当代中国青少年礼仪教育的反思与建构
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摘要
本文从理论和实践相结合的角度探讨当代中国青少年礼仪教育问题,以期对学校礼仪教育和德育实践提供指导,力求创新和发展学校礼仪教育和德育理论。
本文采用调查研究、经验总结、文献研究、历史分析、比较分析等研究方法,在界定礼仪、礼仪素质、礼仪教育概念的基础上,分析反思当代中国青少年礼仪教育现状,梳理古今中外青少年礼仪教育的成功经验,论证青少年礼仪教育的基本功能及当代中国青少年礼仪教育的合理定位,探讨当代中国青少年礼仪教育的目标、内容、实施渠道与策略。文章按照发现问题、分析问题和解决问题的研究思路,较系统、全面地分析研究青少年礼仪教育的理论与实践,初步提出当代中国青少年礼仪教育的基本理论框架。
礼是中华文化中独有的概念,也是一个多维度的范畴,是我国古代社会政治、伦理规范与礼仪的总和。礼仪是指以建立和发展和谐的社会生活和人际关系为目的,由人们在长期的共同生活和社会交往中逐渐形成,并以礼节、礼貌、风俗、习惯和惯例等方式固定下来的约定俗成的行为规范。礼仪素质是指人在礼仪方面所具有的相对稳定的基本品质,是人的素质的重要方面。礼仪教育是指根据社会交往活动中的礼仪规范,有目的、有计划、有组织地对受教育者施以全面系统的影响,使之掌握社会生活中的礼貌、礼节、交往程序等,学会表达尊重和敬意的活动。
准确把握我国青少年礼仪教育的发展现状,并通过对实践进行反思进而找准制约发展的关键问题,是建构当代中国青少年礼仪教育的现实基础。我国青少年礼仪教育长期缺位,不但引起道德滑坡,而且对传承中华传统文化和提高中华民族竞争力带来不利影响。近年来,在党和政府的积极倡导以及社会各界的强烈呼吁下,从中央到地方,从社会到学校均对青少年礼仪教育进行了不懈的探索。目前,全国青少年礼仪教育实践活动大致可以概括为以下三种模式:一是课余活动模式,二是课程教学模式,三是专业培训模式。通过这些实践虽取得了一些成绩,但总体形势依然不容乐观。制约当代中国青少年礼仪教育发展的关键问题,一是礼仪教育的理念不清导致实践混乱,主要表现为青少年礼仪教育定位不准、目标不清,教育内容欠科学,实施渠道单一、方法简单等。二是青少年礼仪教育的社会支持不够造成发展乏力,表现为青少年礼仪教育政策和专业支持不足,教育合力不够等。
吸收借鉴古今中外青少年礼仪教育的成功经验,是建构当代中国青少年礼仪教育的实践经验基础。我国古代不仅有清晰的以礼仪教育为主的德育理念,而且有汗牛充栋的蒙书作为礼仪教育教科书,还有严密的礼仪教育实施体系,亟待我们继承与弘扬。被称为“儒家文化圈”的日本、韩国、新加坡等国家对青少年的礼仪教育在许多方面已后来居上,值得我们重新审视。此外,在欧美国家,在骑士教育、绅士教育、博雅教育等教育实践中的一些做法,也值得我们深入研究。东西方青少年礼仪教育各有所长,本着“古为今用”、“洋为中用”的精神,我们应采撷其中有益的可供借鉴的因素。
明确青少年礼仪教育的功能与合理定位,是建构当代中国青少年礼仪教育的前提和基础。对个体而言,礼仪教育可以培养和提高受教育者的礼仪素质,对受教育者个人的发展具有促进作用;在礼仪教育的实施过程中使受教育者获得精神上的满足,体验到乐趣,产生愉快心理;在教育过程之外,个体可以凭借其礼仪素质提高生活品质,使生活更为愉快、健康。就社会而言,礼仪教育能够促进礼仪文化在时间上的延续、空间上的扩展和代际间的传接;对促进经济交往和发展、维护社会稳定,促进社会和谐具有突出的作用。礼仪教育作为人文素质教育的重要渠道,是德育的基础工程,也是增强德育有效性的重要途径。
