基于光学波动法和相关原理的颗粒测量及多波长火焰温度分析
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摘要
在本论文的第一部分中，介绍了有关采用多波长分析方法测量碳氢燃料火焰温度的研究。在该方法中，采用SD2000型光纤光谱仪测量火焰在可见光(480-1100nm)波长范围内的火焰的辐射光谱，结合Newton-Raphson非线性迭代算法和Levenberg-Marquardt最优化算法，得到火焰温度和单色辐射率变化规律。在研究中分别采用了基于F(λ)和α(λ)的单色辐射率的表达方式并进行了对比计算。
对丁烷气体火焰及丁烷-植物油混合燃料火焰的测量结果表明，多波长分析方法优于传统的双色法，表现在两个方面：一、由于综合考虑多个波长单元上的火焰辐射信息，多波长方法的测量精度比双色法有较大的提高；二、在多波长分析方法中，采用标准卤素灯进行相对辐射强度标定，简化了双色法中的火焰绝对辐射强度的标定。
在本论文的第二部分中，介绍了采用光学波动法测量气固两相流中颗粒浓度和粒径，以及采用光学信号相关计算方法测量颗粒空间流速的研究。光学波动法结合颗粒经过光束时所产生的光透射信号强度的均值和波动值，来得到颗粒在探测区域内的平均浓度和平均粒径，同时对光波动信号进行相关计算，可以得到颗粒的空间流速，在研究中还引入了数字滤波技术对信号进行预处理，并对测量范围进行了讨论。
多处工业现场和自制两相流试验系统的测量结果表明，测量颗粒浓度和粒径的精度在10％以内，速度测量精度在8％以内，证明这种技术可以用于非球形、不透明颗粒的测量。
In section 1 of this paper, a multi-wavelength analysis method is introduced to measure temperature of carbon hydrogen flame. In the study, SD2000 spectrometer is applied to obtain radiation spectrum of flame within wavelength 480-llOOnm, from which flame temperature and monochromatic emissivity are derived by Newton Raphson non-linear method and Levenberg-Marquart modeling method. The flame monochromatic emissivity is translated in form of F(/l)and a(A) respectively.
Experimental results on butane and butane-plant oil flames indicated that, measurement precision by the multi-wavelength method is strengthened by taking radiation information on multiple wavelength units into consideration, and moreover, the radiation calibration procedure is simplified, in that a halogen light source is used instead of in situ flame radiation.
In section 2, fluctuation and averaging analyses are carried out on optical transmission signals by particles passed through laser beams to derive particle size and concentration in measuring area, furthermore, correlation calculations are conducted on two adjacent laser beam signals to obtain flowing velocity of particle. In the study, FFT and digital filtering calculations are employed to assure measurement precision.
Experimental studies from industrial systems demonstrated that, fluctuation and correlation methods can be applied on non-spherical opaque particles, the precision are are within 10% and 8% respectively.
对丁烷气体火焰及丁烷-植物油混合燃料火焰的测量结果表明，多波长分析方法优于传统的双色法，表现在两个方面：一、由于综合考虑多个波长单元上的火焰辐射信息，多波长方法的测量精度比双色法有较大的提高；二、在多波长分析方法中，采用标准卤素灯进行相对辐射强度标定，简化了双色法中的火焰绝对辐射强度的标定。
在本论文的第二部分中，介绍了采用光学波动法测量气固两相流中颗粒浓度和粒径，以及采用光学信号相关计算方法测量颗粒空间流速的研究。光学波动法结合颗粒经过光束时所产生的光透射信号强度的均值和波动值，来得到颗粒在探测区域内的平均浓度和平均粒径，同时对光波动信号进行相关计算，可以得到颗粒的空间流速，在研究中还引入了数字滤波技术对信号进行预处理，并对测量范围进行了讨论。
多处工业现场和自制两相流试验系统的测量结果表明，测量颗粒浓度和粒径的精度在10％以内，速度测量精度在8％以内，证明这种技术可以用于非球形、不透明颗粒的测量。
In section 1 of this paper, a multi-wavelength analysis method is introduced to measure temperature of carbon hydrogen flame. In the study, SD2000 spectrometer is applied to obtain radiation spectrum of flame within wavelength 480-llOOnm, from which flame temperature and monochromatic emissivity are derived by Newton Raphson non-linear method and Levenberg-Marquart modeling method. The flame monochromatic emissivity is translated in form of F(/l)and a(A) respectively.
Experimental results on butane and butane-plant oil flames indicated that, measurement precision by the multi-wavelength method is strengthened by taking radiation information on multiple wavelength units into consideration, and moreover, the radiation calibration procedure is simplified, in that a halogen light source is used instead of in situ flame radiation.
