多用户检测技术在第三代移动通信中的应用研究
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摘要
第三代移动通信系统是能够满足国际电联提出的IMT-2000／FPLMTS系统标准的新一代移动通信系统，要求具有很好的网络兼容性，能够实现全球范围内多个不同系统间的漫游，不仅要为移动用户提供话音及低速率数据业务，而且要提供广泛的多媒体业务。1998年11月，我国提出的TD-SCDMA成为了第三代无线传输技术(RTT)的候选方案之一，从此我国也拥有了自主产权的三代方案。因此在当前我国已经拥有第三代移动通信标准的有利条件下，我们要大力研究与三代相关的关键技术，提高我国在通信市场的竞争力。
虽然第三代移动通信系统的候选方案很多，但是对于在三代中采用码分多址(CDMA)技术已经达成了共识，而且其中的一些关键技术也基本一致。CDMA通信系统的关键技术包括有抗干扰(多用户检测)、抗多径衰落(天线分集和RAKE接收)、抗远近效应(功率控制)等，而它们之间又是相辅相成、互相补充的，均为当前研究的热点。
本文介绍了第三代移动通信系统及其各关键技术。其中重点介绍了多用户检测技术，详细分析了线性最小均方误差检测器(LMMSE检测器)在AWGN信道和衰落信道下、同／异步DS-CDMA系统中的性能，证明了该检测器能够有效地抑制多址干扰、多径干扰，并具有良好的抗远近效应能力。本文还研究了基于MMSE检测器准则的自适应算法，提出了基于导频信道的自适应算法，分析了基于子空间方法的盲算法，并在信道估计部分改进了基于信号子空间的算法。
The third generation(3G) communication system is a brand new system which can meet the standard of IMT-2000 / FPLMTS put forwarded by ITU. It is required that 3G system have a good net compatible ability and can realize the worldwide roam. It can offer the users not only the low-rate services but also the extensive multimedia services. Nov. 1998, China put forward the standard of TD-SCDMA that became one of the standard of RTT for 3G From then, our country began to have our own standard for 3G So, we'd better take the advantage of this and devote to the research of key technologies of 3G Thus we can improve our country's ability of competition in the communication market.
Though there're many standards left for being chosen, it has already become the common understanding that the technology of CDMA will definitely be adopted in 3G and some key technologies are also the same. The key technologies for 3G include Multi-User Detection, Adaptive Antenna, RAKE Receive, Power Control and so on. These key technologies complement each other and all of them are the focus of present research.
In this thesis, we introduce the 3G system and the key technologies for 3G We emphasize on the technology of Multi-User Detection (MUD). We analyze the performance of LMMSE in various channels and prove that it can reduce the Multiple Access Interference and the multi-path interference and it has a good ability to resist the near-far problem. In this thesis, we also study the adaptive algorithm of MMSE and put forward the adaptive algorithm based on the pilot channel. Based on the sub-spatial algorithm, we analyze the blind algorithm and improve it by the part of the channel estimation.
虽然第三代移动通信系统的候选方案很多，但是对于在三代中采用码分多址(CDMA)技术已经达成了共识，而且其中的一些关键技术也基本一致。CDMA通信系统的关键技术包括有抗干扰(多用户检测)、抗多径衰落(天线分集和RAKE接收)、抗远近效应(功率控制)等，而它们之间又是相辅相成、互相补充的，均为当前研究的热点。
本文介绍了第三代移动通信系统及其各关键技术。其中重点介绍了多用户检测技术，详细分析了线性最小均方误差检测器(LMMSE检测器)在AWGN信道和衰落信道下、同／异步DS-CDMA系统中的性能，证明了该检测器能够有效地抑制多址干扰、多径干扰，并具有良好的抗远近效应能力。本文还研究了基于MMSE检测器准则的自适应算法，提出了基于导频信道的自适应算法，分析了基于子空间方法的盲算法，并在信道估计部分改进了基于信号子空间的算法。
The third generation(3G) communication system is a brand new system which can meet the standard of IMT-2000 / FPLMTS put forwarded by ITU. It is required that 3G system have a good net compatible ability and can realize the worldwide roam. It can offer the users not only the low-rate services but also the extensive multimedia services. Nov. 1998, China put forward the standard of TD-SCDMA that became one of the standard of RTT for 3G From then, our country began to have our own standard for 3G So, we'd better take the advantage of this and devote to the research of key technologies of 3G Thus we can improve our country's ability of competition in the communication market.