建构当代中国青少年礼仪教育,需科学设定目标体系与内容体系,以便明确发展方向和目标任务。青少年礼仪教育目标是一个由总目标和若干层级的分目标组成的目标体系。小学教育阶段的礼仪教育目标是认识礼仪的重要性,了解日常生活中的礼仪知识,初步形成尊重礼仪的思想意识和价值取向及礼仪行为习惯;中学教育阶段的礼仪教育目标是理解礼仪的基本理论知识,形成较为稳定的尊重礼仪的思想意识和价值取向,固化礼仪行为习惯;大学礼仪教育应着眼于大学生综合素质的提升,帮助大学生提高礼仪修养,把握礼仪的文化精神和思维方式,促进大学生实现自我完善。为实现青少年礼仪教育的目标,在设定青少年礼仪教育的内容体系时,既要考虑知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度价值观三个不同层面的教育目标要求,又要考虑不同学龄阶段的不同目标要求;既要以礼仪规范教育作为主要内容,又要兼顾礼仪理论知识教育;既要传承中华民族优秀礼仪文化,又要有全人类的视野。本文从礼仪理论、礼仪规范、民族礼俗三个维度,勾勒出了青少年礼仪教育的内容体系。
当代中国深入开展青少年礼仪教育,应从青少年身心成长规律和教育发展规律出发,充分考虑礼仪和礼仪文化的特点,构建学校、家庭、社会和网络“四位一体”的实施体系。
首先,青少年在学校接受教育的时期是其一生成长过程中最为关键和重要的阶段。因此,学校礼仪教育在青少年的整个礼仪教育体系中处于主导地位。从某种意义上讲,学校礼仪教育的效果决定着个人的文明程度,是个体礼仪素质形成的重要基地。所以说,学校对青少年进行的礼仪教育是任何一种教育形式都无法替代的。学校拥有一支高素质的专、兼职礼仪教育师资队伍,高效有力的教学手段和优良的校园环境,能够根据国家的有关方针政策,遵循礼仪教育发展规律,全面地、有的放矢地对青少年进行有效的礼仪教育。学校礼仪教育的实施,应遵循显性教育与隐性教育相一致、直接教育与间接教育相结合、“知”与“行”相统一的原则,应充分发挥课程教学的主渠道作用和学校礼仪文化环境的育人功能。
其次,家庭是人生中的第一所学校。作为人生起点的家庭和家庭教育,对于个体进入社会角色具有起始的定势作用。在家庭中进行礼仪教育,是对学前儿童进行礼仪教育的主要途径,也是个体形成和发展礼仪素质的基础和关键。家庭礼仪教育的实施,应重建家庭礼仪文化,建立良好的家礼、家规、家训;以日常生活规范教育为重点,注重礼仪行为养成;家长要发挥榜样和示范作用,自觉践行文明礼仪。
再次,社会礼仪教育有利于促进青少年学生在学校和家庭礼仪教育中所形成的礼仪素质的积淀和巩固。尽管社会礼仪教育目前在整个教育体系中还处于辅助和补偿地位,但它却具有独特的优势以及其他教育形态所不可替代的作用。社会礼仪教育和礼仪文化建设是一项系统工程,也是一个非常复杂、长期的过程,需要政府、行业、社区以及其他社会组织和部门之间的协作、支持和配合。社会礼仪教育的实施,应充分发挥政府职能部门的组织、领导和协调作用;充分利用大众传媒进行礼仪文化的宣传普及教育工作;积极开展丰富多彩的文明礼仪教育活动;重视传统节日和重大庆典活动中的礼仪教育。
最后,网络礼仪是人们在虚拟空间交往时所应遵循的礼节,是一系列使人们在网上有合适表现的行为规范。网络礼仪作为时代发展的产物,对于维护网络秩序、塑造网民形象、促进社会和谐具有至关重要的影响,理应纳入礼仪教育体系。网络礼仪教育的实施,应正确处理虚拟与现实的关系;注重示范和引导,营造浓厚的网络礼仪文化氛围;建立健全网络管理制度,强化网上行为监督与制约;重视网络社区的发展与投入,开展特色化网络社区建设。
Based on the combination of theory and practice, this thesis discusses the issues of contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education. It is expected to facilitate guiding school etiquette education and moral education, to innovate and develop school etiquette education theory and moral education theory.
