基于PWM的LED机器视觉光源技术的研究
|
摘要
LED具有环保、寿命长、低功耗等特性,近年来在机器视觉领域快速地应用和发展,LED驱动电路的研究和设计也成为关注的焦点。本课题设计主要应用于神光III原型装置靶场光电及控制系统中,监测仪和传感器的CCD用作在线观测靶场、摄取图像并进行图像处理,现场光线强弱对图像的分析和处理具有十分重要的作用,为此实验设计了绿光(波长在525nm左右)LED照明光源系统,通过调节照明系统光强可以灵活改变图像的亮度和对比度。
本课题根据靶场内监测仪和传感器的光学系统照明需求,制定了光源的设计指标,如工作距范围、照明区域和LED的倾斜角度等参数,提出了碗型圆周阵列排布的光源设计方案,利用MatLab软件进行图像处理和理论计算,借助TracePro光学软件分析光源照度分布特点,设计电路并搭建光路,并对光源设计进行合理性验证。同时通过研究脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation, PWM)技术的实现原理,由此设计基于脉冲宽度调制的LED电源驱动器,编写Verilog语言并运用Modelsim和ISE软件进行程序的仿真和综合,实现光源的手动调节方式;规定PC机与单片机的通信协议,PC机通过RS-232总线与单片机实现异步全双工的数据收发模式,利用现场可编程逻辑器件(Field Programmable Logic Array, FPGA)实现程控方式自动调节照明光源的光强。通过上述方法改善神光III原型装置靶场光电及控制系统中监测仪和传感器的CCD光照环境,提高图像品质,为图像处理后数据的可靠性和准确性提供良好的保障。
In recent years, LED is developing and applying in Machine visual field quickly, because of its characteristics of environmental protection, long life and low power consumption, and the research and the design on LED driver circuit has also become the focus of attention. The subject is mainly used in the design and control of photovoltaic systems on Sheng Guang-III prototype device. CCD in the monitors and sensors, are used for online observation range, image incepting and image processing. The green LED light source (in 525nm wavelength) system has been experimented and been designed, because the strength of the light spot in image processing and analysis plays a very important role. The brightness and the contrast of images can been changed flexibly by adjusting the lighting system.
This issue developed the design specifications on light source of monitor and sensor repeatedly, such as the parameters about the scope of the work regional, the lighting area on light source and the angle on LEDs, in accordance with the illumination requirements about the optics system of monitor and sensor, and put forward the light source array design about the bowl-type circular arrangement. The issue designed the circuit and structures the optical path by using image processing and theoretical calculations based on MatLab software and analyzing illumination distribution of the light source by TracePro optical software, and verified the reasonableness of the design about the light source. It was been researched that the realization of the principle of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technology, which designed the LED driver of light source based on PWM at the same while. The system achieved the way of the manual adjustment to the light source through preparation of Verilog programs and Modelsim and ISE software simulating and synthesising procedures ; The communications protocol was been provisioned with MCU , thereby , PC machines sent and received data with MCU through RS-232 bus using the full-duplex asynchronous mode. Finally using Field Programmable Logic Array (FPGA) achieved the function of adjusting the lighting strength of the light source automatically by the way of programmable controller. The scheme mentioned above can improve lighting conditions and enhance image quality to the CCDs in the monitors and sensors of the design and control of photovoltaic systems on Sheng Guang-III prototype device, and can provide the good protection to the reliability and the accuracy of data after image processing.
本课题根据靶场内监测仪和传感器的光学系统照明需求,制定了光源的设计指标,如工作距范围、照明区域和LED的倾斜角度等参数,提出了碗型圆周阵列排布的光源设计方案,利用MatLab软件进行图像处理和理论计算,借助TracePro光学软件分析光源照度分布特点,设计电路并搭建光路,并对光源设计进行合理性验证。同时通过研究脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation, PWM)技术的实现原理,由此设计基于脉冲宽度调制的LED电源驱动器,编写Verilog语言并运用Modelsim和ISE软件进行程序的仿真和综合,实现光源的手动调节方式;规定PC机与单片机的通信协议,PC机通过RS-232总线与单片机实现异步全双工的数据收发模式,利用现场可编程逻辑器件(Field Programmable Logic Array, FPGA)实现程控方式自动调节照明光源的光强。通过上述方法改善神光III原型装置靶场光电及控制系统中监测仪和传感器的CCD光照环境,提高图像品质,为图像处理后数据的可靠性和准确性提供良好的保障。
In recent years, LED is developing and applying in Machine visual field quickly, because of its characteristics of environmental protection, long life and low power consumption, and the research and the design on LED driver circuit has also become the focus of attention. The subject is mainly used in the design and control of photovoltaic systems on Sheng Guang-III prototype device. CCD in the monitors and sensors, are used for online observation range, image incepting and image processing. The green LED light source (in 525nm wavelength) system has been experimented and been designed, because the strength of the light spot in image processing and analysis plays a very important role. The brightness and the contrast of images can been changed flexibly by adjusting the lighting system.