Though there're many standards left for being chosen, it has already become the common understanding that the technology of CDMA will definitely be adopted in 3G and some key technologies are also the same. The key technologies for 3G include Multi-User Detection, Adaptive Antenna, RAKE Receive, Power Control and so on. These key technologies complement each other and all of them are the focus of present research.
In this thesis, we introduce the 3G system and the key technologies for 3G We emphasize on the technology of Multi-User Detection (MUD). We analyze the performance of LMMSE in various channels and prove that it can reduce the Multiple Access Interference and the multi-path interference and it has a good ability to resist the near-far problem. In this thesis, we also study the adaptive algorithm of MMSE and put forward the adaptive algorithm based on the pilot channel. Based on the sub-spatial algorithm, we analyze the blind algorithm and improve it by the part of the channel estimation.
引文
[1] 吴伟陵，“移动通信中的关键技术”，北京邮电大学出版社，2001
[2] 张平，王卫东，陶小峰，“WCDMA移动通信系统”，人民邮电出版社，2001
[3] A．J．维特比，“CDMA扩频通信原理”，人民邮电出版社，2000
[4] John G．Proakis，“数字通信”，电子工业出版社，2002
[5] Ramjee Prasad，Wemer Mohr，“第三代移动通信系统”，电子工业出版社，2001
[6] 胡捍英，杨峰义，“第三代移动通信系统”，人民邮电出版社，2001
[7] 尤晓虎，曹淑敏，李建东，“第三代移动通信系统发展现状与展望”，电子学报，1999，Vol．27，No．11A，pp．3-8。
[8] 周炯，“信息理论基础”，人民邮电出版社，1983
[9] 史荣昌，“矩阵分析”，北京理工大学出版社，1998
[10] J.Proakis, Digital Communications, Mcgraw Hill, New York, 3rd ed., 1995.
[11] S.Verdu, Multiuser Detection, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.
[12] 吴伟陵，“信息处理与编码”，人民邮电出版社，1999
[13] Special issue one Smart antennas, IEEE personal commun., Feb. 1998, 5(1).
[14] N.Yee, J.P.Linnarz and G.Fettweis, "Multi-carder CDMA in indoor wireless radio networks", in IEEE Proceedings PRIMRC'93, Yokohama, Japan, Sep.1994, pp.109-113.
[15] S.Verdu, "Optimum Multiuser AsymPtotic Efficiency", IEEE Trans. on Commun., no.9,1986, pp890-897.
[16] Verdu.Minimun Probability of Error for Asynchronous Gaussian Multiple-Access Channels.IEEE Trans Info Theory, Vol IT-32, No 1: Jan, 1986: 85～96.
[17] R.Lupas, S.Verdu, "Linear Multiuser Detectors for Synchronous Code-Division Multiple-Access Channels", IEEE Trans. on IT. No. 1,1989, pp123-136.
[18] P.Patel, J.Holtzman, "Analysis of a Simple Successive Interference Cancellation Scheme in DS/CDMA System", IEEE J.SAC. no.5, 1994, pp796-807.
[19] A J Viterbi.Very Low Rate Convolutional Codes for Maximum Theoretical Performance of Spread-Speetrurn Multiple-Access Channels.IEEE JSAC, Vol 8, No 4; May, 1990: 641-649.