In section 2, fluctuation and averaging analyses are carried out on optical transmission signals by particles passed through laser beams to derive particle size and concentration in measuring area, furthermore, correlation calculations are conducted on two adjacent laser beam signals to obtain flowing velocity of particle. In the study, FFT and digital filtering calculations are employed to assure measurement precision.
Experimental studies from industrial systems demonstrated that, fluctuation and correlation methods can be applied on non-spherical opaque particles, the precision are are within 10% and 8% respectively.
引文
1．岑可法，锅炉燃烧试验研究方法及测量技术，水利电力出版社，1987。
2. N.Chigier,Combustion Measurements,Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1991.
3. P.E.Best,P.L.Chien,R.M.Carangelo and P.R. Solomon,Tomographic Reconstruction of FT-IR Emission and Transmission Spectra in s Sooting Laminar Diffusion Flame:Species Concentrations and Temperatures,Combustion and Flame, 85, 309-318,1991.
4．肖旭东，是度芳，一种新颖的测温方法—光学层析法，锅炉技术，1992。
5. D.W. Shaw and R.H.Essenhigh, Temperature Fluctuations in Pulverized Coal (P.C.) Flames,Combustion and Flames, 86,333-346,1991.
6. Z.Jie,Experimental Study of Application of the Multi-Wavelength Method on Flame Temperature Measurement,Research Report, 1999.
7. A.I.Dahl and E.F. Fiock, Shielded Thermocouples for Gas Turbines,Transactions of The ASME, 153-161,1949.
8. W.E.West and J.W. Westwater,Radiation-Conduction Correction for Temperature Measurements in Hot Gases,Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 45, 2152-2156,1953.
9. W.J.King,Measurement of High Temperatures in High-Velocity Gas Streams, Transactions of The ASME, 1943.
10．清华大学气流温度动态法测量小组，测量高温气流温度的动态热偶法，清华大学学报，97-116，1974。
11. W.H.Giedt and J.T. Chambers, A Dual-Element Transducer for Measuring High Gas-Stream Temperatures, Journal of Heat Transfer, 397-402, 1965.
12. W.H.Giedt and R.A.Corallo,Determination of High Gas Stream Temperatures from Short-Exposure Probe Responses,ISA Transactions,8,43-51,1969.
13. R.Parker,Response of Thermocouples to a Rapid Temperature Rise,ISA Transactions,8, 122-125,1969.
14．金武，袁镇福等，信号动态修正法三热电偶测量的研究，高等学校第三届工程热物理全国学术会议论文集，603-606，1990。
15. Measures,R.M. 1984.laser Remote Sensing,New York:John Wiley.
16. G.H.Miller,J.G.Winans,O.A.Uyehara and P.S.Myers,A Fast Electro-Optical Hot-Gas Pyrometer, Journal of Opt. Soc. Ame.,43,609-617,1953.
17. S.Shimizu, S.Sakai,K.Wakai and F. Kikutani,Measuement of Burnt Gas Temperatures by an Infrared Radiation Pyrometer, Bulletin of the JSME, 23, 1180-1186,1980.
18．沈红峰，红外吸收发光CT法测量燃烧火焰温度分布的研究，浙江大学博士学位论文，1991。
19. H.Uchiyama,M.Nakajima and S.Yuta,Measurement of Flame Temperature Distribution by IR Emission Computed Tomography,Applied Optics, 24, 4111-4116,1985.
20. F.P. Chen and R. Goulard,Retrieval of Arbitrary Concentration and Temperature Fields by Multiangular Scanning Techniques, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 16,819-827,1976.
21．温度测量，美国机械工程师学会仪器与设备特性试验规范，ASME PTC 19．3-1974，ANSI PTC 19．3-1974。
22．陆晓军，魏荣年，张彪，双色法气缸内燃烧火焰瞬时温度测量装置的研制，内燃机工程，13，47～52，1992。
23．程晓舫，柴油机火焰温度多色法测试原理和技术，内燃机工程，13，32-37，1992。
24. C.Beatrice,C.Bertoli,N.C.Cirillo,N.D.Giacomo and S.D. Stasio,Two-Colour Pyrometer Measurements of Soot Loading in a Diesel Engine Burning Model Fuels of Varying Quality, Combustion Science and Technology, 110-111, 321-339,1995.
25. H.G.Hottel,F.P. Broughton,Determination of True Temperature and Total Radiation from Luminous Gas Flame,Ind. and Eng. Chem., 4,166-175,1932.