This thesis mainly adopts research approaches such as making investigations, summarizing the experience, literature research, historical analysis, comparative analysis, etc. On the base of defining etiquette, etiquette quality, etiquette education, the thesis analyzes and reflects the contemporary status of the Chinese Youth etiquette education, presents the successful experience of Youth etiquette education in the world, demonstrates the basic functions of the Youth etiquette education and reasonable positioning of the contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education and explores education objectives, content, channels and strategies to implement. In accordance with the approaches of discovering the problems, analyzing the problem and solving the problem, the thesis analyzes and studies the Youth etiquette education theory and practice more systematically and comprehensively, puts forward preliminarily the basic theoretical frame of the contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education.
The thesis believes that the rites etiquette is an unique concept in Chinese culture as well as a multi-dimension category. It is the total of politics, ethics and etiquette of our ancient society. The etiquette refers to the behavioral norm sanctified by the form of courtesy, politeness, custom, habit and convention, etc. which is taken shape in long-term community life and social communication gradually with the purpose of establishing and developing harmonious social life and interpersonal relationships. Etiquette quality refers to the relatively-stable basic etiquette quality, which is the important aspect of the people's quality. It is an entity formed by etiquette spirit, etiquette consciousness and etiquette behavior. The etiquette education is the combination of etiquette and education that is constructed with overall and systematic influence on the students purposefully and in a planned way according to the behavioral norms of people in the social communication activity so that students could grasp social courtesy, communication procedure, etc. to learn to express respect and compliments.
To accurately grasp the development status of Chinese Youth etiquette education, and through reflection on practice and then identify the key issues constraining the development is contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education base in reality. The long-term absence of etiquette education among the teenagers not only lead to moral decline, but also the negative influence to the heritage of traditional Chinese culture and improvement of our national competitiveness. In recent years, the Party and the government actively advocated and strongly urged all sectors of society to explore the etiquette education continuously. At present, the national Youth etiquette educational practice activity can roughly be summarized as the following modes: Firstly, extracurricular activities mode. Secondly, course teaching mode. Thirdly, vocational training mode. Although these practices have achieved somewhat, but the overall situation is not optimistic. The key issues constraining the Youth etiquette education are listed below, above all, the unclear etiquette education concept resulting in the irregular ritual practice education which are mainly as follows: the inaccurate young people etiquette education target, the unclear education goals, the etiquette education content which is not scientific enough, the simple and single etiquette education implementation channel. Moreover, the Youth etiquette education lack strong social support ,which shows the lack of united force and professional support for the Youth etiquette education .
Absorbing and borrowing the successful experience of ancient and modern etiquette education in China and foreign countries is the practical experience base of constructing the contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education. In ancient China there are not only clear moral concept focusing on the etiquette education but also voluminous Mongolian etiquette education book as textbooks. Furthermore, the strict etiquette education implementation system needs to be inherited and promoted. The etiquette education for the Youth in the known as the "Confucian cultural circle" such as Japan, Korea, Singapore and other countries which come before us from the behind, which is worth our re-examining. In the United States and Europe, some practices in the Knights education, the Gentleman education, the Liberal Arts education are worthy of our in-depth study. It should be noted that etiquette education of young people in the Eastern and Western countries have their own characteristics and there are also significant differences between them. We should pick the beneficial things for reference by the principle of "the past serving the present", " the foreign things serving China".
To determine the function and reasonable positioning of the Youth etiquette education is the base for constructing contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education. For individuals, etiquette education can cultivate and improve the educated people’s etiquette quality and play a role in promoting the development of the individual; In the etiquette education implementation process, the etiquette education can give the educated spiritual satisfaction and fun to make them pleasant. Out of the etiquette education process, the individuals can rely on their etiquette education to improve life quality and make life more pleasant and healthy. As far as the society is concerned, etiquette education can promote the continuation of etiquette culture in time and expansion in space and intergenerational transmission. It also plays a prominent role in promoting economic exchanges and development, maintaining social stability and enhancing social harmony. As an important channel for humanistic education, the etiquette education is not only the base of moral engineering but also an important way to enhance the effectiveness of moral education.
