wireless sensor network. The reliability of the data transportation in wireless sensor network determines the availability of network. In order to reduce the affects of data transportation from node failure or the decrease of the quality of the network link, we propose an adaptive reliable transport scheme. Our proposal based on the parameters of node participation ratio and data fusion average joint entropy, to implement a reliable data transport scheme which can adaptively decide to use retransmission mechanism or multi-path mechanism. In our proposal, sink node compute the node participation ratio to evaluate the network transport reliability, and intermediate node compute data fusion average joint entropy to adaptively decide the transport mechanism. Our scheme can effectively ensure the reliability of data transportation in wireless sensor network. And also, compared to another protocol Cushion, our proposal reduces the energy consumption and can prevent the network from attacks based on transportation, which like Black hole attack, Sink hole attack.
4. Design and implementation of the verification system.
At last, we design a wireless sensor network malicious node detection system based on the wireless sensor network intelligent monitor and control platform for agriculture which is developed in our lab. And we implement the schemes we proposed in chapter three and chapter four into in. The experimental results show that authentication system can effectively ensure legal node to security access the network and in the meantime prevent the network from illegal attacks.
近年来,通过移植传统无线网络的已有算法、分析前人提出算法中的安全问题以及设计和实现新方案三种方式,研究人员已经提出包括密钥管理、安全路由、安全认证和可靠传输等安全方案。但是,保障安全必然以牺牲能量开销为代价,设计算法考虑安全性的同时如何去寻找“节能”和“安全”的平衡将是未来无线传感器网络安全方案研究的方向,也是本文要解决的主要问题。
本文深入分析无线传感器网络安全算法及其能量开销问题,设计和实现一系列保障无线传感器网络安全建立和运行的能量优化安全方案：
1.提出一种基于非均匀分布的能量优化安全路由协议。
针对无线传感器网络已有安全路由算法因能耗不均衡导致的“能量空洞”(也称“路由空洞”)问题,提出一种层簇式结构下通过非均匀分簇实现协议能量优化的安全路由协议。协议在簇头选举过程中引入边缘度参数、在簇建立过程中采用最小能耗路径思想以及在簇头骨干网生成过程中引入能耗比参数,实现路径建立过程的能量优化。同时,协议通过路径建立过程中的消息交互机制,在不增加任何路由通信消息的基础上,实现基于秘密共享信息的节点安全认证方案,有效阻止攻击者对网络的被动攻击和主动攻击。仿真实验结果证明,本安全路由协议在保证网络的安全通信的同时实现了网络的均衡能耗,解决“能量空洞”问题。
2.提出一种无线传感器网络批处理安全认证方案。
针对无线传感器网络中实现汇聚节点对整个网络的安全认证需要较多通信开销并且带来极大网络时延的问题,本方案采用基于椭圆曲线双线性对运算的批处理思想提出一种批处理安全认证方案,克服无线传感器网络中汇聚节点对网络认证困难的问题。本方案中只需普通节点生成认证请求消息发送到汇聚节点,无需消息交互的能量开销,大量节约通信能耗。同时,批处理的方法使得汇聚节点认证请求的验证同节点的数量和密度无关,极大降低了网络的认证时延。最后,本方案对基于身份的攻击,如仿冒攻击和Sybil攻击等具备一定的抵抗能力。仿真实验的结果表明本方案可以有效降低网络能耗、减少网络时延以及抵御基于身份的攻击。
3.提出一种无线传感器网络自适应可靠传输方案。
针对节点资源受限和网络链路质量下降对数据传输的影响,本文提出一种自适应可靠传输方案。数据传输可靠性决定无线传感器网络的可用性。本方案基于网络参与率和融合数据的联合信息熵,实现重传和多路径自适应调整的可靠传输机制,克服了节点失效以及链路误码率对网络可靠传输的影响。方案中根节点统计信源节点参与率表征网络的可靠性,中间节点计算联合信息熵确定消息冗余机制实现数据的可靠传输。仿真实验证明,本方案在保证网络数据可靠传输的同时,相比Cushion协议对消息冗余实现优化,并且对基于传输的攻击,如Black hole攻击、Sink hole攻击具备一定抵抗能力。
4.验证系统的设计和实现。
本文基于本实验室开发的无线传感器网络智能农业监控平台,设计和实现无线传感器网络异常节点检测系统对提出的研究成果进行验证,并将批处理安全认证方案以及自适应可靠传输方案部署到该系统。验证系统的实验结果表明,本文方案能够保证合法节点的安全接入的同时有效抵御非法节点的攻击行为。
Wireless sensor network is a technology with the goal of application. Due to the manufacturing process improvement of hardware and all the breakthroughs in the design of operation system or network protocols, wireless sensor network turns to be suitable for any kinds of indeed needs, and also becomes one of the most important technologies for the development of Internet of Things. In the beginning, designers only focused on the implement of widespread deployment and self-organization of the network, security issues had not been taken into consideration. Recently, wireless sensor network has been applied to industry and agriculture, military and other fields, security leaks lead to more serious consequences ever. Thus, the research of wireless sensor network security schemes becomes the hot and also difficult topic nowadays.