26. T.Kadota and H.Hiroyasu, Soot Concentration Measurement in a Fuel Droplet Flame via Laser Light Scattering, Combustion and Flame, 5,195-201,1984.
27. S.C.Lee and C.L.Tien,Optical Constants of Soot in Hydrocarbon Flames, Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1159-1166,1981.
28. P.J.Pagni and S.Bard,Particulate Volume Fractions in Diffusion Flames. Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1017-1028,1979.
29. H.Bockhorn, F. Fetting, U.Meyer, R.Reck and G.Wannermacher, Measurement of The Soot Concentration and Soot Particle Size in Propane Oxygen Flames, Eighteenth Symposium(International) on Combustion, 1137-1147,1981.
30. B.L.Wersborg, L.K.Fox and J.B.Howard, Soot Concentration and Absorption Coefficient in a Low-Pressure Flame,Combustion and Flame,24,1-10,1975.
31. Z.G.Habib and P. Verisch,On the Refractive Index of Soot at Flame Temperature.
Combust.Sci. and Tech.,59, 261-274,1988．
32． S.Chippett and W.A.Gray,The Size and Optical Properties j of Soot Particles, Combustion andFlame,31,\49-l59,\97B.
33． T.T.Charalampopoulos and H.ChangJn Situ Optical Properties of Soot Particles in the Wavelength Range from 340nm to 600nm,Combustion and Flame, 59,401-421,1988．
34． M.Ben Hamadi,P.Vervisch and A.Coppalle.Radiation Properties of Soot from Premixed Flat Flame. Combustion and Flame.68,57-67,1987．
35． Alexis Coppalle and Pierre Vervisch.The Total Emissivities of High-Temperature Flames.Combustion and Flame.49,101-108,1983．
36． W.W.Yuen and C.L.Tien,A Simple Calculation Scheme for The Luminous-Flame Emissivity, Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1481-1487, 1981．
37． C.K.Lee,Estimates of Luminous Flames Radiation from Fires.Combustion and Flame,24,239-244,1975．
38． W.H.Dalzell and A.F.Sarofim,.///ear Transfer 91,100,1969．
39． H.C.Van de Hulst,Light Scattering by Small Particles,John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1957．
40． Quoc, H.X., Vignon, J.-M. and Brun, M,A New Approach of the Two-Color Method for Determining Local Instantaneous Soot Concentration and Temperature in a D.I.Diesel Combustion Chamber, SAE Paper 910736,1991．
41． Matsui,C.H. and Kamimoto,T. And Matsuoka,S.,A Study on the Application of the Two-Color Method to the Measurement of Flame Temperature and Soot Concentration in Diesel Engines, SAE Paper 800970,1980．
42． 朱麟章，高温测量原理及应用，科学出版社 , 1991,
43． HWSG-2 系列微控红外双色测温仪原理与应用，(中日)野村仪器制造有限公司 , 1995．
44． W.H.Press, S.A.Teukolsky, W.T.Vetterling and B.P.Flannery,Numerical Recipes in C, Cambridge University Press, 1988．
45． S.D.Stasio and P.Massoli,Jnfluence of the Soot Property Uncertainties in Temperature and Volume-Fraction Measurements by Two-Colour Pyrometer, Meas.Sci.Technol.,5,\453-\465, 1994．
46． Kerker.M,The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation,New York, Academic, 1969．
47. Dalzel W.H. and Sarofim A.F.,Optical Constants of Soot and Their Application to Heat-Flux Calculations,J. Heat Transfer, 91,1159-1166,1969.
48. Furutami H.,Tsuge S. and Goto S.,The Dependence of Carbon/Hydrogeon Ratio on Soot Particle Size.SAE Paper 920689,161-166,1992.
49. Well M E,Flament P and Gousebet G,Diameters and Number Densities of Soot Particles in Premixed Flat Flame Propane/Oxygen,Applied Optics, 22,2 407-2409,1983.
50. Haynes B S and Wagner H G, Soot Formation, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.,7, 229-273,1981.
51. Liebert,C.H. and Hibbard,R.R.,Spectral Emittance of Soot, NASA TN D-5647.
52. Wahiduzzaman,S.Morel,T.,Timar,J., and De Witt,D.P.,Experimental and Analytical Study of Heat Radiation in a Diesei Engine,SAE Paper 870571,1987.