To construct contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education system needs to set goals and contents system scientifically so that the direction and objectives of development could be determined. The Youth etiquette education goal is a target system consisting of general objective, multi-level partial targets. The primary school etiquette education target should focus on the recognition of the importance of etiquette education, teaching the etiquette manners which are closely connected to daily life, developing the initial good etiquette habits, enlightening etiquette ideology and value orientation. The secondary school etiquette education should focus on understanding the basic etiquette theory and forming good etiquette habits and more stable etiquette ideology and value orientation and forming the fixed etiquette habits. The university etiquette education should focus on upgrading the overall quality of university students , helping them improve etiquette self-cultivation to grasp the spirit of ritual culture and ways of thinking so as to achieve self-improvement. To achieve the goal of the Youth etiquette education, while setting the education content system for the Youth , we should not only take into account three different education levels of objectives and requirements such as knowledge and skills, processes and methods, emotional attitudes and value orientations but also take into account the different objectives and requirements at different stages of the school-age. We should not only take etiquette education as the main content but also take into account theoretical knowledge of etiquette education. We should not only inherit and develop splendid Chinese etiquette but also possess the vision of humanity. This thesis outlines the content system of the Youth etiquette education from three dimensions of ritual theory, ritual norms, the national customs.
To approach the contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education, we should give full consideration to the characteristics of etiquette and etiquette culture, meanwhile stand on the base of mental and physical growth and education development laws and construct the implementation system "Four in One" of schools, families, communities and networks.
First of all, the school education is the most critical and important phase for the Youth in his life. Therefore, the school etiquette education is dominant in a whole etiquette education system for the Youth. In a sense, the effect of school etiquette education determines the individual's level of civilization which is an important base for the individual etiquette quality. So the school etiquette education for the Youth can not be replaced by other education forms. The school has a high-quality professionals or part-time etiquette education teaching staff, efficient and effective teaching methods and excellent campus environment and handle effective etiquette education in accordance with national policies and following etiquette education development law. The implementation of school etiquette education should initially follow the principles such as the consistency of dominant and recessive education, the combination of direct and indirect education and the unity of "knowledge" and " Action". The school etiquette education should give full play to the role of teaching as the main channel and the function of educating by the school etiquette cultural environment.
Secondly, the family is the first school for life. As a starting point of life, family and family life education play a potential role for individuals to become a social character. Carrying out etiquette education in the family is not only the main way for the pre-school children etiquette education but also the foundation and the key for the individuals' etiquette education form and development. The family etiquette education implementation should re-establish family etiquette culture and build good family rituals and house rules, take daily life regular education as a focus and pay attention to ritual acts cultivation; Parents should play an exemplary and demonstration role and conscientiously to carry out a civilized manner.
Thirdly, the social etiquette education is conducive to promote the accumulation and consolidation of the Youth etiquette quality formed in school and family education. Although social etiquette education in the whole education system is currently still in the secondary and compensation status, but it has a unique advantage as well as an irreplaceable role by other forms of education. Social etiquette education and cultural construction is a systematic project as well as a very complex, long-term process that requires the collaboration, support and cooperation among government, industry, communities and other social organizations. The Social etiquette education implementation should give full play to the organization, leadership and coordination role of the government functional departments , make full use of the mass media to propaganda and popularize etiquette and cultural education, actively develop a variety of etiquette education activities and emphasize the etiquette education by traditional festivals and major celebrations.
Finally, the network etiquette is the etiquette that people should follow in the virtual space and is a series of appropriate behavioral norms on. Netiquette, as a product of the times, have an important bearing on the maintenance of the network order, and shaping the image of Internet users, and promoting social harmony .It should be adopted in etiquette education system. Network etiquette education implementation should correctly handle the relationship between the virtual and reality, focus on demonstrations and guidance to create a strong network etiquette culture atmosphere, establish and improve network management system, strengthen the supervision and restraint online behavior and attach importance to online community development and investment to build a characteristics network community.
