D型光纤SPR传感器的理论分析与优化设计
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摘要
表面等离子体共振(Surface Plasmon Resonance, SPR)效应是一种发生在金属薄层与电介质分界面上的物理光学现象,由于其对金属表面电介质折射率的变化非常灵敏,可以用来实时检测电介质折射率及其相关物理量的变化,SPR技术正被广泛应用于生物化学、免疫技术、制药等领域。
目前最为常用的SPR传感器是棱镜式传感器,这种传感器具有高精度的特点,然而体积大、成本高等缺点限制了其在现场监测、实时分析等方面的应用。针对这种情况,本文设计了一种具有体积小、成本低和灵敏度高等特点的D型光纤SPR传感器,并对其测量原理、结构参数及相位检测等内容进行了研究,主要内容从以下几个方面展开：
首先,从麦克斯韦方程组出发推导平面电磁波在介质中的传播,分析了全反射中倏逝波的产生原因及特性。根据德鲁特方程及薄膜中电磁波的传播理论,详细分析金属中等离子体的特性,深层次揭示SPR产生机理。
其次,研究了D型光纤SPR传感器的测量原理,讨论了其结构参数对传感器性能的影响,得到了具有最佳性能的传感器参数。此外,还对双金属合金技术在传感器上的应用进行了研究。
再次,讨论和比较当前相位检测方法,确定本文采用共光路干涉成像检测方法来设计相位检测系统,并以干涉原理为基础详细讨论了这种方法的检测原理。此外,还详细分析了此系统中相位的调制与解调。
最后,详细分析了折射率检测系统的功能,利用Visual C++完成了基于PC机的检测系统软件开发。
本论文在详细分析SPR效应的基础上完成了对D型光纤SPR传感器结构参数的优化设计、传感器后续的相位检测光路及检测系统软件设计等内容,为进一步开发完整的检测系统奠定了基础。
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an optical phenomenon taking place on the interface of metal-dielectric medium. Because of sensitive response to the refractive indices of dielectric in contact with the metal surface, SPR sensors are used for monitoring the variation of refractive indices or related quantities. SPR technology is widely utilized in the field of biochemistry, immunology and pharmacy etc.
Presently prism sensor is widely used because of good sensitivity, but the demerits such as large volume, high cost limit its application in field detection and real-time detection. According to this situation, we consider a SPR sensor based on D-type optical fiber in this paper. The proposed sensor can provide good sensitivity, which is small, simple and inexpensive. At the same time, the measurement principle, parameters optimization and phase detection were researched. Main contents in the paper are as follows:
Firstly, we deduced the propagation of plane electromagnetic wave in medium from Maxwell's equations. Furthermore, the production and characteristics of evanescent wave were analyzed. In terms of Drude equation and theory of electromagnetic wave propagating in thin film, we researched the characteristics of plasmon in metal and explain the cause of SPR.
Secondly, the measurement principle of D-type optical fiber sensor was discussed. In pursuit of the best performance, we optimized the parameters of the sensor. In addition, we studied the performance of optical fiber sensor with bimetallic alloy as well.
Thirdly, the current phase detection methods were discussed and the common path interferometry was adopted to detect the phase difference in this paper. Furthermore, the measurement principle of this method was discussed based on interference principle.Besides, we also analyze the phase modulation and demodulation.
Finally, we analyzed the function of refractive indices detection system in detail and completed development of this system software by Visual C++.
In this paper we have completed parameters optimization of sensor, design of phase detection system and development of system software, all of these lay a foundation for further development of entire detection system.
目前最为常用的SPR传感器是棱镜式传感器,这种传感器具有高精度的特点,然而体积大、成本高等缺点限制了其在现场监测、实时分析等方面的应用。针对这种情况,本文设计了一种具有体积小、成本低和灵敏度高等特点的D型光纤SPR传感器,并对其测量原理、结构参数及相位检测等内容进行了研究,主要内容从以下几个方面展开：
首先,从麦克斯韦方程组出发推导平面电磁波在介质中的传播,分析了全反射中倏逝波的产生原因及特性。根据德鲁特方程及薄膜中电磁波的传播理论,详细分析金属中等离子体的特性,深层次揭示SPR产生机理。
其次,研究了D型光纤SPR传感器的测量原理,讨论了其结构参数对传感器性能的影响,得到了具有最佳性能的传感器参数。此外,还对双金属合金技术在传感器上的应用进行了研究。
再次,讨论和比较当前相位检测方法,确定本文采用共光路干涉成像检测方法来设计相位检测系统,并以干涉原理为基础详细讨论了这种方法的检测原理。此外,还详细分析了此系统中相位的调制与解调。
最后,详细分析了折射率检测系统的功能,利用Visual C++完成了基于PC机的检测系统软件开发。
本论文在详细分析SPR效应的基础上完成了对D型光纤SPR传感器结构参数的优化设计、传感器后续的相位检测光路及检测系统软件设计等内容,为进一步开发完整的检测系统奠定了基础。
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an optical phenomenon taking place on the interface of metal-dielectric medium. Because of sensitive response to the refractive indices of dielectric in contact with the metal surface, SPR sensors are used for monitoring the variation of refractive indices or related quantities. SPR technology is widely utilized in the field of biochemistry, immunology and pharmacy etc.
