多输入多输出（MIMO）雷达波束优化处理研究
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摘要
多输入多输出(Multiple-input Multiple-output, MIMO)雷达是一种新体制雷达,它的主要特点是在发射和接收两端均采用多天线进行信号的发射和接收。同传统的相控阵雷达(Phased-array Radar, PAR)不同,MIMO雷达发射的是完全正交或是部分相关波形,在接收端通过匹配滤波器组来分离回波信号中的各发射分量,而相控阵雷达发射的是同一尺度相参信号。同双/多基地雷达(Bi/Multi-static Radar)相比,MIMO雷达是将所有的发射-接收信息进行集中处理,而双/多基地雷达是将各单站雷达得到的结果进行再融合。MIMO雷达的这些特性带来了一系列性能的改善。
当前,对MIMO雷达的研究主要从紧凑式MIMO雷达(Colocated MIMO Radar)、分布式MIMO雷达及波形设计几个方面展开。本文主要对紧凑式MIMO雷达和分布式MIMO雷达的波束优化进行了深入的研究。
紧凑式MIMO雷达可以视作相控阵雷达的扩展形式,其发射和接收两端仍然采用传统的紧凑式阵列构型。因此,对紧凑式MIMO雷达的波束优化主要是如何获得更高的主瓣分辨率和更低的旁瓣电平。
分布式MIMO雷达可以视作双/多基地雷达的扩展形式,其发射-接收天线采用大间距分布形式。这种大间距天线分布既可以获得对目标的分集增益,又可以提高系统的观测视场(Field of View)或是天线孔径。分集增益可以克服目标的雷达反射截面(Radar Cross Section, RCS)的“闪烁”效应,提高对目标的检测能力;扩大的天线孔径可以锐化波束主瓣宽度,提高对目标的分辨能力。但是大间距天线分布会引起MIMO雷达发射-接收波束中高副瓣/栅瓣的出现。因此,对分布式MIMO雷达的波束优化主要是如何对发射-接收波束中的高副瓣/栅瓣进行抑制。
针对以上问题,本文对MIMO雷达波束优化取得的创新点如下:
在紧凑式MIMO雷达信号模型基础上,给出了MIMO雷达广义形式的发射-接收波束表达形式,分析了MIMO雷达虚拟孔径对发射-接收波束的影响,提出了一种基于矩阵权优化的MIMO雷达低副瓣发射-接收波束设计方法;
在分布式MIMO雷达信号模型基础上,提出了一种混合处理模式。这种混合处理模式结合了分布式MIMO雷达的非相参和相参处理,它既有利于利用非相参处理提高对目标的检测性能,又有利于利用相参处理提高对目标的分辨性能;
将频率分集技术与MIMO雷达相结合,提出了一种相参处理分布式MIMO雷达中的波束优化方法,给出了频偏选择与波束指向以及目标距离之间的约束关系,证明了利用频率分集对分布式MIMO雷达栅瓣抑制的有效性;
同时作为MIMO雷达技术的一个补充,本文也研究了将频率分集分布式MIMO雷达波束优化方法应用于分布式小卫星地面动目标显示(GMTI)的处理方法,以及无源条件下利用双星平台稀疏孔径构型的电子侦察技术。
Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) radar is a new radar system, which utilizes multiple antennas at both the transmitting side and the receiving side. Compared with traditional phased-array radar, which transmits scaled versions of waveform, MIMO radar transmits orthogonal or partially correlated waveforms from each antenna in the transmitting side, and in the receiving side all the signals are extracted by matched filtering. Compared with bi/multi-static radar, MIMO radar jointly processes all the transmit-receive information. All of these can improve the performance of MIMO radar. Till now, the study on MIMO radar mainly includes colocated MIMO radar, distributed MIMO radar and waveform design. In this dissertation, we will focus on how to optimize the beampattern of MIMO radar.
Colocated MIMO radar can be treated as an extended type of phased-array radar, in which the antenna arrays in the transmitting side and the receiving side are all traditional. Therefore, the beampattern optimization for colocated MIMO radar is how to obtain a narrower mainlobe beamwidth and a lower sidelobe level.
Distributed MIMO radar can be treated as an extended type of bi/multi-static radar, in which the antennas are widely separated. The widely separated antennas can obtain not only the diversity gain, but also a wider field of view or aperture length. The diversity gain can overcome the target radar cross section (RCS)“fluctuation”and improve the target detection ability. The longer aperture length can improve the target resolution at the cost of high sidelobes or grating lobes in the transmit-receive beampattern. Therefore, the beampattern optimization for distributed MIMO radar is how to suppress the high sidelobes or grating lobes.
Considering the aspects mentioned above, the following achievements have been obtained:
Based on the model of colocated MIMO radar, a generalized transmit-receive beampattern for MIMO radar is given, the relationship between MIMO radar virtual aperture and the transmit-receive beampattern is analyzed, a new minimum sidelobe level design method for MIMO radar is proposed.
Based on the model of distributed MIMO radar, a hybrid signal processing mode is proposed. The hybrid mode combines the non-coherent processing with the coherent processing, which can improve not only the ability of target detection but also the target resolution.