本文采用调查研究、经验总结、文献研究、历史分析、比较分析等研究方法,在界定礼仪、礼仪素质、礼仪教育概念的基础上,分析反思当代中国青少年礼仪教育现状,梳理古今中外青少年礼仪教育的成功经验,论证青少年礼仪教育的基本功能及当代中国青少年礼仪教育的合理定位,探讨当代中国青少年礼仪教育的目标、内容、实施渠道与策略。文章按照发现问题、分析问题和解决问题的研究思路,较系统、全面地分析研究青少年礼仪教育的理论与实践,初步提出当代中国青少年礼仪教育的基本理论框架。
礼是中华文化中独有的概念,也是一个多维度的范畴,是我国古代社会政治、伦理规范与礼仪的总和。礼仪是指以建立和发展和谐的社会生活和人际关系为目的,由人们在长期的共同生活和社会交往中逐渐形成,并以礼节、礼貌、风俗、习惯和惯例等方式固定下来的约定俗成的行为规范。礼仪素质是指人在礼仪方面所具有的相对稳定的基本品质,是人的素质的重要方面。礼仪教育是指根据社会交往活动中的礼仪规范,有目的、有计划、有组织地对受教育者施以全面系统的影响,使之掌握社会生活中的礼貌、礼节、交往程序等,学会表达尊重和敬意的活动。
准确把握我国青少年礼仪教育的发展现状,并通过对实践进行反思进而找准制约发展的关键问题,是建构当代中国青少年礼仪教育的现实基础。我国青少年礼仪教育长期缺位,不但引起道德滑坡,而且对传承中华传统文化和提高中华民族竞争力带来不利影响。近年来,在党和政府的积极倡导以及社会各界的强烈呼吁下,从中央到地方,从社会到学校均对青少年礼仪教育进行了不懈的探索。目前,全国青少年礼仪教育实践活动大致可以概括为以下三种模式:一是课余活动模式,二是课程教学模式,三是专业培训模式。通过这些实践虽取得了一些成绩,但总体形势依然不容乐观。制约当代中国青少年礼仪教育发展的关键问题,一是礼仪教育的理念不清导致实践混乱,主要表现为青少年礼仪教育定位不准、目标不清,教育内容欠科学,实施渠道单一、方法简单等。二是青少年礼仪教育的社会支持不够造成发展乏力,表现为青少年礼仪教育政策和专业支持不足,教育合力不够等。
吸收借鉴古今中外青少年礼仪教育的成功经验,是建构当代中国青少年礼仪教育的实践经验基础。我国古代不仅有清晰的以礼仪教育为主的德育理念,而且有汗牛充栋的蒙书作为礼仪教育教科书,还有严密的礼仪教育实施体系,亟待我们继承与弘扬。被称为“儒家文化圈”的日本、韩国、新加坡等国家对青少年的礼仪教育在许多方面已后来居上,值得我们重新审视。此外,在欧美国家,在骑士教育、绅士教育、博雅教育等教育实践中的一些做法,也值得我们深入研究。东西方青少年礼仪教育各有所长,本着“古为今用”、“洋为中用”的精神,我们应采撷其中有益的可供借鉴的因素。
明确青少年礼仪教育的功能与合理定位,是建构当代中国青少年礼仪教育的前提和基础。对个体而言,礼仪教育可以培养和提高受教育者的礼仪素质,对受教育者个人的发展具有促进作用;在礼仪教育的实施过程中使受教育者获得精神上的满足,体验到乐趣,产生愉快心理;在教育过程之外,个体可以凭借其礼仪素质提高生活品质,使生活更为愉快、健康。就社会而言,礼仪教育能够促进礼仪文化在时间上的延续、空间上的扩展和代际间的传接;对促进经济交往和发展、维护社会稳定,促进社会和谐具有突出的作用。礼仪教育作为人文素质教育的重要渠道,是德育的基础工程,也是增强德育有效性的重要途径。
