直驱永磁同步风电场等值建模研究
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摘要
本文以直驱永磁同步风力发电机组(D-PMSG)为研究对象,重点对风电机组的模型、控制策略及其运行特性等问题进行研究,建立了包括空气动力系统、集电系统、传动系统和永磁同步电机在内的不同环节的数学模型,对采用“不可控整流+Boost升压斩波+PWM可控逆变”结构的变频器控制原理进行了深入研究,建立了变频器的数学模型和传递函数关系。在分析了风电机组的功率控制原理后,对不同类型风电机组的潮流计算模型进行了研究,在原有双馈式风电机组复杂模型的基础上,提出了一种简化的双馈异步发电机潮流计算模型,算例计算结果表明简化模型与原模型的潮流计算结果基本相同,但计算过程大大简化,收敛速度也很快,适用性较好。变速恒频风电机组不同的无功功率控制方式,其潮流计算处理方法也理应不同,本文对采用恒电压控制和恒功率因数控制下的潮流计算情况进行了对比。本文在Matlab/Simulink环境下搭建了完整的D-PMSG风电场与电网的仿真模型,对D-PMSG的短路电流特性进行了仿真分析研究,研究重点针对风电场出口母线发生最严重的三相短路故障情况,仿真结果表明,由于其限流环节作用使得D-PMSG注入电网的短路电流大大减小,粗略计算情况下甚至可以忽略其对故障点短路容量的影响。另外,本文还对风电场出口母线故障发生率较高的单相接地短路和电压跌落故障下的故障电流特性进行了仿真分析。三相短路故障情况下,变频器可以起到有效的隔离作用,故障对发电机影响较小,故障后最主要的问题是不平衡功率引起的直流环节电压和发电机转速上升,可以考虑增加能量释放装置。本文研究可作为直驱式风电机组的并网分析依据,其潮流计算模型可用于含风电场的大规模电网潮流计算,系统建模研究可作为深入研究风电机组运行特性的基础,故障电流和动态特性分析可用于直驱式风电机组的并网分析和二次系统配置等方面。
This paper addresses the issues associated with the directly driven wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generators(D-PMSG), focusing on studies of wind turbine models, control strategies as well as operational characteristics in relation , having established mathematical models of all different components including the aerodynamic system , the current collection system , the driving system and PMSG , thoroughly studied control principles of converters based on the topology——‘uncontrolled rectifier bridges’plus‘the Boost chopper’plus‘PWM controlled inverters’, built up converter models and transfer function relations. Having analysed wind turbine’s power controlling principles, the paper researches on power flow calculations of different types of wind turbines, puts forward a simplified power flow calculation method of doubly-fed induction generators based on its complicated models that have already exsited. Calculation analysis of numerical samples shows that the simplified model has approximate power flow calculation results with the original one , yet is greatly simplified about the calculation procedure with a higher convergence rate and better applicability . Different reactive power controlling methods of variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) wind turbines adopt different power flow calculations , and power flow calculations under the condition of constant voltage control as well as the condition of constant power factor control are respectively analysed and compared. The paper builds a complete simulation model of D-PMSG under Matlab/Simulink environment, simulates short-circuit current characteristics of D-PMSG , focuses on the situation when the severest three-phase short circuit fault happens at the bus of the exit of wind farms . The simulation results show that the injection current to the grid, which can even be neglected at rough calculations, has been greatly limited due to the adoption of current limiting link. In addition, this paper has simulated current characteristics of single-phase grounding fault and voltage sags, which are common at the exit bus of wind farms. When three-phase short circuit fault happens, the converter efficiently isolates the generator due to which the fault would have little influence on the generator. The core issues during the fault are DC-link voltage rises and rotor speed-ups, which can be dealt with by the adding of energy release device. The studies of this text can provide basis for PMSG’s connecting to the grid, the power flow calculation model proposed in the paper applies for power flow calculations of bulk power system with wind farms connected to. The analysis of system modeling sets basis for in-depth study of wind turbines’operational characteristics, while the analysis on fault current behaviors and dynamic characteristics could be applied in areas such as PMSG’s connecting to grid analysis and secondary system arrangement and etc.
