合成孔径雷达成像及自聚焦算法研究
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摘要
本文主要研究了合成孔径雷达成像算法和雷达成像自聚焦算法两个方面的内容。
在对合成孔径雷达成像算法的研究中,实现了距离多普勒算法和距离徙动算法。采用距离多普勒算法对多点目标分别在窄带和超宽带条件下进行成像,成像结果表明距离多普勒算法在窄带条件下能够得到高质量的目标二维图像,而在超宽带条件下成像质量较差。对于距离徙动算法,着重讨论了算法中的两个关键步骤:参考函数相乘和STOLT插值,并通过计算机仿真对多点目标进行了成像。和距离多普勒算法相比,该算法在处理超宽带信号方面更具有优越性。
在对合成孔径雷达成像自聚焦算法的研究中,首先研究了相位梯度自聚焦算法,该算法对仿真数据取得了比较好的聚焦效果。针对传统自聚焦算法中存在的一些问题,本文将遗传算法应用于合成孔径雷达成像自聚焦,并根据雷达回波信号和雷达成像的特点对遗传算法进行了改进,由此提出了遗传自聚焦算法,并将这种新算法应用于实际合成孔径雷达回波数据中,得到了很好的成像结果。
Synthetic aperture radar imaging algorithm and radar imaging autofocus algorithm are mainly discussed in this thesis.
In the research on the SAR imaging algorithm, range Doppler algorithm and range migration algorithm are implemented. Range Doppler algorithms of multipoint targets could be adopted in the SAR imaging of the narrow and ultra-wide band signals respectively. The image shows that range Doppler algorithm could obtain high quality two-dimensional image in narrow band condition but worse quality in Ultra-wide band condition. For the Range Migration Algorithm, its two major steps, reference function multiplication and STOLT interpolation, have been mainly discussed. And the multipoint target imaging is simulated. Compared with the former R-D algorithm, R-D Migration algorithm has the superiority in processing of the Ultra-wide band signals.
In the research on SAR imaging autofocus algorithm, the phase gradient autofocus algorithm is discussed firstly which achieves a better focusing effect using simulated data. According to problems of the traditional autofocus algorithms, the thesis introduces the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to SAR imaging autofocus and makes some improvements in accordance with the characteristics of the radar echo signal and imaging processing. Therefore, the Genetic Autofocus Algorithm is presented and has been applied to the SAR radar echo data with excellent imaging characteristics.
在对合成孔径雷达成像算法的研究中,实现了距离多普勒算法和距离徙动算法。采用距离多普勒算法对多点目标分别在窄带和超宽带条件下进行成像,成像结果表明距离多普勒算法在窄带条件下能够得到高质量的目标二维图像,而在超宽带条件下成像质量较差。对于距离徙动算法,着重讨论了算法中的两个关键步骤:参考函数相乘和STOLT插值,并通过计算机仿真对多点目标进行了成像。和距离多普勒算法相比,该算法在处理超宽带信号方面更具有优越性。
在对合成孔径雷达成像自聚焦算法的研究中,首先研究了相位梯度自聚焦算法,该算法对仿真数据取得了比较好的聚焦效果。针对传统自聚焦算法中存在的一些问题,本文将遗传算法应用于合成孔径雷达成像自聚焦,并根据雷达回波信号和雷达成像的特点对遗传算法进行了改进,由此提出了遗传自聚焦算法,并将这种新算法应用于实际合成孔径雷达回波数据中,得到了很好的成像结果。
Synthetic aperture radar imaging algorithm and radar imaging autofocus algorithm are mainly discussed in this thesis.
In the research on the SAR imaging algorithm, range Doppler algorithm and range migration algorithm are implemented. Range Doppler algorithms of multipoint targets could be adopted in the SAR imaging of the narrow and ultra-wide band signals respectively. The image shows that range Doppler algorithm could obtain high quality two-dimensional image in narrow band condition but worse quality in Ultra-wide band condition. For the Range Migration Algorithm, its two major steps, reference function multiplication and STOLT interpolation, have been mainly discussed. And the multipoint target imaging is simulated. Compared with the former R-D algorithm, R-D Migration algorithm has the superiority in processing of the Ultra-wide band signals.