This issue developed the design specifications on light source of monitor and sensor repeatedly, such as the parameters about the scope of the work regional, the lighting area on light source and the angle on LEDs, in accordance with the illumination requirements about the optics system of monitor and sensor, and put forward the light source array design about the bowl-type circular arrangement. The issue designed the circuit and structures the optical path by using image processing and theoretical calculations based on MatLab software and analyzing illumination distribution of the light source by TracePro optical software, and verified the reasonableness of the design about the light source. It was been researched that the realization of the principle of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technology, which designed the LED driver of light source based on PWM at the same while. The system achieved the way of the manual adjustment to the light source through preparation of Verilog programs and Modelsim and ISE software simulating and synthesising procedures ; The communications protocol was been provisioned with MCU , thereby , PC machines sent and received data with MCU through RS-232 bus using the full-duplex asynchronous mode. Finally using Field Programmable Logic Array (FPGA) achieved the function of adjusting the lighting strength of the light source automatically by the way of programmable controller. The scheme mentioned above can improve lighting conditions and enhance image quality to the CCDs in the monitors and sensors of the design and control of photovoltaic systems on Sheng Guang-III prototype device, and can provide the good protection to the reliability and the accuracy of data after image processing.
引文
1周太明,周详,蔡伟新.光源原理与设计.第二版.复旦大学出版社, 2006:8～414
2 Sung Ki Kim, Seo Young Kim, Yong Don Choi. Thermal performance of cooling system for red, green and blue LED light source for real projection TV. The Tenth Intersociety Conference, May 30 2006~June 2 2006, San Diego, CA. IEEE, 5 July 2006:377～379
3杨珂,肖晗,解光军.白光LED的驱动电路研究与发展.电子科技. 2008, 21(4):7～10
4刘国栋.惯性约束聚变靶场光电靶场光电监测光电技术的研究.哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文. 2005.6:3～41
5李作多. LED照明灯的应用技术.现代企业教育. 2009, (6):88
6 TracePro User’s Manual 3.0. Lambda Research Corporation, 2002:45～278
7李泽民,王俊,王景.利用单片机产生PWM信号的软件实现方法.机电技术. 2008, (1):20～21
8王声钊,卢健康,高扬.脉宽调制占空比门限电路设计.机械与电子. 2008, (2):47
9 S.Urgun. Implementation of Softswitched Frequency Unfolder Technique for Single Phase Inverter. Electrotechnical Conference, Ajaccio, 5～7 May 2008. IEEE, 3 September 2008:625～628
10 Ming-Tzer Lin, Chao-Chi Chang, Ray-Hua Horing. Heat Dissipation Performance for the Application of Light Emitting Diode. Design, Test, Integration & Packaging of MEMS/MOEMS, Rome, Italy, 2009. IEEE, 1-3 April 2009:145 ~149
11 Bui ,T. Vogler ,W. Ives , L. Shephard ,M. Klaas ,O. Remacle ,J .F . Initial operation of beam optics analysis, a 3D charged particle code with adaptive meshing. Plasma Science, 26~30 May 2002. IEEE, 7 November 2002:358