By transplanting the algorithms for other traditional network, analyzing security issues in pre-designed protocols for wireless sensor network, or designing brand new security schemes, researchers focused on this field have already proposed many security mechanisms as key management, security routing, security authentication or reliable transport. As we can see, enhancing the security of the network indeed will scarify the energy consumption. So, how to balance the "energy consumption" and "security issue" is the most important research direction in the future, and also the main problem we are going to solve in this paper.
In this paper, we deeply analyze the wireless sensor network security schemes and mainly focus on the energy consumption of them. Base on the research results, we design and implement three security schemes as follows.
1. Energy optimized secure routing protocol based on uneven distribution for wireless sensor network.
In order to solve the "energy black hole" problem caused by uneven energy consumption in wireless sensor network, we propose an energy-optimized secure routing protocol based on uneven distribution. In the process we introduce degree of edge parameters in cluster head election, the minimum energy consumption path mechanism in inter-cluster network establishment and energy consumption ratio parameters in inner-cluster network establishment to implement energy optimization in routing establishment. In the meantime, we also design a node authentication scheme based on secret sharing information, which brings no more message interactions at all, to implement the enhancement of the network. The node authentication scheme is proved to be an effective method to prevent the network from passive attacks and active attacks. Our proposal ensures the safety of network communication and it also balances the energy consumption of the entire network, prolongs the life-time of the network, which means solves the "energy black hole" problem.
2. Secure authentication scheme based on batch verification for wireless sensor network.
Most of the secure authentication schemes for wireless sensor networks are aiming at peer-to-peer authentication or sink node broadcast authentication, due to the energy restriction of sensor nodes, it is difficult to implement a scheme that the sink node can verify all the normal nodes for secure authentication, which will bring a lot of communication consumption and network delay. Our scheme is based on the idea of batch verification to implement sink node to normal nodes mode secure authentication. In the proposal, the only communication consumption is that normal nodes need to sign the message to form an authentication request and send to sink node. Our scheme can effectively reduce the communication consumption. At the same time, the time consumption is unrelated to the density of the nodes, which greatly reduces the network authentication delay. What is more, our proposal also has the ability to resist attacks based on identity, which like fake identity attack and Sybil attack.
3. Adaptive reliable transport scheme for wireless sensor network. The reliability of the data transportation in wireless sensor network determines the availability of network. In order to reduce the affects of data transportation from node failure or the decrease of the quality of the network link, we propose an adaptive reliable transport scheme. Our proposal based on the parameters of node participation ratio and data fusion average joint entropy, to implement a reliable data transport scheme which can adaptively decide to use retransmission mechanism or multi-path mechanism. In our proposal, sink node compute the node participation ratio to evaluate the network transport reliability, and intermediate node compute data fusion average joint entropy to adaptively decide the transport mechanism. Our scheme can effectively ensure the reliability of data transportation in wireless sensor network. And also, compared to another protocol Cushion, our proposal reduces the energy consumption and can prevent the network from attacks based on transportation, which like Black hole attack, Sink hole attack.
4. Design and implementation of the verification system.
At last, we design a wireless sensor network malicious node detection system based on the wireless sensor network intelligent monitor and control platform for agriculture which is developed in our lab. And we implement the schemes we proposed in chapter three and chapter four into in. The experimental results show that authentication system can effectively ensure legal node to security access the network and in the meantime prevent the network from illegal attacks.
引文
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