Presently prism sensor is widely used because of good sensitivity, but the demerits such as large volume, high cost limit its application in field detection and real-time detection. According to this situation, we consider a SPR sensor based on D-type optical fiber in this paper. The proposed sensor can provide good sensitivity, which is small, simple and inexpensive. At the same time, the measurement principle, parameters optimization and phase detection were researched. Main contents in the paper are as follows:
Firstly, we deduced the propagation of plane electromagnetic wave in medium from Maxwell's equations. Furthermore, the production and characteristics of evanescent wave were analyzed. In terms of Drude equation and theory of electromagnetic wave propagating in thin film, we researched the characteristics of plasmon in metal and explain the cause of SPR.
Secondly, the measurement principle of D-type optical fiber sensor was discussed. In pursuit of the best performance, we optimized the parameters of the sensor. In addition, we studied the performance of optical fiber sensor with bimetallic alloy as well.
Thirdly, the current phase detection methods were discussed and the common path interferometry was adopted to detect the phase difference in this paper. Furthermore, the measurement principle of this method was discussed based on interference principle.Besides, we also analyze the phase modulation and demodulation.
Finally, we analyzed the function of refractive indices detection system in detail and completed development of this system software by Visual C++.
In this paper we have completed parameters optimization of sensor, design of phase detection system and development of system software, all of these lay a foundation for further development of entire detection system.
引文
[1]陈抗生.电磁场和电磁波[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2007：1-321.
[2]J.Homola, J.dostalek, S.Chen. Spectral surface plasmon resonance biosensor for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in milk [J]. International Journal of food Microbiology,2002, 75(1-2):61-69.
[3]Z. Physik, Otto A. Excitation nonradiative of surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection[J].Zeitschrift fur Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei,1968,216(4):398-410.
[4]蔡强,李翔,陈裕泉.基于表面等离子共振的生物传感器的历史、现状与前景[J].国外医学·生物医学工程分册,1999,22(2)：65-71.
[5]Moharam M G, Gaylord T K. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of metallic surface-relief gratings [J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am.A,1986,3(11):1780-1787.
[6]Homola J, Yee S S, G Gauglitz. Surface plasmon resonance sensors:review [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,1999,54(1-2):3-15.
[7]Lambeck P V. Integrated opto-chemical sensors [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,1992,8:103-116.
[8]Jorgenson R C, Yee S S. A fiber-optic chemical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,1993,12(3):213-220.
[9]Trioli C R, Trouillet A, Veillas C. Monochromatic excitation of surface plasmon resonance in an optical-fiber refractive-index sensor [J]. Sensors and Actuators A,1996,54(1-3):589-593.
[10]Abdelghani A, Jaffrezic-Renault N. SPR fiber sensor sensitized by fluorosiloxane polymers [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2001,74(1):117-123.
[11]Wen Bin Lin, Monique Lacroix, Jean Marc Chovelon. Development of a fiber-optic sensor based on surface plasmon resonance on silver film for monitoring aqueous media [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2001,75(3):203-209.
[12]曹振新,梁大开,郭明江.光纤表面等离子体波传感器中膜厚与共振波长关系的实验研究[J].光学学报,2003,23(1)：125-128.
[13]陈悦,崔大付等.小型SPR生物传感器的研制[J].传感器与微系统,2006,25(12)：79-81.
[14]聂奕,刘德明等.用于生化分析的SPR效应研究[J].华中科技大学学报,2001,29(8)：21-22.
[15]杨波.基于蛋白质分子相互作用分析的SPR生物传感器的研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学,2004：45-46.
[16]文可.SPR生物传感器系统的研究[D].天津：南开大学大学,2004：19-22.
[17]崔大付,李向明,蔡浩原等.表面等离子体谐振(SPR)生化分析仪的研制[J].现代科学仪器,2001,6(9)：34-38.
[18]陈军.光学电磁理论[M].北京：科学出版社,2005：69-109.
[19]刘向绍.基于SPR技术的便携式体液全分析实验系统的单点实时信号采集与初步分析[D].重庆：重庆大学,2007：5-28.