12胡能中. TracePro入门与进阶.五南图书出版公司, 2006.9:117~136
13 Stookey G K. Optical methods quantitative light fluorescence. J Dent Res, 2004, (8):84~88
14 Hasegawa Y, Yamada Y, Tamura M. Monte Carlo simulation of light transmission through living tissues. Opt, 1991, 30(31):4515~4520
15 Palmer, GM, Zhu, C, Breslin, TM, Xu, F, Gilchrist, KW, Ramanujam. Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis. Opt, 2006(45):1072~1078
16 Palmer GM, Ramanujam N. Monte Carlo-based inverse model forcalculatingtissue optical properties. I:Theory and validation onsynthetic phantoms. Opt, 2006, 45 (5):1062-1071
17钱雯磊,李筠,陈晓荣,戴曙光,陈详熙.用TracePro设计高功率LED.中国仪器仪表学会第九届青年学术会议,中国安徽黄山, 2007.仪器仪表学报, 2007, (3):964~967
18颜峻,王素彬,于映.用蒙特卡罗方法模拟LED光源光分布.福州大学学报(自然科学版), 2003, (4):413~416
19陈波,李伟平,黄杨程,雷国文.一款LED后位灯的光学设计与仿真.光学仪器, 2006, (5):39~40
20陈波,余彬海.大功率LED封装结构的仿真设计.佛山科学技术学院学报(自然科学版), 2006, (1):30~31
21陈琼,刘红,李金国,沈彦南.发光二极管LED光源模型研究.光源与照明, 2005, (3):15~17
22 Rongfeng Guan, Dalei Tian, Xing Wang. Design and Implementation of LED Daylight Lamp Lighting System. Electronic Packaging Technology & High Density Packaging, Shanghai, 28~31 July 2008. IEEE, 22 Augest 2008:1~3
23 Spartan-3 Generation FPGA User Guider. Xilinx, 2005:23~88
24 Jose Luis Nunez-Yanez, Vassilios, Jiri Gaisler. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE SCALING IN A FPGA-BASED SYSTEM-ON-CHIP. Field Programmable Logic and Applications, Amsterdam, 27-29 Aug 2007. IEEE, 12 November 2007:459~462
25宋威,方穗明.基于BUFGMAX与DCM的FPGA时钟电路设计.现代电子杂志. 2006, (2):141~143
26 Heinz van der Broeck, Georg Sauerlander, Matthias Wendt. Power driver topologies and control schemes for LEDs. Applied Power Electronics Conference, Anaheim, CA, USA, Feb 25 2007~March 1 2007. IEEE, 7 May 2007:1319~1325
27兰颖,李刚. iCoupler数字隔离技术及其应用.电子应用技术. 2006, (11):89~93
28 A. J. Salim, M. Othman, M. A. Mohd Ali. Integration of 8051 With DSP in Xilinx FPGA. Semiconductor Electronics, Kuala Lumpur, Oct 29 2006~Dec 1 2006. IEEE, 2 July 2007:562~566
29孙航,胡灵博,于联锋. Xilinx可编程逻辑器件应用与系统设计.电子工业出版社,2008:4~350
30薛小刚,葛益民. Xilinx ISE 9.X FPGA/CPLD设计指南.人民教育出版社, 2007:51~150
31 Clifford E.Cummings. Verilog Simulation of Xilinx Designs. Tektronix, Inc.:93~100
32毛泽安,陈世同,张成,梁辉. FPGA的2种串行下载模式.应用技术. 2006, 33(5):31~33
33 Matthew Ownby, Dr. Wagdy H. Mahmoud. A Design Methodology for Implementing DSP with Xilinx System Generator for Matlab. System Theory, 16~18 March 2003. IEEE, 22 April 2003:404~408
34陈满.基于FPGA的多路脉冲时序控制电路设计与实现.四川大学硕士学位论文. 2006.5:50~57
35 Saad Mekhilef,N.A.Rahim. XILINX FPGA BASED THREE-PHASE PWM INVERTER AND ITS APPLICATION FOR UTILITY CONNECTED PV SYSTEM. TENCON '02. Proceedings, 28~31 Oct 2002. IEEE, 28 February 2003:2079~2082
36蒋红安.过流保护新器件-自恢复保险丝.广播电视信息(下半月刊). 2007, (11):34~36
37 Sun-Ying, Zhu-dazhong. Design and Research of RS232 Communication Circuit Used For 0.6um CMOS Sensor IC. Solid-State and Integrated CircuitTechnology, Shanghai, Oct. 2006. IEEE, 2 April 2007:557~559
38钱峰. EZ-USB FX2单片机原理、编程及应用.北京航空航天大学出版社, 2006:15~132