建构当代中国青少年礼仪教育,需科学设定目标体系与内容体系,以便明确发展方向和目标任务。青少年礼仪教育目标是一个由总目标和若干层级的分目标组成的目标体系。小学教育阶段的礼仪教育目标是认识礼仪的重要性,了解日常生活中的礼仪知识,初步形成尊重礼仪的思想意识和价值取向及礼仪行为习惯;中学教育阶段的礼仪教育目标是理解礼仪的基本理论知识,形成较为稳定的尊重礼仪的思想意识和价值取向,固化礼仪行为习惯;大学礼仪教育应着眼于大学生综合素质的提升,帮助大学生提高礼仪修养,把握礼仪的文化精神和思维方式,促进大学生实现自我完善。为实现青少年礼仪教育的目标,在设定青少年礼仪教育的内容体系时,既要考虑知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度价值观三个不同层面的教育目标要求,又要考虑不同学龄阶段的不同目标要求;既要以礼仪规范教育作为主要内容,又要兼顾礼仪理论知识教育;既要传承中华民族优秀礼仪文化,又要有全人类的视野。本文从礼仪理论、礼仪规范、民族礼俗三个维度,勾勒出了青少年礼仪教育的内容体系。
当代中国深入开展青少年礼仪教育,应从青少年身心成长规律和教育发展规律出发,充分考虑礼仪和礼仪文化的特点,构建学校、家庭、社会和网络“四位一体”的实施体系。
首先,青少年在学校接受教育的时期是其一生成长过程中最为关键和重要的阶段。因此,学校礼仪教育在青少年的整个礼仪教育体系中处于主导地位。从某种意义上讲,学校礼仪教育的效果决定着个人的文明程度,是个体礼仪素质形成的重要基地。所以说,学校对青少年进行的礼仪教育是任何一种教育形式都无法替代的。学校拥有一支高素质的专、兼职礼仪教育师资队伍,高效有力的教学手段和优良的校园环境,能够根据国家的有关方针政策,遵循礼仪教育发展规律,全面地、有的放矢地对青少年进行有效的礼仪教育。学校礼仪教育的实施,应遵循显性教育与隐性教育相一致、直接教育与间接教育相结合、“知”与“行”相统一的原则,应充分发挥课程教学的主渠道作用和学校礼仪文化环境的育人功能。
其次,家庭是人生中的第一所学校。作为人生起点的家庭和家庭教育,对于个体进入社会角色具有起始的定势作用。在家庭中进行礼仪教育,是对学前儿童进行礼仪教育的主要途径,也是个体形成和发展礼仪素质的基础和关键。家庭礼仪教育的实施,应重建家庭礼仪文化,建立良好的家礼、家规、家训;以日常生活规范教育为重点,注重礼仪行为养成;家长要发挥榜样和示范作用,自觉践行文明礼仪。
再次,社会礼仪教育有利于促进青少年学生在学校和家庭礼仪教育中所形成的礼仪素质的积淀和巩固。尽管社会礼仪教育目前在整个教育体系中还处于辅助和补偿地位,但它却具有独特的优势以及其他教育形态所不可替代的作用。社会礼仪教育和礼仪文化建设是一项系统工程,也是一个非常复杂、长期的过程,需要政府、行业、社区以及其他社会组织和部门之间的协作、支持和配合。社会礼仪教育的实施,应充分发挥政府职能部门的组织、领导和协调作用;充分利用大众传媒进行礼仪文化的宣传普及教育工作;积极开展丰富多彩的文明礼仪教育活动;重视传统节日和重大庆典活动中的礼仪教育。
最后,网络礼仪是人们在虚拟空间交往时所应遵循的礼节,是一系列使人们在网上有合适表现的行为规范。网络礼仪作为时代发展的产物,对于维护网络秩序、塑造网民形象、促进社会和谐具有至关重要的影响,理应纳入礼仪教育体系。网络礼仪教育的实施,应正确处理虚拟与现实的关系;注重示范和引导,营造浓厚的网络礼仪文化氛围;建立健全网络管理制度,强化网上行为监督与制约;重视网络社区的发展与投入,开展特色化网络社区建设。
Based on the combination of theory and practice, this thesis discusses the issues of contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education. It is expected to facilitate guiding school etiquette education and moral education, to innovate and develop school etiquette education theory and moral education theory.
