汉英抱怨言语行为对比研究
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摘要
在跨文化交际和外语学习中,语言之间的差异一直是造成交际失败和语用失误的主要因素。因而,外语学习者不仅要意识到语言形式的不同,掌握目的语的语言使用规则,还要认识语言背后的文化价值,有效得体地表达交际意图,促成有效交际。对于教学者来说,语言教学的一个重要目标就是使学习者获得交际能力,最大限度地减少跨文化交际中的误解、尴尬甚至冒犯。
言语行为研究一直是语用学,尤其是跨文化语用学研究的焦点,同时也是研究交际能力的一种基本工具。抱怨在人类交际中是一种威胁听话人面子的言语行为。来自不同文化的人受社会变量的影响不同,采用的表达模式不尽相同。研究汉英文化下的交际者如何在特定的场合有效、得体地表达交际意图,达到交际成功,无论是对外语教学还是跨文化交际,都有一定的启示作用。
近年来,国外学者对英语和其他语言社团的抱怨言语行为进行了对比研究,但对于汉语抱怨语的研究很少,汉英对比的更少。国内的对比研究也多以礼貌理论为框架,对抱怨语在中美大学生中的实施模式进行研究。
本文试图采用共时对比的方法,首先对抱怨言语行为进行定性分析,归纳出抱怨言语行为的成分和策略并总结其异同;然后以社会权力和社会距离为变量,对来自不同职业的汉英受试的表达模式(类型和策略)进行系统的对比,最后从文化的角度对这些差异进行深层分析。同时,本文还对汉英抱怨言语行为的应答模式进行分析总结。
全文共分七章。引言部分简单介绍了本文的研究目的和研究方法。
第一章在综述前人定义的基础上对抱怨言语行为进行了界定,进而指出对抱怨的研究应涵盖对抱怨应答的研究。然后在前人的分类基础上对抱怨言语行为进行重新分类。
第二章简述了言语行为的由来和发展,并详细回顾了中外学者对抱怨言语行为的研究成果,进而总结出对抱怨言语行为研究的不足之处。
第三章介绍了本文的研究设计。首先详细介绍了本文的研究方法,指出了受试的广泛性,然后对数据的收集程序和分析方法进行了简单的介绍。最后对本文收集语料方法的效度进行了分析。
第四章对收集的语料进行了详细的描写和分析。通过定性分析,总结出汉英抱怨言语行为的结构模式和实施策略;通过对汉英抱怨言语行为类型和策略的对比,分析出在社会变量影响下汉英抱怨表达模式的异同。
第五章在数据分析的基础上进一步探讨了抱怨言语行为序列结构、实施方式与其相应的文化模式之间的关系。
第六章根据会话理论,对抱怨语相邻对的第二部分——应答模式进行了分析。
最后一章结语系统总结了全文,阐述了本研究的理论意义和实践意义,并提出本次研究的局限性和进一步研究的设想。
In cross-cultural communication and foreign language learning, differences in language use have been noted to be a major factor for leading to communication breakdown or pragmatic failure. Thus it is not only necessary for foreign learners to realize the differences between language forms, and learn the rules of the use of the target language, but also necessary for them to understand the cultural values which the language reflects, so as to convey communicative intent in effective and appropriate ways. The prominence of communicative competence in the goals of the second language teaching highlights the need to study effective ways to minimize the misunderstanding, embarassment even offence in cross-cultural communication.
The study of speech act has long been regarded as one of the central concerns of pragmatics, especially cross-cultural pragmatics. And it is also one of the basic tools for the study of communicative competence. Complaint is a face-threatening speech act which threatens the face of the hearer in the human communication activities. People from different cultural backgrounds are influenced by different social variables, and thus adopt different expression patterns. The study on how the interlocutors communicate their intents effectively and appropriately on special occasions under the Chinese-English culture has implications for both foreign language teaching and cross-cultural communication.
In recent years, some scholars abroad have made contrastive studies on the speech act of complaint between English and other languages. However, little work has been done on the complaint in Chinese, still less of the contrastive study between Chinese and English. And the contrastive studies at home mostly focus on the study of realization patterns of complaint by Chinese and American university students in the framework of politeness theories.