39李波,刘嘉勇,蒋瑜,刘现魁.基于EZ-USB FX2的单向系统传输设计与实现.信息与电子工程. 2008, 6(1):48~50
40杨会成,卓芝强.单片机与PC机串行数据通信的工程实践.微型机与应用. 2003, (5):22~24
41廖光朝,戴士望,陈迎.工程应用中如何确保LED的使用可靠性.电子测试. 2007, (8):38
42 S. Carleton et al. Metal Halide Lamps with Ceramic Envelopes: A Breakthrough in Color Control. J .I .E .S . 1997:139~145
43 M. Born, H .Giese, T .Krucken. Modeling of High Intensity Discharge Lamps. U.S .1998:384~385
44陈成全.简易带过流保护直流电机电源设计.电源世界. 2005, (3):26
45龚睿,王萍.基于FPGA的串行接收模块的设计.微计算机信息. 2008, (26):137~138
46房瑞华,黄士坦.异步串行智能通信的FPGA实现方法.航空计算技术.2006,36(6):113~115
47 J. Norhuzaimin, H.H Maimun. The Design of High Speed UART. Applied Electromagnetics, Johor, 20~21 Dec 2005. IEEE, 20 March 2006:306~310
48 Wei, Mingzhi, Stover, R.J.. A USB 2.0 computer interface for the UCO/Lick CCD cameras. Optical and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy, 21 June 2004~ 22 June 2004. SPIE, 2004:476~480
49井新宇.基于FPGA/CPLD设计与实现UART.今日电子. 2004, (7):33~37
2 Sung Ki Kim, Seo Young Kim, Yong Don Choi. Thermal performance of cooling system for red, green and blue LED light source for real projection TV. The Tenth Intersociety Conference, May 30 2006~June 2 2006, San Diego, CA. IEEE, 5 July 2006:377～379
3杨珂,肖晗,解光军.白光LED的驱动电路研究与发展.电子科技. 2008, 21(4):7～10
4刘国栋.惯性约束聚变靶场光电靶场光电监测光电技术的研究.哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文. 2005.6:3～41
5李作多. LED照明灯的应用技术.现代企业教育. 2009, (6):88
6 TracePro User’s Manual 3.0. Lambda Research Corporation, 2002:45～278
7李泽民,王俊,王景.利用单片机产生PWM信号的软件实现方法.机电技术. 2008, (1):20～21
8王声钊,卢健康,高扬.脉宽调制占空比门限电路设计.机械与电子. 2008, (2):47
9 S.Urgun. Implementation of Softswitched Frequency Unfolder Technique for Single Phase Inverter. Electrotechnical Conference, Ajaccio, 5～7 May 2008. IEEE, 3 September 2008:625～628
10 Ming-Tzer Lin, Chao-Chi Chang, Ray-Hua Horing. Heat Dissipation Performance for the Application of Light Emitting Diode. Design, Test, Integration & Packaging of MEMS/MOEMS, Rome, Italy, 2009. IEEE, 1-3 April 2009:145 ~149
11 Bui ,T. Vogler ,W. Ives , L. Shephard ,M. Klaas ,O. Remacle ,J .F . Initial operation of beam optics analysis, a 3D charged particle code with adaptive meshing. Plasma Science, 26~30 May 2002. IEEE, 7 November 2002:358
12胡能中. TracePro入门与进阶.五南图书出版公司, 2006.9:117~136
13 Stookey G K. Optical methods quantitative light fluorescence. J Dent Res, 2004, (8):84~88
14 Hasegawa Y, Yamada Y, Tamura M. Monte Carlo simulation of light transmission through living tissues. Opt, 1991, 30(31):4515~4520
15 Palmer, GM, Zhu, C, Breslin, TM, Xu, F, Gilchrist, KW, Ramanujam. Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis. Opt, 2006(45):1072~1078
16 Palmer GM, Ramanujam N. Monte Carlo-based inverse model forcalculatingtissue optical properties. I:Theory and validation onsynthetic phantoms. Opt, 2006, 45 (5):1062-1071
17钱雯磊,李筠,陈晓荣,戴曙光,陈详熙.用TracePro设计高功率LED.中国仪器仪表学会第九届青年学术会议,中国安徽黄山, 2007.仪器仪表学报, 2007, (3):964~967
18颜峻,王素彬,于映.用蒙特卡罗方法模拟LED光源光分布.福州大学学报(自然科学版), 2003, (4):413~416
19陈波,李伟平,黄杨程,雷国文.一款LED后位灯的光学设计与仿真.光学仪器, 2006, (5):39~40
20陈波,余彬海.大功率LED封装结构的仿真设计.佛山科学技术学院学报(自然科学版), 2006, (1):30~31