In the research on SAR imaging autofocus algorithm, the phase gradient autofocus algorithm is discussed firstly which achieves a better focusing effect using simulated data. According to problems of the traditional autofocus algorithms, the thesis introduces the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to SAR imaging autofocus and makes some improvements in accordance with the characteristics of the radar echo signal and imaging processing. Therefore, the Genetic Autofocus Algorithm is presented and has been applied to the SAR radar echo data with excellent imaging characteristics.
引文
[1]张澄波.综合孔径雷达[M].北京:科学出版社,1989
[2]Curlander J.C,Mcdonough R.N.Synthetic Aperture Radar System and Signal Processing[J].United States:John Wiley&Sons,Inc 1991.
[3]K.Kulpa,M.Smolarczyk,A.Gorzelanczyk.Radar signal generator and its usage for SAR algorithm tests[J].MIKON-2002,2002(3):749-752
[4]G.Christophe,P Isabelle.Use of geometrical SAR simulation for visibility prediction:application to mission planning and urban study[J].IGARSS'96,1996,1:257-259
[5]禹卫东.合成孔径雷达信号处理研究[D].南京:南京航空航天大学,1997
[6]刘永坦等著.雷达成像技术[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999年10月
[7]袁孝康.星载合成孔径雷达导论[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2003
[8]魏钟铨.合成孔径雷达卫星[M].北京:科学出版社,2001
[9]K.Sarabandi,L.E.Pierce.Polarimetric calibration of SIR-C using point and distributed targets[J].IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1995,33:858-866
[10]Y.Yamaguchi,K.Kimura,S.Kakizaki,H.Yamada ALOS-PALSAR image simulation in various polarization bases[J].IGARSS '02,2002,1:381-383
[11]J.M.Nasr.Application of a sar image simulator to the study polarization signature of man-made targets[J].IGARSS'89,1989,1:25-28
[12]I.V.Elizavetin,P.PaiIlou.Study of surface scattering properties in S-band using radar image Simulation[J].Radar 97,449:811-815
[13]Dean L.Mensa.High Resolution Radar Cross-Section Imaging[J].Norwood,MA:Artech House,1991
[14]Schleher,D.C.MTI and Pulsed Doppler Radar[J].Norwood,MA:Artech house,1991(2)
[15]张明友,汪学刚.雷达系统[M].第2版.北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[16]王晓兰.合成孔径雷达数据压缩算法性能评估与相干斑抑制算法研究[D].北京:中国科学院电子学研究所,2000
[17]齐向阳,朱敏慧,白友天.极化合成孔径雷达的模拟研究[J].电子与信息学报,2003,23(29):899-904
[18]王睿.星载合成孔径雷达系统设计与模拟软件研究[D].北京:中国科学院电子学研究所,2003
[19]王睿,杨汝良.一种面向雷达工作流程的星载合成孔径雷达回波模拟[J].遥感技术与应用,2003,18(5):327-331
[20]倪江.星载合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟源的研制[D].北京:中国科学院电子学研究所,1997
[21]岳海霞,杨汝良.星载合成孔径雷达模拟源研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2004,4(19):900-904
[22]岳海霞.PCI总线在星载SAR模拟源设计中的应用[C].中国科学院电子学研究所2003年青年学术交流会论文集,2003,213-217
[23]Haixia Yue,Ruliang Yang.The application of point simulation in SAR testing[J].6's International Symposium on Test and Measurement(ISTM/2005),2005
[24]詹学丽.机载合成孔径雷达回波模拟器设计与实现[D].北京:北京理工大学,2003
[25]黄智刚,柳重堪,万国龙,单东梅.一种基于PCI总线的可编程雷达信号模拟器的实现[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2003,29(1):5-8
[26]黄立胜,王贞松,郑天鑫.基于FFT的SAR分布目标模拟算法[J].遥感学报,2004,8(2):128-136
[27]Sun jinyao,Sun Hong.Synthetic aperture radar raw signals simulation of extended scenes[J],wuhan university journal of natural sciences,2004,9(3):327-331
[28]汤志伟,陆志强,黄顺吉.星载合成孔径雷达数据仿真研究[J].系统工程与电子技术,2001,23:23-25
[29]John C.Curlander and Robert N.McDonough.Synthetic Aperture Radar:System and Signal Processing[J].John Wiley&Sons Inc,New York,1991:155-208