This paper addresses the issues associated with the directly driven wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generators(D-PMSG), focusing on studies of wind turbine models, control strategies as well as operational characteristics in relation , having established mathematical models of all different components including the aerodynamic system , the current collection system , the driving system and PMSG , thoroughly studied control principles of converters based on the topology——‘uncontrolled rectifier bridges’plus‘the Boost chopper’plus‘PWM controlled inverters’, built up converter models and transfer function relations. Having analysed wind turbine’s power controlling principles, the paper researches on power flow calculations of different types of wind turbines, puts forward a simplified power flow calculation method of doubly-fed induction generators based on its complicated models that have already exsited. Calculation analysis of numerical samples shows that the simplified model has approximate power flow calculation results with the original one , yet is greatly simplified about the calculation procedure with a higher convergence rate and better applicability . Different reactive power controlling methods of variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) wind turbines adopt different power flow calculations , and power flow calculations under the condition of constant voltage control as well as the condition of constant power factor control are respectively analysed and compared. The paper builds a complete simulation model of D-PMSG under Matlab/Simulink environment, simulates short-circuit current characteristics of D-PMSG , focuses on the situation when the severest three-phase short circuit fault happens at the bus of the exit of wind farms . The simulation results show that the injection current to the grid, which can even be neglected at rough calculations, has been greatly limited due to the adoption of current limiting link. In addition, this paper has simulated current characteristics of single-phase grounding fault and voltage sags, which are common at the exit bus of wind farms. When three-phase short circuit fault happens, the converter efficiently isolates the generator due to which the fault would have little influence on the generator. The core issues during the fault are DC-link voltage rises and rotor speed-ups, which can be dealt with by the adding of energy release device. The studies of this text can provide basis for PMSG’s connecting to the grid, the power flow calculation model proposed in the paper applies for power flow calculations of bulk power system with wind farms connected to. The analysis of system modeling sets basis for in-depth study of wind turbines’operational characteristics, while the analysis on fault current behaviors and dynamic characteristics could be applied in areas such as PMSG’s connecting to grid analysis and secondary system arrangement and etc.
引文
[1]王晓蓉,王伟胜,戴慧珠.我国风力发电现状和展望[J].中国电力,2004,1(37):81-84.
[2]贺德馨,等.中国可再生能源发展战略研究丛书——风能卷[M].中国电力出版社,2008.
[3]曹娜,赵海翔,陈默子,戴慧珠.潮流计算中风电场的等值[J].电网技术,2006,30(9):53-56.
[4] Papadopolos M,Malatestas P,Hatziagyriou N.Simulation and analysis of small and medium size power systems containing wind turbines[J].IEEE Trans on Power systems,1991,6(4):1453-1458.
[5] Saad S Z,Jenkins N.Models for predicting flicker induced by large wind turbines[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1999,14(3):743-748.
[6]王伟胜,申洪.电力系统潮流计算中风电场节点的考虑方法[J].华北电力大学学报,2002,29(增刊):150-153.
[7]王海潮,周双喜,鲁宗相,等.含风电场的电力系统潮流计算的联合迭代方法及应用[J].电网技术,2005,29(18):59-62.
[8] Castro R M G, Ferreira de Jesus J M.A. wind park reduced-order model using singular perturbations theory[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Convertion, 1996,11(4):735-740.
[9]申洪.变速恒频风电机组并网运行模型及其应用[D].中国电力科学研究院,2003.
[10] Feijoo A E , Cidras J . Modeling of wind farms in the load flow analysis[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,2000,15(1):110-115.
[11] SUN Yuanzhang, WU Jun, LI Guojie. Influence research of wind power generation on power systems[J]. Power System Technology, 2007,31(20):55-62.
[12]杨国生,李欣,周泽昕.风电场接入对配电网继电保护的影响与对策[J].电网技术,2009,33(11):87-91.
[13] Abbey C,Joos G.Effect of low voltage ride through (LVRT) characteristic on voltage stability[J]. IEEE Trans on Industry Applications,2005,41(3):1-7.
[14]关宏亮,赵海翔,迟永宁等.电力系统对并网风电机组承受低电压能力的要求[J].电网技术,2007,31(7):78-82.