53．周洁，基于辐射强度多波长分析的燃烧火焰温度测量方法的实验研究，动力工程，19，460-465，1999。
54．周洁，袁镇福，浦兴国，利用消光法测量气体发光火焰辐射率和温度，中国电机工程学报，2000年第4期。
55. Siddall R.G.and McGrath I.A.The Emissivity of Luminous Flames.Ninth Symp.(Int.)on Combust.,102,1962.
56．周洁，采用优化算法分析燃烧火焰辐射光谱求取火焰温度，热能动力工程，第15卷(总第87期)，2000年5月，223-225。s
2. N.Chigier,Combustion Measurements,Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1991.
3. P.E.Best,P.L.Chien,R.M.Carangelo and P.R. Solomon,Tomographic Reconstruction of FT-IR Emission and Transmission Spectra in s Sooting Laminar Diffusion Flame:Species Concentrations and Temperatures,Combustion and Flame, 85, 309-318,1991.
4．肖旭东，是度芳，一种新颖的测温方法—光学层析法，锅炉技术，1992。
5. D.W. Shaw and R.H.Essenhigh, Temperature Fluctuations in Pulverized Coal (P.C.) Flames,Combustion and Flames, 86,333-346,1991.
6. Z.Jie,Experimental Study of Application of the Multi-Wavelength Method on Flame Temperature Measurement,Research Report, 1999.
7. A.I.Dahl and E.F. Fiock, Shielded Thermocouples for Gas Turbines,Transactions of The ASME, 153-161,1949.
8. W.E.West and J.W. Westwater,Radiation-Conduction Correction for Temperature Measurements in Hot Gases,Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 45, 2152-2156,1953.
9. W.J.King,Measurement of High Temperatures in High-Velocity Gas Streams, Transactions of The ASME, 1943.
10．清华大学气流温度动态法测量小组，测量高温气流温度的动态热偶法，清华大学学报，97-116，1974。
11. W.H.Giedt and J.T. Chambers, A Dual-Element Transducer for Measuring High Gas-Stream Temperatures, Journal of Heat Transfer, 397-402, 1965.
12. W.H.Giedt and R.A.Corallo,Determination of High Gas Stream Temperatures from Short-Exposure Probe Responses,ISA Transactions,8,43-51,1969.
13. R.Parker,Response of Thermocouples to a Rapid Temperature Rise,ISA Transactions,8, 122-125,1969.
14．金武，袁镇福等，信号动态修正法三热电偶测量的研究，高等学校第三届工程热物理全国学术会议论文集，603-606，1990。
15. Measures,R.M. 1984.laser Remote Sensing,New York:John Wiley.
16. G.H.Miller,J.G.Winans,O.A.Uyehara and P.S.Myers,A Fast Electro-Optical Hot-Gas Pyrometer, Journal of Opt. Soc. Ame.,43,609-617,1953.
17. S.Shimizu, S.Sakai,K.Wakai and F. Kikutani,Measuement of Burnt Gas Temperatures by an Infrared Radiation Pyrometer, Bulletin of the JSME, 23, 1180-1186,1980.
18．沈红峰，红外吸收发光CT法测量燃烧火焰温度分布的研究，浙江大学博士学位论文，1991。
19. H.Uchiyama,M.Nakajima and S.Yuta,Measurement of Flame Temperature Distribution by IR Emission Computed Tomography,Applied Optics, 24, 4111-4116,1985.
20. F.P. Chen and R. Goulard,Retrieval of Arbitrary Concentration and Temperature Fields by Multiangular Scanning Techniques, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 16,819-827,1976.
21．温度测量，美国机械工程师学会仪器与设备特性试验规范，ASME PTC 19．3-1974，ANSI PTC 19．3-1974。
22．陆晓军，魏荣年，张彪，双色法气缸内燃烧火焰瞬时温度测量装置的研制，内燃机工程，13，47～52，1992。
23．程晓舫，柴油机火焰温度多色法测试原理和技术，内燃机工程，13，32-37，1992。
24. C.Beatrice,C.Bertoli,N.C.Cirillo,N.D.Giacomo and S.D. Stasio,Two-Colour Pyrometer Measurements of Soot Loading in a Diesel Engine Burning Model Fuels of Varying Quality, Combustion Science and Technology, 110-111, 321-339,1995.
25. H.G.Hottel,F.P. Broughton,Determination of True Temperature and Total Radiation from Luminous Gas Flame,Ind. and Eng. Chem., 4,166-175,1932.
26. T.Kadota and H.Hiroyasu, Soot Concentration Measurement in a Fuel Droplet Flame via Laser Light Scattering, Combustion and Flame, 5,195-201,1984.
27. S.C.Lee and C.L.Tien,Optical Constants of Soot in Hydrocarbon Flames, Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1159-1166,1981.