[20]江辉明.基于平面光波导的SPR生物传感器的研究[D].江西：江西师范大学,2006：1-21.
[21]李向明.一种基于SPR的新型生化测试系统的研制[D].北京：中国科学院电子学研究所,2000：5-54.
[22]曹振新.基于表面等离子体共振效应的信息获取和显示[D].南京：东南大学,2005：6-45.
[23]Ming-Hung Chiu, Chih-Hsien Shih. Searching for optimal sensitivity of single-mode D-type optical fiber sensor in the phase measurement [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2008,131(2):596-601.
[24]Mitusushio M,Miyashita K, Higo M. Sensor properties and surface characterization of the metal-deposited SPR optical fiber sensors with Au, Ag, Cu, and Al [J]. Sensors Actuators A, 2006,125(2):296-303.
[25]Yu Xinglong, Zhao Lequn, Jiang Hong. Immunosensor based on optical heterodyne phase detection [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2001,76(1-3):199-202.
[26]Shuai Shen, Tong Liu, Jihua Guo. Optical phase-shift detection of surface plasmon resonance [J]. Applid Optics,1998,37(10):1747-1751.
[27]Wu Chien-Ming, Jian Zhi-Cheng, Joe Shen-Fen. High-sensitivity sensor based on surface plasmon resonance and heterodyne interferometry [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2003,92(1-2):133-236.
[28]Yu Xinglong, Wang Dingxin, Wei Xing. A surface plasmon resonance imaging interferometry for protein micro-array detection [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2005,108(1-2):765-771.
[29]余兴龙,刘俊峰,定翔.基于SPR相位检测的蛋白质芯片信号获取与处理研究[J].生命科学仪器,2005,3(3)：20-24.
[30]Nitik in P I, Grigo renko A N, Belogzelov A A. Surface plasmon resonance interferometry for micro-array biosensing [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2000,85(1-3):189-193.
[31]Ho HO, LamWW. Application of differential phase measurement technique to surface plasmon resonance sensors [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2003,96(3):554-559.
[32]Kruch inin A A, V lasov Yu G. Surface plasmon resonance monitoring by means of polarization state measurement in reflected light as the basis of a DNA-probe biosensor [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,1996,30(1):77-80.
[33]Ryo Naraoka, Kotaro Kajikawa. Phase detection of surface plasmon resonance'using rotating analyzer method [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2005,107(2):952-956.
[34]苏富芳,吴福全,王伟.渥拉斯顿棱镜在不同方式组合下的光路特性分析[J].光学技术,2003,29(6)：679-684.
[35]Yu Xinglong, Wang Dingxin, Yan Zibo. Simulation and analysis of surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on phase detection [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2003,91(1-3):285-290.
[36]王育坚.Visual C++面向对象编程教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007：1-362.
[37]罗斌.Visual C++编程技巧精选500例[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005：6-50.
[38]曹计昌,袁志勇,朱莉,闵华松.C++语言及面向对象程序设计[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2004：303-547.
[39]谭浩强.C程序设计[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1999：309-358.
[40]梁普选.Visual C++程序设计与实践[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005：101-238.
[41]林青松,胡方霞,刘杰,陈发吉.Visual C++案例开发[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005：12-140.
[42]张亮,王继阳.MATLAB与C／C++混合编程[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2008：44-235.
[2]J.Homola, J.dostalek, S.Chen. Spectral surface plasmon resonance biosensor for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in milk [J]. International Journal of food Microbiology,2002, 75(1-2):61-69.
[3]Z. Physik, Otto A. Excitation nonradiative of surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection[J].Zeitschrift fur Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei,1968,216(4):398-410.
[4]蔡强,李翔,陈裕泉.基于表面等离子共振的生物传感器的历史、现状与前景[J].国外医学·生物医学工程分册,1999,22(2)：65-71.
[5]Moharam M G, Gaylord T K. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of metallic surface-relief gratings [J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am.A,1986,3(11):1780-1787.
[6]Homola J, Yee S S, G Gauglitz. Surface plasmon resonance sensors:review [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,1999,54(1-2):3-15.
[7]Lambeck P V. Integrated opto-chemical sensors [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,1992,8:103-116.
[8]Jorgenson R C, Yee S S. A fiber-optic chemical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,1993,12(3):213-220.
[9]Trioli C R, Trouillet A, Veillas C. Monochromatic excitation of surface plasmon resonance in an optical-fiber refractive-index sensor [J]. Sensors and Actuators A,1996,54(1-3):589-593.
[10]Abdelghani A, Jaffrezic-Renault N. SPR fiber sensor sensitized by fluorosiloxane polymers [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2001,74(1):117-123.