21陈琼,刘红,李金国,沈彦南.发光二极管LED光源模型研究.光源与照明, 2005, (3):15~17
22 Rongfeng Guan, Dalei Tian, Xing Wang. Design and Implementation of LED Daylight Lamp Lighting System. Electronic Packaging Technology & High Density Packaging, Shanghai, 28~31 July 2008. IEEE, 22 Augest 2008:1~3
23 Spartan-3 Generation FPGA User Guider. Xilinx, 2005:23~88
24 Jose Luis Nunez-Yanez, Vassilios, Jiri Gaisler. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE SCALING IN A FPGA-BASED SYSTEM-ON-CHIP. Field Programmable Logic and Applications, Amsterdam, 27-29 Aug 2007. IEEE, 12 November 2007:459~462
25宋威,方穗明.基于BUFGMAX与DCM的FPGA时钟电路设计.现代电子杂志. 2006, (2):141~143
26 Heinz van der Broeck, Georg Sauerlander, Matthias Wendt. Power driver topologies and control schemes for LEDs. Applied Power Electronics Conference, Anaheim, CA, USA, Feb 25 2007~March 1 2007. IEEE, 7 May 2007:1319~1325
27兰颖,李刚. iCoupler数字隔离技术及其应用.电子应用技术. 2006, (11):89~93
28 A. J. Salim, M. Othman, M. A. Mohd Ali. Integration of 8051 With DSP in Xilinx FPGA. Semiconductor Electronics, Kuala Lumpur, Oct 29 2006~Dec 1 2006. IEEE, 2 July 2007:562~566
29孙航,胡灵博,于联锋. Xilinx可编程逻辑器件应用与系统设计.电子工业出版社,2008:4~350
30薛小刚,葛益民. Xilinx ISE 9.X FPGA/CPLD设计指南.人民教育出版社, 2007:51~150
31 Clifford E.Cummings. Verilog Simulation of Xilinx Designs. Tektronix, Inc.:93~100
32毛泽安,陈世同,张成,梁辉. FPGA的2种串行下载模式.应用技术. 2006, 33(5):31~33
33 Matthew Ownby, Dr. Wagdy H. Mahmoud. A Design Methodology for Implementing DSP with Xilinx System Generator for Matlab. System Theory, 16~18 March 2003. IEEE, 22 April 2003:404~408
34陈满.基于FPGA的多路脉冲时序控制电路设计与实现.四川大学硕士学位论文. 2006.5:50~57
35 Saad Mekhilef,N.A.Rahim. XILINX FPGA BASED THREE-PHASE PWM INVERTER AND ITS APPLICATION FOR UTILITY CONNECTED PV SYSTEM. TENCON '02. Proceedings, 28~31 Oct 2002. IEEE, 28 February 2003:2079~2082
36蒋红安.过流保护新器件-自恢复保险丝.广播电视信息(下半月刊). 2007, (11):34~36
37 Sun-Ying, Zhu-dazhong. Design and Research of RS232 Communication Circuit Used For 0.6um CMOS Sensor IC. Solid-State and Integrated CircuitTechnology, Shanghai, Oct. 2006. IEEE, 2 April 2007:557~559
38钱峰. EZ-USB FX2单片机原理、编程及应用.北京航空航天大学出版社, 2006:15~132
39李波,刘嘉勇,蒋瑜,刘现魁.基于EZ-USB FX2的单向系统传输设计与实现.信息与电子工程. 2008, 6(1):48~50
40杨会成,卓芝强.单片机与PC机串行数据通信的工程实践.微型机与应用. 2003, (5):22~24
41廖光朝,戴士望,陈迎.工程应用中如何确保LED的使用可靠性.电子测试. 2007, (8):38
42 S. Carleton et al. Metal Halide Lamps with Ceramic Envelopes: A Breakthrough in Color Control. J .I .E .S . 1997:139~145
43 M. Born, H .Giese, T .Krucken. Modeling of High Intensity Discharge Lamps. U.S .1998:384~385
44陈成全.简易带过流保护直流电机电源设计.电源世界. 2005, (3):26
45龚睿,王萍.基于FPGA的串行接收模块的设计.微计算机信息. 2008, (26):137~138
46房瑞华,黄士坦.异步串行智能通信的FPGA实现方法.航空计算技术.2006,36(6):113~115
47 J. Norhuzaimin, H.H Maimun. The Design of High Speed UART. Applied Electromagnetics, Johor, 20~21 Dec 2005. IEEE, 20 March 2006:306~310
48 Wei, Mingzhi, Stover, R.J.. A USB 2.0 computer interface for the UCO/Lick CCD cameras. Optical and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy, 21 June 2004~ 22 June 2004. SPIE, 2004:476~480
49井新宇.基于FPGA/CPLD设计与实现UART.今日电子. 2004, (7):33~37