In the present thesis, qualitative analysis is used to find out the basic structure of the complaint sequence of and the strategies of the faced complaint, and to investigate the similarities and differences in the elements of the sequence in Chinese and English, and the strategies of complaints between Chinese and English. The method of synchronic contrastive analysis is mainly used to study the contemporary differences in the types of complaints and strategies of the direct complaint based on the descriptive study of the data collected from Chinese and English people of various occupations with reference to social variables such as social power and distance. Then the cultural analysis is conducted in order to explore the cultural values hidden behind the complaint differences such as the uses of Auxiliary Speech Act and Microunit, and the differences in the types of complaints and in the use of strategies. Meanwhile, the thesis analyzes the response patterns in Chinese and English.
The thesis, as a whole, contains seven chapters and the introduction. The introduction presents the method of contrastive analysis and the purpose of the study. In Chapter one, complaint speech is defined and the classification of complaint speech is re-established on the basis of previous researches. And the responses are also presented in the study of complaint.
Chapter two covers the origin of the speech act study and presents a general review on the findings of contrastive study of complaint speech drawn by the researchers both at home and abroad. Then the drawbacks of the previous studies are proposed.
Chapter three discusses the research design of the present study. The instrument and the subjects from various occupations are presented, followed by the procedures of data collection and the analysing method. At last the validity of the data collection method used in this dissertation is analyzed.
Chapter four depicts the detailed analysis of the collected data. By qualitative analysis, the author generalizes the semantic formula and strategies of complaint speech, and by statistical analysis, the author finds out that under the influence of social power and distance, there are similarities and differences in the types of complaints and the realization strategies between Chinese and English.
Chapter five explores the correlation between complaint elements and cultural patterns, and the correlation between complaint strategies and cultural patterns, based on the analysis of the data.
Chapter six analyses the second part of the complaint adjacent——the response patterns of complaint speech, according to the discourse analysis theory.
The last chapter summarizes the thesis and presents the theoretical implications and the implications for cross-cultural communication and foreign language teaching and learning. At last, the limitations and the suggestion for further research is proposed.
言语行为研究一直是语用学,尤其是跨文化语用学研究的焦点,同时也是研究交际能力的一种基本工具。抱怨在人类交际中是一种威胁听话人面子的言语行为。来自不同文化的人受社会变量的影响不同,采用的表达模式不尽相同。研究汉英文化下的交际者如何在特定的场合有效、得体地表达交际意图,达到交际成功,无论是对外语教学还是跨文化交际,都有一定的启示作用。
近年来,国外学者对英语和其他语言社团的抱怨言语行为进行了对比研究,但对于汉语抱怨语的研究很少,汉英对比的更少。国内的对比研究也多以礼貌理论为框架,对抱怨语在中美大学生中的实施模式进行研究。
本文试图采用共时对比的方法,首先对抱怨言语行为进行定性分析,归纳出抱怨言语行为的成分和策略并总结其异同;然后以社会权力和社会距离为变量,对来自不同职业的汉英受试的表达模式(类型和策略)进行系统的对比,最后从文化的角度对这些差异进行深层分析。同时,本文还对汉英抱怨言语行为的应答模式进行分析总结。
全文共分七章。引言部分简单介绍了本文的研究目的和研究方法。
第一章在综述前人定义的基础上对抱怨言语行为进行了界定,进而指出对抱怨的研究应涵盖对抱怨应答的研究。然后在前人的分类基础上对抱怨言语行为进行重新分类。
第二章简述了言语行为的由来和发展,并详细回顾了中外学者对抱怨言语行为的研究成果,进而总结出对抱怨言语行为研究的不足之处。
第三章介绍了本文的研究设计。首先详细介绍了本文的研究方法,指出了受试的广泛性,然后对数据的收集程序和分析方法进行了简单的介绍。最后对本文收集语料方法的效度进行了分析。
第四章对收集的语料进行了详细的描写和分析。通过定性分析,总结出汉英抱怨言语行为的结构模式和实施策略;通过对汉英抱怨言语行为类型和策略的对比,分析出在社会变量影响下汉英抱怨表达模式的异同。
第五章在数据分析的基础上进一步探讨了抱怨言语行为序列结构、实施方式与其相应的文化模式之间的关系。
第六章根据会话理论,对抱怨语相邻对的第二部分——应答模式进行了分析。
最后一章结语系统总结了全文,阐述了本研究的理论意义和实践意义,并提出本次研究的局限性和进一步研究的设想。
In cross-cultural communication and foreign language learning, differences in language use have been noted to be a major factor for leading to communication breakdown or pragmatic failure. Thus it is not only necessary for foreign learners to realize the differences between language forms, and learn the rules of the use of the target language, but also necessary for them to understand the cultural values which the language reflects, so as to convey communicative intent in effective and appropriate ways. The prominence of communicative competence in the goals of the second language teaching highlights the need to study effective ways to minimize the misunderstanding, embarassment even offence in cross-cultural communication.