[30]A.M.Smith.New Approach to Range-Doppler SAR Processing[J].Int.J Remote Sensing,1991,2(2):235-251
[31]J.R.Bennett,I.G.Cumming,R.A.Deane,P.Widmer,R.Fielding and P.McConnell.SEASAT Imagery Shows St.Lawrence[J].Aviation Week and Space Technology,1979(2)
[32]M.Jin,C.Wu.A SAR correlation algorithm which accommodates large range migration[J].IEEE Trans.GE,1984,22(6)
[33]T.E.Scheuer and F.H.Wong.Comparison of SAR Processors Based on a Wave Equation Formulation[J].In Proc.Int.Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp,IGARSS'91,Finland,June 1991,2:635-639
[34]R.Bamler.A Comparison of Range-Doppler and Wavenumber Domain SAR Focusing Algorithms[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,July 1992,30(4):706-713
[35]R.Bamler.A Systematic Comparison of SAR Focusing Algorithms[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp.Finland,IGARSS'91,June 1991,2:1005-1009
[36]C.Cafforio,C.Prati and F.Rocca.SAR Data Focusing Using Seismic Migration Techniques[J].IEEE Transactions on Airspace and Electronic Systems,March 1991,27(2):194-205
[37]R.K.Raney,H.Runge,R.Bamler,LG Gumming,F.H.Wong.Precision SAR Processing Using Chirp Scaling[J].IEEE,Trans.GE,1994,32(4):786-799
[38]H.Runge,R.Bamler.A Novel High Precision SAR Focussing Algorithm Based On Chirp Scaling[J].IGARSS,1992,372-375
[39]A.Moreira,J.Mittermaycr,R.Scheiber.Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Air-and Spaceborne SAR Data Processing in Stripmap and ScanSAR Imaging Modes[J].IEEE,Trans.GE,1996,34(5):1123-1136
[40]Mittermayer,A.Moreira.A Spotlight SAR data processing using the frequency scaling algorithm[J].IEEE,Trans.GE,1999,2198-2214
[41]郭华东.雷达对地观测理论与应用.北京:科学出版社,2000
[42]W.J.Caputi.Stretch:A Time-Transformation Technique[J].IEEE Trans,On Aerospace and Electronic Systems,March 1971,7:269-278,.
[43]R.P.Perry and H.W.Kaiser.Digital Step Transform Approach to Airborne Radar Processing[J].IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference,May 1973:280-287
[44]J.C.Kirk.A Discussion of Digital Processing in Synthetic Aperture Radar[J].IEEE Trans.On Aerospace and Electronic Systems,May 1975,10(3):326-337
[45]M.Sack,M.Ito,I.G.Cumming.Application of Efficient Linear FM Matched Filtering Algorithms to SAR Processing[J].IEEE Proc-F,1985,132(1):45-57
[46]王盛利,于立,倪晋麟,张光义.高分辨SAR的距离-多普勒-距离成像方法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2003,25(8):1012-1014
[47]荣向军.合成孔径雷达实时信号处理机研究[D].北京:北京航空航天大学,2001
[48]丁鹭飞等.雷达原理[M].第三版.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002年3月
[49]袁孝康.星载合成孔径雷达的数字成像处理[J].上海航天,1997(4):26-31
[50]禹卫东,吴淑梅.距离-多普勒方法中的几种插值算法比较[J].电子与信息学报,2001,23(3):308-312
[51]John C.KIRK,JR.Motion Compensation For Synthetic Aperture Radar[J].IEEE Trans.On Aerospace and Electronic systems,May 1975,11(3)
[52]朱国富,董臻,常文革,梁甸农.用相位梯度法校正超宽带雷达系统的相位误差[J].国防科技大学学报,2001,3(1):48-50
[53]Ian G.Cumming,Frank H.Wong,洪文,胡东辉等译.合成孔径雷达成像-算法与实现[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007
[54]J.Dall.A New Frequency Domain Autofocus Algorithm for SAR[J].Proceedings of IGARSS,1991,1069-1072
[55]孟庆春.遗传算法及其应用[M].山东:山东大学出版社,1995
[56]岳盼想,陈金梅,李法朝.带混合算子的自适应遗传算法的收敛性研究[J].河北科技大学学报,2006,27(4):272-276
[2]Curlander J.C,Mcdonough R.N.Synthetic Aperture Radar System and Signal Processing[J].United States:John Wiley&Sons,Inc 1991.