[15] Mullane A,Lightbody G.Wind-turbine fault ride-through enhancement [J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,2005,20(4):1929-1937.
[16]尹明,李庚银,张建成,等.直驱式永磁同步风力发电机组建模及其控制策略[J].电网技术,2007,31(15):61-65.
[17]徐科,胡敏强,郑建勇,等.风力发电机无速度传感器网侧功率直接控制[J] .电力系统自动化, 2006, 30(23): 43- 47.
[18]闫耀民,范瑜,汪至中.永磁同步电机风力发电系统的自寻优控制[J] .电工技术学报, 2002, 17( 6) : 82- 86.
[19]付勋波,郭金东,赵栋利,许洪华.直驱式风力发电系统的仿真建模与运行特性研究[J].电力自动化设备,2009,29(2):1-5.
[20]姚骏,廖勇,瞿兴鸿,刘刃.直驱永磁同步风力发电机的最佳风能跟踪控制[J].电网技术,2008,32(10):11-16.
[21] Chinchilla M,Arnaltes S,Burgos J C.Control of permanent-magnet generators applied to variable-speed wind-energy systems connected to the grid[J].IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion,2006,21(1):130-135.
[22]蔺红,晁勤,荆剑.直驱式永磁同步风力发电系统的并网控制[J].电测与仪表,2010,47(530):21-25.
[23] Kim S K,Kim E S,Yoon J Y,et al.PSCAD/EMTDC based dynamic modeling and analysis of a variable speed wind turbine[C].2004 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,USA,Denver,2004.
[24] Esmaili, R.; Xu, L.; Nichols, D.K. A new control method of permanent for maximum power tracking in wind turbine application[C]. Power Engineering Society General Meeting,2005,1-6.
[25]院海.直驱风机建模及其最大功率跟踪控制[D].新疆大学,2008.
[26] SVECHKARENKO D. Simulations and control of direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator[D]. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology, 2005.
[27] Yazdani, A, Iravani, R. A netural-point clamped converter system for direct-dirve variable-speed wind power unit[J]. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on ,2006,21(2):596-607.
[28]张梅.直驱永磁同步风电机组建模及其控制系统仿真研究[D].西安理工大学,2008.
[29]金一丁,宋强,刘文华.直驱永磁同步风电机组的建模与仿真分析[J].水电自动化与大坝监测2008,32(5):47-52.
[30] Yang Xiaoping, Duan Xianfeng, Bai Yanli. Asymmetrical voltage dip ride-through enhancement of directly driven wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator[C]. Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, 2009. SUPERGEN '09. International Conference ,2009:1-6.
[31]徐科,胡敏强,杜炎森,杨晓静.直流母线电压控制实现并网与最大风能跟踪[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(11):53-58.
[32] Akhmatov V . Analysis of dynamic behavior of electric power systems with large amount of wind power. PhD. thesis[M].Copenhagen, Denmark: Electric Power Engineering,Technical University of Denmark. 2003.
[33]叶杭冶.风力发电系统的设计、运行与维护[M].电子工业出版社,2010.
[34] Wu Xueguang. Application of models of the wind energy conversion system to wind power dynamic analysis[J]. Power System Technology, 1998:1406～1411.
[35] P.M.Anderson,A.Bose . Stability simulation of wind turbine systems[J]. IEEE Trans Power APP.Syst,Dee.1983,102:3791-3795.
[36]赵仁德,王永军,张加胜.直驱式永磁同步风力发电系统最大功率追踪控制[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(27):106-111.
[37] J.G. Slootweg, S.W.H. De Haan, H. Polinder, W.L. Kling. General modelfor representing variable speed wind turbines in power system dynamics simulations [J]. IEEE Trans. Power Systems, 2003,8(1): 144-151.
[38] Sun T,Chen Z,Blaabjerg F.Voltage recovery of grid-connected wind turbines after a short-circuit fault[C].The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON2003),USA,Virginia,2003.
[39]吴义纯,丁明,张立军.含风电场的电力系统潮流计算[J].中国电机工程报,2005,25(4):36-39.
[40]王伟.同步风力发电机的稳态模型及其并网问题研究[D].北京交通大学,2008.