The study of speech act has long been regarded as one of the central concerns of pragmatics, especially cross-cultural pragmatics. And it is also one of the basic tools for the study of communicative competence. Complaint is a face-threatening speech act which threatens the face of the hearer in the human communication activities. People from different cultural backgrounds are influenced by different social variables, and thus adopt different expression patterns. The study on how the interlocutors communicate their intents effectively and appropriately on special occasions under the Chinese-English culture has implications for both foreign language teaching and cross-cultural communication.
In recent years, some scholars abroad have made contrastive studies on the speech act of complaint between English and other languages. However, little work has been done on the complaint in Chinese, still less of the contrastive study between Chinese and English. And the contrastive studies at home mostly focus on the study of realization patterns of complaint by Chinese and American university students in the framework of politeness theories.
In the present thesis, qualitative analysis is used to find out the basic structure of the complaint sequence of and the strategies of the faced complaint, and to investigate the similarities and differences in the elements of the sequence in Chinese and English, and the strategies of complaints between Chinese and English. The method of synchronic contrastive analysis is mainly used to study the contemporary differences in the types of complaints and strategies of the direct complaint based on the descriptive study of the data collected from Chinese and English people of various occupations with reference to social variables such as social power and distance. Then the cultural analysis is conducted in order to explore the cultural values hidden behind the complaint differences such as the uses of Auxiliary Speech Act and Microunit, and the differences in the types of complaints and in the use of strategies. Meanwhile, the thesis analyzes the response patterns in Chinese and English.
The thesis, as a whole, contains seven chapters and the introduction. The introduction presents the method of contrastive analysis and the purpose of the study. In Chapter one, complaint speech is defined and the classification of complaint speech is re-established on the basis of previous researches. And the responses are also presented in the study of complaint.
Chapter two covers the origin of the speech act study and presents a general review on the findings of contrastive study of complaint speech drawn by the researchers both at home and abroad. Then the drawbacks of the previous studies are proposed.
Chapter three discusses the research design of the present study. The instrument and the subjects from various occupations are presented, followed by the procedures of data collection and the analysing method. At last the validity of the data collection method used in this dissertation is analyzed.
Chapter four depicts the detailed analysis of the collected data. By qualitative analysis, the author generalizes the semantic formula and strategies of complaint speech, and by statistical analysis, the author finds out that under the influence of social power and distance, there are similarities and differences in the types of complaints and the realization strategies between Chinese and English.
Chapter five explores the correlation between complaint elements and cultural patterns, and the correlation between complaint strategies and cultural patterns, based on the analysis of the data.
Chapter six analyses the second part of the complaint adjacent——the response patterns of complaint speech, according to the discourse analysis theory.
The last chapter summarizes the thesis and presents the theoretical implications and the implications for cross-cultural communication and foreign language teaching and learning. At last, the limitations and the suggestion for further research is proposed.
引文
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——Complaints as positive srategies: what the learner needs to know. TESOL Quarterly. 1993b, 27/2: 277-299.
——Ethnographic interviewing as a research tool in speech act analysis: the case of complaints. In Gass, S. M. & Joyce Neu. (eds.). Speech acts across cultures: challenges to communication in a second language. Berlin, New York /: Mouton de Gruyter. 1996: 217-239.
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