[3]K.Kulpa,M.Smolarczyk,A.Gorzelanczyk.Radar signal generator and its usage for SAR algorithm tests[J].MIKON-2002,2002(3):749-752
[4]G.Christophe,P Isabelle.Use of geometrical SAR simulation for visibility prediction:application to mission planning and urban study[J].IGARSS'96,1996,1:257-259
[5]禹卫东.合成孔径雷达信号处理研究[D].南京:南京航空航天大学,1997
[6]刘永坦等著.雷达成像技术[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999年10月
[7]袁孝康.星载合成孔径雷达导论[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2003
[8]魏钟铨.合成孔径雷达卫星[M].北京:科学出版社,2001
[9]K.Sarabandi,L.E.Pierce.Polarimetric calibration of SIR-C using point and distributed targets[J].IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1995,33:858-866
[10]Y.Yamaguchi,K.Kimura,S.Kakizaki,H.Yamada ALOS-PALSAR image simulation in various polarization bases[J].IGARSS '02,2002,1:381-383
[11]J.M.Nasr.Application of a sar image simulator to the study polarization signature of man-made targets[J].IGARSS'89,1989,1:25-28
[12]I.V.Elizavetin,P.PaiIlou.Study of surface scattering properties in S-band using radar image Simulation[J].Radar 97,449:811-815
[13]Dean L.Mensa.High Resolution Radar Cross-Section Imaging[J].Norwood,MA:Artech House,1991
[14]Schleher,D.C.MTI and Pulsed Doppler Radar[J].Norwood,MA:Artech house,1991(2)
[15]张明友,汪学刚.雷达系统[M].第2版.北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[16]王晓兰.合成孔径雷达数据压缩算法性能评估与相干斑抑制算法研究[D].北京:中国科学院电子学研究所,2000
[17]齐向阳,朱敏慧,白友天.极化合成孔径雷达的模拟研究[J].电子与信息学报,2003,23(29):899-904
[18]王睿.星载合成孔径雷达系统设计与模拟软件研究[D].北京:中国科学院电子学研究所,2003
[19]王睿,杨汝良.一种面向雷达工作流程的星载合成孔径雷达回波模拟[J].遥感技术与应用,2003,18(5):327-331
[20]倪江.星载合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟源的研制[D].北京:中国科学院电子学研究所,1997
[21]岳海霞,杨汝良.星载合成孔径雷达模拟源研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2004,4(19):900-904
[22]岳海霞.PCI总线在星载SAR模拟源设计中的应用[C].中国科学院电子学研究所2003年青年学术交流会论文集,2003,213-217
[23]Haixia Yue,Ruliang Yang.The application of point simulation in SAR testing[J].6's International Symposium on Test and Measurement(ISTM/2005),2005
[24]詹学丽.机载合成孔径雷达回波模拟器设计与实现[D].北京:北京理工大学,2003
[25]黄智刚,柳重堪,万国龙,单东梅.一种基于PCI总线的可编程雷达信号模拟器的实现[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2003,29(1):5-8
[26]黄立胜,王贞松,郑天鑫.基于FFT的SAR分布目标模拟算法[J].遥感学报,2004,8(2):128-136
[27]Sun jinyao,Sun Hong.Synthetic aperture radar raw signals simulation of extended scenes[J],wuhan university journal of natural sciences,2004,9(3):327-331
[28]汤志伟,陆志强,黄顺吉.星载合成孔径雷达数据仿真研究[J].系统工程与电子技术,2001,23:23-25
[29]John C.Curlander and Robert N.McDonough.Synthetic Aperture Radar:System and Signal Processing[J].John Wiley&Sons Inc,New York,1991:155-208
[30]A.M.Smith.New Approach to Range-Doppler SAR Processing[J].Int.J Remote Sensing,1991,2(2):235-251
[31]J.R.Bennett,I.G.Cumming,R.A.Deane,P.Widmer,R.Fielding and P.McConnell.SEASAT Imagery Shows St.Lawrence[J].Aviation Week and Space Technology,1979(2)