[41]李先奇.变速风电机组风电场并网的系统电压稳定性研究[D].华中科技大学,2008.
[42] Hier S.Grid integration of wind energy conversion systems[M].John Wiley and Sons,1998.
[43] Muljadi E,Butterfield C P.Pitch-controlled variable-speed wind turbine generation [J],IEEE Trans on Industry Applications,2001,37(1):240-246.
[44] Song Y D,Dhinakaran B,Bao X Y.Variable speed control of wind turbines using nonlinear and adaptive algorithms[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2000,85(3):293-308.
[45]李建林,许洪华.风力发电中的电力电子变流技术[M].机械工业出版社,2009.
[46]吴迪,张建文.变速直驱永磁风力发电机控制系统的研究[J].大电机技术,2006,(6):51-55.
[47]关宏亮,赵海翔,刘燕华,王伟胜等.风力发电机组对称短路特性分析[J].电力自动化设备,2008,21(1):61-64.
[48]胡书举,李建林,许洪华.直驱风电系统变流器建模和跌落特性仿真[J].高电压技术,2008,34(5):949-954.
[2]贺德馨,等.中国可再生能源发展战略研究丛书——风能卷[M].中国电力出版社,2008.
[3]曹娜,赵海翔,陈默子,戴慧珠.潮流计算中风电场的等值[J].电网技术,2006,30(9):53-56.
[4] Papadopolos M,Malatestas P,Hatziagyriou N.Simulation and analysis of small and medium size power systems containing wind turbines[J].IEEE Trans on Power systems,1991,6(4):1453-1458.
[5] Saad S Z,Jenkins N.Models for predicting flicker induced by large wind turbines[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1999,14(3):743-748.
[6]王伟胜,申洪.电力系统潮流计算中风电场节点的考虑方法[J].华北电力大学学报,2002,29(增刊):150-153.
[7]王海潮,周双喜,鲁宗相,等.含风电场的电力系统潮流计算的联合迭代方法及应用[J].电网技术,2005,29(18):59-62.
[8] Castro R M G, Ferreira de Jesus J M.A. wind park reduced-order model using singular perturbations theory[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Convertion, 1996,11(4):735-740.
[9]申洪.变速恒频风电机组并网运行模型及其应用[D].中国电力科学研究院,2003.
[10] Feijoo A E , Cidras J . Modeling of wind farms in the load flow analysis[J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,2000,15(1):110-115.
[11] SUN Yuanzhang, WU Jun, LI Guojie. Influence research of wind power generation on power systems[J]. Power System Technology, 2007,31(20):55-62.
[12]杨国生,李欣,周泽昕.风电场接入对配电网继电保护的影响与对策[J].电网技术,2009,33(11):87-91.
[13] Abbey C,Joos G.Effect of low voltage ride through (LVRT) characteristic on voltage stability[J]. IEEE Trans on Industry Applications,2005,41(3):1-7.
[14]关宏亮,赵海翔,迟永宁等.电力系统对并网风电机组承受低电压能力的要求[J].电网技术,2007,31(7):78-82.
[15] Mullane A,Lightbody G.Wind-turbine fault ride-through enhancement [J].IEEE Trans on Power Systems,2005,20(4):1929-1937.
[16]尹明,李庚银,张建成,等.直驱式永磁同步风力发电机组建模及其控制策略[J].电网技术,2007,31(15):61-65.
[17]徐科,胡敏强,郑建勇,等.风力发电机无速度传感器网侧功率直接控制[J] .电力系统自动化, 2006, 30(23): 43- 47.
[18]闫耀民,范瑜,汪至中.永磁同步电机风力发电系统的自寻优控制[J] .电工技术学报, 2002, 17( 6) : 82- 86.
[19]付勋波,郭金东,赵栋利,许洪华.直驱式风力发电系统的仿真建模与运行特性研究[J].电力自动化设备,2009,29(2):1-5.
[20]姚骏,廖勇,瞿兴鸿,刘刃.直驱永磁同步风力发电机的最佳风能跟踪控制[J].电网技术,2008,32(10):11-16.
[21] Chinchilla M,Arnaltes S,Burgos J C.Control of permanent-magnet generators applied to variable-speed wind-energy systems connected to the grid[J].IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion,2006,21(1):130-135.