[11]Wen Bin Lin, Monique Lacroix, Jean Marc Chovelon. Development of a fiber-optic sensor based on surface plasmon resonance on silver film for monitoring aqueous media [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2001,75(3):203-209.
[12]曹振新,梁大开,郭明江.光纤表面等离子体波传感器中膜厚与共振波长关系的实验研究[J].光学学报,2003,23(1)：125-128.
[13]陈悦,崔大付等.小型SPR生物传感器的研制[J].传感器与微系统,2006,25(12)：79-81.
[14]聂奕,刘德明等.用于生化分析的SPR效应研究[J].华中科技大学学报,2001,29(8)：21-22.
[15]杨波.基于蛋白质分子相互作用分析的SPR生物传感器的研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学,2004：45-46.
[16]文可.SPR生物传感器系统的研究[D].天津：南开大学大学,2004：19-22.
[17]崔大付,李向明,蔡浩原等.表面等离子体谐振(SPR)生化分析仪的研制[J].现代科学仪器,2001,6(9)：34-38.
[18]陈军.光学电磁理论[M].北京：科学出版社,2005：69-109.
[19]刘向绍.基于SPR技术的便携式体液全分析实验系统的单点实时信号采集与初步分析[D].重庆：重庆大学,2007：5-28.
[20]江辉明.基于平面光波导的SPR生物传感器的研究[D].江西：江西师范大学,2006：1-21.
[21]李向明.一种基于SPR的新型生化测试系统的研制[D].北京：中国科学院电子学研究所,2000：5-54.
[22]曹振新.基于表面等离子体共振效应的信息获取和显示[D].南京：东南大学,2005：6-45.
[23]Ming-Hung Chiu, Chih-Hsien Shih. Searching for optimal sensitivity of single-mode D-type optical fiber sensor in the phase measurement [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2008,131(2):596-601.
[24]Mitusushio M,Miyashita K, Higo M. Sensor properties and surface characterization of the metal-deposited SPR optical fiber sensors with Au, Ag, Cu, and Al [J]. Sensors Actuators A, 2006,125(2):296-303.
[25]Yu Xinglong, Zhao Lequn, Jiang Hong. Immunosensor based on optical heterodyne phase detection [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2001,76(1-3):199-202.
[26]Shuai Shen, Tong Liu, Jihua Guo. Optical phase-shift detection of surface plasmon resonance [J]. Applid Optics,1998,37(10):1747-1751.
[27]Wu Chien-Ming, Jian Zhi-Cheng, Joe Shen-Fen. High-sensitivity sensor based on surface plasmon resonance and heterodyne interferometry [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2003,92(1-2):133-236.
[28]Yu Xinglong, Wang Dingxin, Wei Xing. A surface plasmon resonance imaging interferometry for protein micro-array detection [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2005,108(1-2):765-771.
[29]余兴龙,刘俊峰,定翔.基于SPR相位检测的蛋白质芯片信号获取与处理研究[J].生命科学仪器,2005,3(3)：20-24.
[30]Nitik in P I, Grigo renko A N, Belogzelov A A. Surface plasmon resonance interferometry for micro-array biosensing [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2000,85(1-3):189-193.
[31]Ho HO, LamWW. Application of differential phase measurement technique to surface plasmon resonance sensors [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2003,96(3):554-559.
[32]Kruch inin A A, V lasov Yu G. Surface plasmon resonance monitoring by means of polarization state measurement in reflected light as the basis of a DNA-probe biosensor [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,1996,30(1):77-80.
[33]Ryo Naraoka, Kotaro Kajikawa. Phase detection of surface plasmon resonance'using rotating analyzer method [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2005,107(2):952-956.
[34]苏富芳,吴福全,王伟.渥拉斯顿棱镜在不同方式组合下的光路特性分析[J].光学技术,2003,29(6)：679-684.
[35]Yu Xinglong, Wang Dingxin, Yan Zibo. Simulation and analysis of surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on phase detection [J]. Sensors and Actuators B,2003,91(1-3):285-290.
[36]王育坚.Visual C++面向对象编程教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007：1-362.
[37]罗斌.Visual C++编程技巧精选500例[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005：6-50.
[38]曹计昌,袁志勇,朱莉,闵华松.C++语言及面向对象程序设计[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2004：303-547.
[39]谭浩强.C程序设计[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1999：309-358.
[40]梁普选.Visual C++程序设计与实践[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005：101-238.
[41]林青松,胡方霞,刘杰,陈发吉.Visual C++案例开发[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005：12-140.
[42]张亮,王继阳.MATLAB与C／C++混合编程[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2008：44-235.