Combined frequency diversity with MIMO radar, a new beampattern optimization method for coherent processing distributed MIMO radar is proposed, the restriction on the selection of frequency offset is analyzed, the effectiveness of the grating lobes suppression using frequency diversity is demonstrated;
The paper has also studied on the distributed small-satellites GMTI method based on frequency MIMO radar beampattern optimization, and electronic reconnaissance technology based on two satellites with sparse aperture equipments.
当前,对MIMO雷达的研究主要从紧凑式MIMO雷达(Colocated MIMO Radar)、分布式MIMO雷达及波形设计几个方面展开。本文主要对紧凑式MIMO雷达和分布式MIMO雷达的波束优化进行了深入的研究。
紧凑式MIMO雷达可以视作相控阵雷达的扩展形式,其发射和接收两端仍然采用传统的紧凑式阵列构型。因此,对紧凑式MIMO雷达的波束优化主要是如何获得更高的主瓣分辨率和更低的旁瓣电平。
分布式MIMO雷达可以视作双/多基地雷达的扩展形式,其发射-接收天线采用大间距分布形式。这种大间距天线分布既可以获得对目标的分集增益,又可以提高系统的观测视场(Field of View)或是天线孔径。分集增益可以克服目标的雷达反射截面(Radar Cross Section, RCS)的“闪烁”效应,提高对目标的检测能力;扩大的天线孔径可以锐化波束主瓣宽度,提高对目标的分辨能力。但是大间距天线分布会引起MIMO雷达发射-接收波束中高副瓣/栅瓣的出现。因此,对分布式MIMO雷达的波束优化主要是如何对发射-接收波束中的高副瓣/栅瓣进行抑制。
针对以上问题,本文对MIMO雷达波束优化取得的创新点如下:
在紧凑式MIMO雷达信号模型基础上,给出了MIMO雷达广义形式的发射-接收波束表达形式,分析了MIMO雷达虚拟孔径对发射-接收波束的影响,提出了一种基于矩阵权优化的MIMO雷达低副瓣发射-接收波束设计方法;
在分布式MIMO雷达信号模型基础上,提出了一种混合处理模式。这种混合处理模式结合了分布式MIMO雷达的非相参和相参处理,它既有利于利用非相参处理提高对目标的检测性能,又有利于利用相参处理提高对目标的分辨性能;
将频率分集技术与MIMO雷达相结合,提出了一种相参处理分布式MIMO雷达中的波束优化方法,给出了频偏选择与波束指向以及目标距离之间的约束关系,证明了利用频率分集对分布式MIMO雷达栅瓣抑制的有效性;
同时作为MIMO雷达技术的一个补充,本文也研究了将频率分集分布式MIMO雷达波束优化方法应用于分布式小卫星地面动目标显示(GMTI)的处理方法,以及无源条件下利用双星平台稀疏孔径构型的电子侦察技术。
Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) radar is a new radar system, which utilizes multiple antennas at both the transmitting side and the receiving side. Compared with traditional phased-array radar, which transmits scaled versions of waveform, MIMO radar transmits orthogonal or partially correlated waveforms from each antenna in the transmitting side, and in the receiving side all the signals are extracted by matched filtering. Compared with bi/multi-static radar, MIMO radar jointly processes all the transmit-receive information. All of these can improve the performance of MIMO radar. Till now, the study on MIMO radar mainly includes colocated MIMO radar, distributed MIMO radar and waveform design. In this dissertation, we will focus on how to optimize the beampattern of MIMO radar.
Colocated MIMO radar can be treated as an extended type of phased-array radar, in which the antenna arrays in the transmitting side and the receiving side are all traditional. Therefore, the beampattern optimization for colocated MIMO radar is how to obtain a narrower mainlobe beamwidth and a lower sidelobe level.
Distributed MIMO radar can be treated as an extended type of bi/multi-static radar, in which the antennas are widely separated. The widely separated antennas can obtain not only the diversity gain, but also a wider field of view or aperture length. The diversity gain can overcome the target radar cross section (RCS)“fluctuation”and improve the target detection ability. The longer aperture length can improve the target resolution at the cost of high sidelobes or grating lobes in the transmit-receive beampattern. Therefore, the beampattern optimization for distributed MIMO radar is how to suppress the high sidelobes or grating lobes.
Considering the aspects mentioned above, the following achievements have been obtained:
Based on the model of colocated MIMO radar, a generalized transmit-receive beampattern for MIMO radar is given, the relationship between MIMO radar virtual aperture and the transmit-receive beampattern is analyzed, a new minimum sidelobe level design method for MIMO radar is proposed.
Based on the model of distributed MIMO radar, a hybrid signal processing mode is proposed. The hybrid mode combines the non-coherent processing with the coherent processing, which can improve not only the ability of target detection but also the target resolution.
Combined frequency diversity with MIMO radar, a new beampattern optimization method for coherent processing distributed MIMO radar is proposed, the restriction on the selection of frequency offset is analyzed, the effectiveness of the grating lobes suppression using frequency diversity is demonstrated;
The paper has also studied on the distributed small-satellites GMTI method based on frequency MIMO radar beampattern optimization, and electronic reconnaissance technology based on two satellites with sparse aperture equipments.
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