28. P.J.Pagni and S.Bard,Particulate Volume Fractions in Diffusion Flames. Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1017-1028,1979.
29. H.Bockhorn, F. Fetting, U.Meyer, R.Reck and G.Wannermacher, Measurement of The Soot Concentration and Soot Particle Size in Propane Oxygen Flames, Eighteenth Symposium(International) on Combustion, 1137-1147,1981.
30. B.L.Wersborg, L.K.Fox and J.B.Howard, Soot Concentration and Absorption Coefficient in a Low-Pressure Flame,Combustion and Flame,24,1-10,1975.
31. Z.G.Habib and P. Verisch,On the Refractive Index of Soot at Flame Temperature.
Combust.Sci. and Tech.,59, 261-274,1988．
32． S.Chippett and W.A.Gray,The Size and Optical Properties j of Soot Particles, Combustion andFlame,31,\49-l59,\97B.
33． T.T.Charalampopoulos and H.ChangJn Situ Optical Properties of Soot Particles in the Wavelength Range from 340nm to 600nm,Combustion and Flame, 59,401-421,1988．
34． M.Ben Hamadi,P.Vervisch and A.Coppalle.Radiation Properties of Soot from Premixed Flat Flame. Combustion and Flame.68,57-67,1987．
35． Alexis Coppalle and Pierre Vervisch.The Total Emissivities of High-Temperature Flames.Combustion and Flame.49,101-108,1983．
36． W.W.Yuen and C.L.Tien,A Simple Calculation Scheme for The Luminous-Flame Emissivity, Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1481-1487, 1981．
37． C.K.Lee,Estimates of Luminous Flames Radiation from Fires.Combustion and Flame,24,239-244,1975．
38． W.H.Dalzell and A.F.Sarofim,.///ear Transfer 91,100,1969．
39． H.C.Van de Hulst,Light Scattering by Small Particles,John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1957．
40． Quoc, H.X., Vignon, J.-M. and Brun, M,A New Approach of the Two-Color Method for Determining Local Instantaneous Soot Concentration and Temperature in a D.I.Diesel Combustion Chamber, SAE Paper 910736,1991．
41． Matsui,C.H. and Kamimoto,T. And Matsuoka,S.,A Study on the Application of the Two-Color Method to the Measurement of Flame Temperature and Soot Concentration in Diesel Engines, SAE Paper 800970,1980．
42． 朱麟章，高温测量原理及应用，科学出版社 , 1991,
43． HWSG-2 系列微控红外双色测温仪原理与应用，(中日)野村仪器制造有限公司 , 1995．
44． W.H.Press, S.A.Teukolsky, W.T.Vetterling and B.P.Flannery,Numerical Recipes in C, Cambridge University Press, 1988．
45． S.D.Stasio and P.Massoli,Jnfluence of the Soot Property Uncertainties in Temperature and Volume-Fraction Measurements by Two-Colour Pyrometer, Meas.Sci.Technol.,5,\453-\465, 1994．
46． Kerker.M,The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation,New York, Academic, 1969．
47. Dalzel W.H. and Sarofim A.F.,Optical Constants of Soot and Their Application to Heat-Flux Calculations,J. Heat Transfer, 91,1159-1166,1969.
48. Furutami H.,Tsuge S. and Goto S.,The Dependence of Carbon/Hydrogeon Ratio on Soot Particle Size.SAE Paper 920689,161-166,1992.
49. Well M E,Flament P and Gousebet G,Diameters and Number Densities of Soot Particles in Premixed Flat Flame Propane/Oxygen,Applied Optics, 22,2 407-2409,1983.
50. Haynes B S and Wagner H G, Soot Formation, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.,7, 229-273,1981.
51. Liebert,C.H. and Hibbard,R.R.,Spectral Emittance of Soot, NASA TN D-5647.
52. Wahiduzzaman,S.Morel,T.,Timar,J., and De Witt,D.P.,Experimental and Analytical Study of Heat Radiation in a Diesei Engine,SAE Paper 870571,1987.
53．周洁，基于辐射强度多波长分析的燃烧火焰温度测量方法的实验研究，动力工程，19，460-465，1999。
54．周洁，袁镇福，浦兴国，利用消光法测量气体发光火焰辐射率和温度，中国电机工程学报，2000年第4期。
55. Siddall R.G.and McGrath I.A.The Emissivity of Luminous Flames.Ninth Symp.(Int.)on Combust.,102,1962.
56．周洁，采用优化算法分析燃烧火焰辐射光谱求取火焰温度，热能动力工程，第15卷(总第87期)，2000年5月，223-225。s