[20] R Kohno et al.Combination of Adaptive Array Antenna and a Canceller of Interference for Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access System.IEEE JSAC, Vol8, No 4; May, 1990: 675-682．
[21] A Duel-Hallen.Decorrelating Decision-Feedback Multi-User Detector for Synchronous Code-Division Multiple Access channel.IEEE Trans Commun, Vol 41, No 2; Feb, 1993: 285-290．
[22] R.Lupas, S.Verdu, "Near-Far Resistance of Multiuser Detectors in Asynchronous Channels", IEEE Trans, on commun. no.4,1990, pp496-508．
[23] S.S.H.Wijayasuriya, GH.Norton, J.P.McGeehan, "A Sliding Window Decorrelating Receiver for Multiuser DS-CDMA Mobile Radio Network", IEEE Trans, on VT.No.3,Aug. 1996,pp503-521．
[24] H.V.Poor and S.verdu, "Probability of error in MMSE multiuser detection", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.43, pp858-871, May, 1997．
[25] S.Verdu, "Adatpive multiuser detection", ISSSTA 1994, Oulu, Finland.
[26] S.Haykin, Adaptive filter theory. Third edition, NY: Prentice Hall Press. 1998．
[27] U.Madhow, "Blind adaptive interference suppression for direct-sequence CDMA", Proc. of the IEEE, vo!86, no. 10, pp2049-2069,1998．
[28] S.L.Miller, "An Adaptive Direct-Sequence Code-Division Multiple-Access Receiver for Multiuser Interference Rejection", IEEE Tran. On Comm. No.2/3/4,1995
[29] M.Honig,U.Madhow,S.Verdu, "Blind Adaptive Multiuser Detection", IEEE Trans, on Commun. no.4,1995, pp944-960．
[30] X.Wang, H.V.Poor, "Blind Multiuser Detection: A Subspace Approach", IEEE Trans. on IT., no.2 1998, pp677-690．
[31] S.Bensley and B.Aazhang, "Subspace-based channel estimation for code division multiple access communication systems", IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol.44, pp 1009-1020, Aug. 1996．
[32] S.Bellini, "Bussgang techniques for blind equalization", in GLOBECOM, Houston, Tex., pp 1634-1640．
[33] A.M.Bravo, "Shortened time-invariant decorrelating detector for DS/CDMA asynchronous systems", Signal Processing, vol.61, pp101-111,1997．
[34] L.Tong and S.Perreau, "Multichannel blind identification: from subspace to maximum likelihood methods", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.86, No. 10, Oct., 1998,
pp1951-1968.
[35] A-J. Vand der veen, F.Deprettere, and A.L.Swindlehurst, "Subspace-based signal analysis using singular value decomposition", Proc. of the IEEE, vol.81, no.9, Sep. 1993. Pp1277-1308.
[36] 张贤达，“信号处理中的线性代数”，科学出版社，1997
[37] M.Wax and T.Kailath, "Detection of signals by information theoretic criteria", IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal processing, vol. ASSP-33, no.2, Apr. 1985, pp.387-392.
[38] A.J.Paulraj, C.B.Papadias, "Space-Time Processing for Wireless Communications", IEEE SP., nov. 1997, pp49-83.
[39] S.Kaiser, "On the performance of different detection techniques for OFDM-CDMA in fading channels", in Proceedings IEEE GLOBECOM'95, Singapore, Nov. 1995, pp.2059-2063.
[40] X.Wang and H.V.Poor, "Iterative (Turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding for coded CDMA", IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol.47, no.7, July, 1999. Pp1046-1061.
[41] S.Ulukus, R.D.Yates, "Adaptive Power Control with MMSE Multiuser Detectors", IEEE International Conference on Commun. 1997, pp361-365.
[42] U.Madhow, "MMSE Interference Suppression for Timing Acquisition and Demodulation in Direct-Sequence CDMA Systems", IEEE Trans. on Cornmun. no.8, 1998, pp1065-1075.