This thesis mainly adopts research approaches such as making investigations, summarizing the experience, literature research, historical analysis, comparative analysis, etc. On the base of defining etiquette, etiquette quality, etiquette education, the thesis analyzes and reflects the contemporary status of the Chinese Youth etiquette education, presents the successful experience of Youth etiquette education in the world, demonstrates the basic functions of the Youth etiquette education and reasonable positioning of the contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education and explores education objectives, content, channels and strategies to implement. In accordance with the approaches of discovering the problems, analyzing the problem and solving the problem, the thesis analyzes and studies the Youth etiquette education theory and practice more systematically and comprehensively, puts forward preliminarily the basic theoretical frame of the contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education.
The thesis believes that the rites etiquette is an unique concept in Chinese culture as well as a multi-dimension category. It is the total of politics, ethics and etiquette of our ancient society. The etiquette refers to the behavioral norm sanctified by the form of courtesy, politeness, custom, habit and convention, etc. which is taken shape in long-term community life and social communication gradually with the purpose of establishing and developing harmonious social life and interpersonal relationships. Etiquette quality refers to the relatively-stable basic etiquette quality, which is the important aspect of the people's quality. It is an entity formed by etiquette spirit, etiquette consciousness and etiquette behavior. The etiquette education is the combination of etiquette and education that is constructed with overall and systematic influence on the students purposefully and in a planned way according to the behavioral norms of people in the social communication activity so that students could grasp social courtesy, communication procedure, etc. to learn to express respect and compliments.
To accurately grasp the development status of Chinese Youth etiquette education, and through reflection on practice and then identify the key issues constraining the development is contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education base in reality. The long-term absence of etiquette education among the teenagers not only lead to moral decline, but also the negative influence to the heritage of traditional Chinese culture and improvement of our national competitiveness. In recent years, the Party and the government actively advocated and strongly urged all sectors of society to explore the etiquette education continuously. At present, the national Youth etiquette educational practice activity can roughly be summarized as the following modes: Firstly, extracurricular activities mode. Secondly, course teaching mode. Thirdly, vocational training mode. Although these practices have achieved somewhat, but the overall situation is not optimistic. The key issues constraining the Youth etiquette education are listed below, above all, the unclear etiquette education concept resulting in the irregular ritual practice education which are mainly as follows: the inaccurate young people etiquette education target, the unclear education goals, the etiquette education content which is not scientific enough, the simple and single etiquette education implementation channel. Moreover, the Youth etiquette education lack strong social support ,which shows the lack of united force and professional support for the Youth etiquette education .
Absorbing and borrowing the successful experience of ancient and modern etiquette education in China and foreign countries is the practical experience base of constructing the contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education. In ancient China there are not only clear moral concept focusing on the etiquette education but also voluminous Mongolian etiquette education book as textbooks. Furthermore, the strict etiquette education implementation system needs to be inherited and promoted. The etiquette education for the Youth in the known as the "Confucian cultural circle" such as Japan, Korea, Singapore and other countries which come before us from the behind, which is worth our re-examining. In the United States and Europe, some practices in the Knights education, the Gentleman education, the Liberal Arts education are worthy of our in-depth study. It should be noted that etiquette education of young people in the Eastern and Western countries have their own characteristics and there are also significant differences between them. We should pick the beneficial things for reference by the principle of "the past serving the present", " the foreign things serving China".
To determine the function and reasonable positioning of the Youth etiquette education is the base for constructing contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education. For individuals, etiquette education can cultivate and improve the educated people’s etiquette quality and play a role in promoting the development of the individual; In the etiquette education implementation process, the etiquette education can give the educated spiritual satisfaction and fun to make them pleasant. Out of the etiquette education process, the individuals can rely on their etiquette education to improve life quality and make life more pleasant and healthy. As far as the society is concerned, etiquette education can promote the continuation of etiquette culture in time and expansion in space and intergenerational transmission. It also plays a prominent role in promoting economic exchanges and development, maintaining social stability and enhancing social harmony. As an important channel for humanistic education, the etiquette education is not only the base of moral engineering but also an important way to enhance the effectiveness of moral education.