[32]M.Jin,C.Wu.A SAR correlation algorithm which accommodates large range migration[J].IEEE Trans.GE,1984,22(6)
[33]T.E.Scheuer and F.H.Wong.Comparison of SAR Processors Based on a Wave Equation Formulation[J].In Proc.Int.Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp,IGARSS'91,Finland,June 1991,2:635-639
[34]R.Bamler.A Comparison of Range-Doppler and Wavenumber Domain SAR Focusing Algorithms[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,July 1992,30(4):706-713
[35]R.Bamler.A Systematic Comparison of SAR Focusing Algorithms[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp.Finland,IGARSS'91,June 1991,2:1005-1009
[36]C.Cafforio,C.Prati and F.Rocca.SAR Data Focusing Using Seismic Migration Techniques[J].IEEE Transactions on Airspace and Electronic Systems,March 1991,27(2):194-205
[37]R.K.Raney,H.Runge,R.Bamler,LG Gumming,F.H.Wong.Precision SAR Processing Using Chirp Scaling[J].IEEE,Trans.GE,1994,32(4):786-799
[38]H.Runge,R.Bamler.A Novel High Precision SAR Focussing Algorithm Based On Chirp Scaling[J].IGARSS,1992,372-375
[39]A.Moreira,J.Mittermaycr,R.Scheiber.Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Air-and Spaceborne SAR Data Processing in Stripmap and ScanSAR Imaging Modes[J].IEEE,Trans.GE,1996,34(5):1123-1136
[40]Mittermayer,A.Moreira.A Spotlight SAR data processing using the frequency scaling algorithm[J].IEEE,Trans.GE,1999,2198-2214
[41]郭华东.雷达对地观测理论与应用.北京:科学出版社,2000
[42]W.J.Caputi.Stretch:A Time-Transformation Technique[J].IEEE Trans,On Aerospace and Electronic Systems,March 1971,7:269-278,.
[43]R.P.Perry and H.W.Kaiser.Digital Step Transform Approach to Airborne Radar Processing[J].IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference,May 1973:280-287
[44]J.C.Kirk.A Discussion of Digital Processing in Synthetic Aperture Radar[J].IEEE Trans.On Aerospace and Electronic Systems,May 1975,10(3):326-337
[45]M.Sack,M.Ito,I.G.Cumming.Application of Efficient Linear FM Matched Filtering Algorithms to SAR Processing[J].IEEE Proc-F,1985,132(1):45-57
[46]王盛利,于立,倪晋麟,张光义.高分辨SAR的距离-多普勒-距离成像方法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2003,25(8):1012-1014
[47]荣向军.合成孔径雷达实时信号处理机研究[D].北京:北京航空航天大学,2001
[48]丁鹭飞等.雷达原理[M].第三版.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002年3月
[49]袁孝康.星载合成孔径雷达的数字成像处理[J].上海航天,1997(4):26-31
[50]禹卫东,吴淑梅.距离-多普勒方法中的几种插值算法比较[J].电子与信息学报,2001,23(3):308-312
[51]John C.KIRK,JR.Motion Compensation For Synthetic Aperture Radar[J].IEEE Trans.On Aerospace and Electronic systems,May 1975,11(3)
[52]朱国富,董臻,常文革,梁甸农.用相位梯度法校正超宽带雷达系统的相位误差[J].国防科技大学学报,2001,3(1):48-50
[53]Ian G.Cumming,Frank H.Wong,洪文,胡东辉等译.合成孔径雷达成像-算法与实现[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007
[54]J.Dall.A New Frequency Domain Autofocus Algorithm for SAR[J].Proceedings of IGARSS,1991,1069-1072
[55]孟庆春.遗传算法及其应用[M].山东:山东大学出版社,1995
[56]岳盼想,陈金梅,李法朝.带混合算子的自适应遗传算法的收敛性研究[J].河北科技大学学报,2006,27(4):272-276