[43] L.Rusch and H.V.Poor, "Narrowband interference suppression in spread spectrum CDMA", IEEE personal commun. Mag., vol. 1 no.3, pp 14-27, 1994.
[44] H.V.Poor, X.Wang, "Code-Aided Interference Suppression in DS/CDMA Communication---Part Ⅰ: Interference Suppression Capability", IEEE Trans. on Commun. pp1101-1111, sept. 1997.
[45] 刘敏，魏玲，“MATLAB通信仿真与应用”，国防工业出版社，2001
[46] 郑智琴，“Simulink电子通信仿真与应用”，国防工业出版社，2002
[47] www.mc21st.com第三代移动通信专辑
[2] 张平，王卫东，陶小峰，“WCDMA移动通信系统”，人民邮电出版社，2001
[3] A．J．维特比，“CDMA扩频通信原理”，人民邮电出版社，2000
[4] John G．Proakis，“数字通信”，电子工业出版社，2002
[5] Ramjee Prasad，Wemer Mohr，“第三代移动通信系统”，电子工业出版社，2001
[6] 胡捍英，杨峰义，“第三代移动通信系统”，人民邮电出版社，2001
[7] 尤晓虎，曹淑敏，李建东，“第三代移动通信系统发展现状与展望”，电子学报，1999，Vol．27，No．11A，pp．3-8。
[8] 周炯，“信息理论基础”，人民邮电出版社，1983
[9] 史荣昌，“矩阵分析”，北京理工大学出版社，1998
[10] J.Proakis, Digital Communications, Mcgraw Hill, New York, 3rd ed., 1995.
[11] S.Verdu, Multiuser Detection, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.
[12] 吴伟陵，“信息处理与编码”，人民邮电出版社，1999
[13] Special issue one Smart antennas, IEEE personal commun., Feb. 1998, 5(1).
[14] N.Yee, J.P.Linnarz and G.Fettweis, "Multi-carder CDMA in indoor wireless radio networks", in IEEE Proceedings PRIMRC'93, Yokohama, Japan, Sep.1994, pp.109-113.
[15] S.Verdu, "Optimum Multiuser AsymPtotic Efficiency", IEEE Trans. on Commun., no.9,1986, pp890-897.
[16] Verdu.Minimun Probability of Error for Asynchronous Gaussian Multiple-Access Channels.IEEE Trans Info Theory, Vol IT-32, No 1: Jan, 1986: 85～96.
[17] R.Lupas, S.Verdu, "Linear Multiuser Detectors for Synchronous Code-Division Multiple-Access Channels", IEEE Trans. on IT. No. 1,1989, pp123-136.
[18] P.Patel, J.Holtzman, "Analysis of a Simple Successive Interference Cancellation Scheme in DS/CDMA System", IEEE J.SAC. no.5, 1994, pp796-807.
[19] A J Viterbi.Very Low Rate Convolutional Codes for Maximum Theoretical Performance of Spread-Speetrurn Multiple-Access Channels.IEEE JSAC, Vol 8, No 4; May, 1990: 641-649.
[20] R Kohno et al.Combination of Adaptive Array Antenna and a Canceller of Interference for Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access System.IEEE JSAC, Vol8, No 4; May, 1990: 675-682．
[21] A Duel-Hallen.Decorrelating Decision-Feedback Multi-User Detector for Synchronous Code-Division Multiple Access channel.IEEE Trans Commun, Vol 41, No 2; Feb, 1993: 285-290．
[22] R.Lupas, S.Verdu, "Near-Far Resistance of Multiuser Detectors in Asynchronous Channels", IEEE Trans, on commun. no.4,1990, pp496-508．
[23] S.S.H.Wijayasuriya, GH.Norton, J.P.McGeehan, "A Sliding Window Decorrelating Receiver for Multiuser DS-CDMA Mobile Radio Network", IEEE Trans, on VT.No.3,Aug. 1996,pp503-521．
[24] H.V.Poor and S.verdu, "Probability of error in MMSE multiuser detection", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.43, pp858-871, May, 1997．
[25] S.Verdu, "Adatpive multiuser detection", ISSSTA 1994, Oulu, Finland.