[22]蔺红,晁勤,荆剑.直驱式永磁同步风力发电系统的并网控制[J].电测与仪表,2010,47(530):21-25.
[23] Kim S K,Kim E S,Yoon J Y,et al.PSCAD/EMTDC based dynamic modeling and analysis of a variable speed wind turbine[C].2004 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,USA,Denver,2004.
[24] Esmaili, R.; Xu, L.; Nichols, D.K. A new control method of permanent for maximum power tracking in wind turbine application[C]. Power Engineering Society General Meeting,2005,1-6.
[25]院海.直驱风机建模及其最大功率跟踪控制[D].新疆大学,2008.
[26] SVECHKARENKO D. Simulations and control of direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator[D]. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology, 2005.
[27] Yazdani, A, Iravani, R. A netural-point clamped converter system for direct-dirve variable-speed wind power unit[J]. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on ,2006,21(2):596-607.
[28]张梅.直驱永磁同步风电机组建模及其控制系统仿真研究[D].西安理工大学,2008.
[29]金一丁,宋强,刘文华.直驱永磁同步风电机组的建模与仿真分析[J].水电自动化与大坝监测2008,32(5):47-52.
[30] Yang Xiaoping, Duan Xianfeng, Bai Yanli. Asymmetrical voltage dip ride-through enhancement of directly driven wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator[C]. Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, 2009. SUPERGEN '09. International Conference ,2009:1-6.
[31]徐科,胡敏强,杜炎森,杨晓静.直流母线电压控制实现并网与最大风能跟踪[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(11):53-58.
[32] Akhmatov V . Analysis of dynamic behavior of electric power systems with large amount of wind power. PhD. thesis[M].Copenhagen, Denmark: Electric Power Engineering,Technical University of Denmark. 2003.
[33]叶杭冶.风力发电系统的设计、运行与维护[M].电子工业出版社,2010.
[34] Wu Xueguang. Application of models of the wind energy conversion system to wind power dynamic analysis[J]. Power System Technology, 1998:1406～1411.
[35] P.M.Anderson,A.Bose . Stability simulation of wind turbine systems[J]. IEEE Trans Power APP.Syst,Dee.1983,102:3791-3795.
[36]赵仁德,王永军,张加胜.直驱式永磁同步风力发电系统最大功率追踪控制[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(27):106-111.
[37] J.G. Slootweg, S.W.H. De Haan, H. Polinder, W.L. Kling. General modelfor representing variable speed wind turbines in power system dynamics simulations [J]. IEEE Trans. Power Systems, 2003,8(1): 144-151.
[38] Sun T,Chen Z,Blaabjerg F.Voltage recovery of grid-connected wind turbines after a short-circuit fault[C].The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON2003),USA,Virginia,2003.
[39]吴义纯,丁明,张立军.含风电场的电力系统潮流计算[J].中国电机工程报,2005,25(4):36-39.
[40]王伟.同步风力发电机的稳态模型及其并网问题研究[D].北京交通大学,2008.
[41]李先奇.变速风电机组风电场并网的系统电压稳定性研究[D].华中科技大学,2008.
[42] Hier S.Grid integration of wind energy conversion systems[M].John Wiley and Sons,1998.
[43] Muljadi E,Butterfield C P.Pitch-controlled variable-speed wind turbine generation [J],IEEE Trans on Industry Applications,2001,37(1):240-246.
[44] Song Y D,Dhinakaran B,Bao X Y.Variable speed control of wind turbines using nonlinear and adaptive algorithms[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2000,85(3):293-308.
[45]李建林,许洪华.风力发电中的电力电子变流技术[M].机械工业出版社,2009.
[46]吴迪,张建文.变速直驱永磁风力发电机控制系统的研究[J].大电机技术,2006,(6):51-55.
[47]关宏亮,赵海翔,刘燕华,王伟胜等.风力发电机组对称短路特性分析[J].电力自动化设备,2008,21(1):61-64.
[48]胡书举,李建林,许洪华.直驱风电系统变流器建模和跌落特性仿真[J].高电压技术,2008,34(5):949-954.