To construct contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education system needs to set goals and contents system scientifically so that the direction and objectives of development could be determined. The Youth etiquette education goal is a target system consisting of general objective, multi-level partial targets. The primary school etiquette education target should focus on the recognition of the importance of etiquette education, teaching the etiquette manners which are closely connected to daily life, developing the initial good etiquette habits, enlightening etiquette ideology and value orientation. The secondary school etiquette education should focus on understanding the basic etiquette theory and forming good etiquette habits and more stable etiquette ideology and value orientation and forming the fixed etiquette habits. The university etiquette education should focus on upgrading the overall quality of university students , helping them improve etiquette self-cultivation to grasp the spirit of ritual culture and ways of thinking so as to achieve self-improvement. To achieve the goal of the Youth etiquette education, while setting the education content system for the Youth , we should not only take into account three different education levels of objectives and requirements such as knowledge and skills, processes and methods, emotional attitudes and value orientations but also take into account the different objectives and requirements at different stages of the school-age. We should not only take etiquette education as the main content but also take into account theoretical knowledge of etiquette education. We should not only inherit and develop splendid Chinese etiquette but also possess the vision of humanity. This thesis outlines the content system of the Youth etiquette education from three dimensions of ritual theory, ritual norms, the national customs.
To approach the contemporary Chinese Youth etiquette education, we should give full consideration to the characteristics of etiquette and etiquette culture, meanwhile stand on the base of mental and physical growth and education development laws and construct the implementation system "Four in One" of schools, families, communities and networks.
First of all, the school education is the most critical and important phase for the Youth in his life. Therefore, the school etiquette education is dominant in a whole etiquette education system for the Youth. In a sense, the effect of school etiquette education determines the individual's level of civilization which is an important base for the individual etiquette quality. So the school etiquette education for the Youth can not be replaced by other education forms. The school has a high-quality professionals or part-time etiquette education teaching staff, efficient and effective teaching methods and excellent campus environment and handle effective etiquette education in accordance with national policies and following etiquette education development law. The implementation of school etiquette education should initially follow the principles such as the consistency of dominant and recessive education, the combination of direct and indirect education and the unity of "knowledge" and " Action". The school etiquette education should give full play to the role of teaching as the main channel and the function of educating by the school etiquette cultural environment.
Secondly, the family is the first school for life. As a starting point of life, family and family life education play a potential role for individuals to become a social character. Carrying out etiquette education in the family is not only the main way for the pre-school children etiquette education but also the foundation and the key for the individuals' etiquette education form and development. The family etiquette education implementation should re-establish family etiquette culture and build good family rituals and house rules, take daily life regular education as a focus and pay attention to ritual acts cultivation; Parents should play an exemplary and demonstration role and conscientiously to carry out a civilized manner.
Thirdly, the social etiquette education is conducive to promote the accumulation and consolidation of the Youth etiquette quality formed in school and family education. Although social etiquette education in the whole education system is currently still in the secondary and compensation status, but it has a unique advantage as well as an irreplaceable role by other forms of education. Social etiquette education and cultural construction is a systematic project as well as a very complex, long-term process that requires the collaboration, support and cooperation among government, industry, communities and other social organizations. The Social etiquette education implementation should give full play to the organization, leadership and coordination role of the government functional departments , make full use of the mass media to propaganda and popularize etiquette and cultural education, actively develop a variety of etiquette education activities and emphasize the etiquette education by traditional festivals and major celebrations.
Finally, the network etiquette is the etiquette that people should follow in the virtual space and is a series of appropriate behavioral norms on. Netiquette, as a product of the times, have an important bearing on the maintenance of the network order, and shaping the image of Internet users, and promoting social harmony .It should be adopted in etiquette education system. Network etiquette education implementation should correctly handle the relationship between the virtual and reality, focus on demonstrations and guidance to create a strong network etiquette culture atmosphere, establish and improve network management system, strengthen the supervision and restraint online behavior and attach importance to online community development and investment to build a characteristics network community.
引文
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