[26] S.Haykin, Adaptive filter theory. Third edition, NY: Prentice Hall Press. 1998．
[27] U.Madhow, "Blind adaptive interference suppression for direct-sequence CDMA", Proc. of the IEEE, vo!86, no. 10, pp2049-2069,1998．
[28] S.L.Miller, "An Adaptive Direct-Sequence Code-Division Multiple-Access Receiver for Multiuser Interference Rejection", IEEE Tran. On Comm. No.2/3/4,1995
[29] M.Honig,U.Madhow,S.Verdu, "Blind Adaptive Multiuser Detection", IEEE Trans, on Commun. no.4,1995, pp944-960．
[30] X.Wang, H.V.Poor, "Blind Multiuser Detection: A Subspace Approach", IEEE Trans. on IT., no.2 1998, pp677-690．
[31] S.Bensley and B.Aazhang, "Subspace-based channel estimation for code division multiple access communication systems", IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol.44, pp 1009-1020, Aug. 1996．
[32] S.Bellini, "Bussgang techniques for blind equalization", in GLOBECOM, Houston, Tex., pp 1634-1640．
[33] A.M.Bravo, "Shortened time-invariant decorrelating detector for DS/CDMA asynchronous systems", Signal Processing, vol.61, pp101-111,1997．
[34] L.Tong and S.Perreau, "Multichannel blind identification: from subspace to maximum likelihood methods", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.86, No. 10, Oct., 1998,
pp1951-1968.
[35] A-J. Vand der veen, F.Deprettere, and A.L.Swindlehurst, "Subspace-based signal analysis using singular value decomposition", Proc. of the IEEE, vol.81, no.9, Sep. 1993. Pp1277-1308.
[36] 张贤达，“信号处理中的线性代数”，科学出版社，1997
[37] M.Wax and T.Kailath, "Detection of signals by information theoretic criteria", IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal processing, vol. ASSP-33, no.2, Apr. 1985, pp.387-392.
[38] A.J.Paulraj, C.B.Papadias, "Space-Time Processing for Wireless Communications", IEEE SP., nov. 1997, pp49-83.
[39] S.Kaiser, "On the performance of different detection techniques for OFDM-CDMA in fading channels", in Proceedings IEEE GLOBECOM'95, Singapore, Nov. 1995, pp.2059-2063.
[40] X.Wang and H.V.Poor, "Iterative (Turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding for coded CDMA", IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol.47, no.7, July, 1999. Pp1046-1061.
[41] S.Ulukus, R.D.Yates, "Adaptive Power Control with MMSE Multiuser Detectors", IEEE International Conference on Commun. 1997, pp361-365.
[42] U.Madhow, "MMSE Interference Suppression for Timing Acquisition and Demodulation in Direct-Sequence CDMA Systems", IEEE Trans. on Cornmun. no.8, 1998, pp1065-1075.
[43] L.Rusch and H.V.Poor, "Narrowband interference suppression in spread spectrum CDMA", IEEE personal commun. Mag., vol. 1 no.3, pp 14-27, 1994.
[44] H.V.Poor, X.Wang, "Code-Aided Interference Suppression in DS/CDMA Communication---Part Ⅰ: Interference Suppression Capability", IEEE Trans. on Commun. pp1101-1111, sept. 1997.
[45] 刘敏，魏玲，“MATLAB通信仿真与应用”，国防工业出版社，2001
[46] 郑智琴，“Simulink电子通信仿真与应用”，国防工业出版社，2002
[47] www.mc21st.com第三代移动通信专辑