可调温织物与服装吸热效应评价研究
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摘要
当前,由于经济社会不断发展引起全球气候变暖、社会危险因素增加,这意味着人类将暴露于更大热危害的环境中。尤其是从事特种行业的人群,如消防、生化排险、军队,体育竞技等,其面临的热环境危害更大。在这样的背景形势下,要求服装能提供给人体更多防护。
服装作为人体“第二皮肤”,能解决人体自身生理热调节的不足,而结合面料材质、服装功能设计研发具有吸热调温功能的智能服装是当前服装发展的趋势。本文正是以此为出发点,以吸热调温为核心宗旨,分别在极高温、高温以及较高温环境中研究了两种调温服——PCM调温织物及服装、风扇式通风服的吸热性能。研究范围从织物小样到服装逐层深入,评价手段从织物小样测试到使用出汗暖体假人、再到使用真人着装评价展开。研究的主要内容和结论有以下几点：
(1)采用PCM微胶囊,通过织物涂层制备了调温织物,并测试了涂层织物的微观形貌、透气透湿性能以及传热性能。研究发现,PCM微胶囊的添加量越多,织物的透气透湿率越低,而蓄热性能越高。涂层织物的热阻与PCM的添加量无明显的线性关系,它还受织物厚度、织物中静态空气等因素影响。
(2)将制备的调温织物应用于灭火防护服中,作为多层织物系统的舒适层。通过TPP实验发现,使用调温织物后改变了多层织物燃烧后的表面性状,有效地提高了热防护性能。调温织物中PCM的添加量越高,多层织物的热防护性能越高。使用较高相变温度的调温织物作为舒适层时,其多层织物系统的热防护性能更高。
(3)将固液PCM封装成袋、制成调温背心。在高温强辐射环境下,通过暖体假人实验发现,调温背心能降低其覆盖部位的皮肤温度、减小高温作业人员所受到的热应力。然而,调温背心的应用增加了高温防护服体系的湿阻,不利于汗液蒸友。因此,本文又通过在两种不同湿度的高温环境下,使用出汗暖体假人模拟人体出汗,验证出汗量较高、穿着防护服时调温背心的散热效果。研究表明,在高温高湿环境下,穿着PCM调温背心能减小热应激,而在高温低湿环境下,却带来负面效果。此外,在高温高湿环境下,穿着相变温度较低的PCM背心散热效果更好。
(4)与PCM调温服不同,采用风扇式通风系统的调温服能提高汗液蒸发率。本文通过将通风系统设计在衣身的不同部位、并设计不同的服装开口,制作了几款通风服。通过出汗暖体假人实验评价了这些通风服的散热效应。研究表明,当风扇设置在衣身某部位时,相应部位的散热量最高。通风位置与服装开口设计对躯干局部散热均有显著影响(p<0.05),而对躯干整体散热以及通风服动态湿阻无显著性影响(p>0.05)。因此,应根据人体的出汗分布,合理设计通风位置与服装开口。此外,本文还模拟了38℃高温办公环境,通过人体着装实验验证了通风服的实际散热效果。研究表明,穿着通风服能显著地降低人体胸背部皮肤温度(p<0.05),而显著的降温效果仅体现在最初的通风时间。
(5)PCM调温服与风扇式通风服散热原理不同,前者利用PCM相态变化从人体吸热,为传导散热,后者主要通过提高汗液蒸发散热,为湿热散热。因此,本文在较高温环境下、运动过后,通过人体着装实验验证了两种调温服在相同环境下的散热效果。研究表明,使用两种调温服均有一定的降温效果,尤其对躯干皮肤温度的降低比较明显,而对于核心温度、平均皮肤温度、心率以及出汗量的变化二者无显著性差异(P>0.05)。PCM调温背心的应用有效地降低了衣下温度、衣表温度以及躯干热感觉。然而,PCM调温服增加了衣下湿度,风扇式通风服有效降低了衣下湿度。
本文对PCM调温织物及服装、风扇式通风服进行了较全面的研究。阶段性的研究结论可以概括为：使用PCM微胶囊处理棉织物,改变了织物的物理性能,使其具有一定的温度调节性能。将此织物应用于灭火防护服织物系统中能提高其热防护性能。然而,因PCM使用量的限制使其调温效果有限,而使用PCM封装袋制作的调温服因PCM的用量较大能降低高温热应激,延长高温工作时间。然而,此PCM调温服却在很大程度上增加了服装湿阻,降低了汗液蒸发散热。与PCM调温服不同,风扇式通风服能提高汗液蒸发率。两种类型的调温服调温原理不同,在相同的较高温环境下,二者均具有一定的吸热调温效果。
本文交叉的学科也较多,通过结合材料学、服装工效学、人体生理学以及心理学,对这两种服装的调温性能进行了较全面的研究。研究结论和方法为具有吸热调温功能的智能服装的发展提供了理论依据和指导。
Nowadays, the global warming has been recognized as a global issue which is attributed much to the development of the economy. This means that human beings will be exposed to a more hazardous environment. Especially for these industries, such as firefighting, bio-chemical disposing, military, and the athletes, they are more susceptible to the warming environment. In such a situation, clothing is required to provide more protection than ever before.
Clothing, regarded as the second skin for human beings, plays an important role in thermal regulation. In modern society, it has been a trend that those clothing with temperature regulatory property is preferred. These clothing has been nicknamed smart clothing. They combine material technologies and clothing functional design technologies. This thesis was started under this background. The aim was to study the thermal regulating performance of two types of smart clothing. One was the clothing with phase change materials (PCMs); the other was the clothing with ventilation fans. They were studied in three thermal environments:extremely hot environment, hot environment and moderately hot environment. The small fabric sample testing, thermal manikin evaluation and human subject trials were used for various studying approaches. The main content and the chief conclusions are listed as follows:
1. PCM microcapsules were used to treat cotton fabrics by a coating method. The treated fabrics were tested for their surface morphology, heat absorbing capability, air and water vapor permeability and heat transfer properties as well. It was shown that the treated fabrics became less air and water vapor permeable as the PCM load increased. Their heat absorbing capability increased with the PCM loading. Thermal resistance of the treated fabrics had no linear relationship with the PCM loading. It was affected by many factors, such as the fabric thickness and the static air trapped inside the fabrics.
2. The treated fabrics were applied in a firefighter clothing fabric ensemble. They were used as the inner layer next to the skin. The thermal protective performance of these fabric ensembles were tested on a TPP Textile Protective Performance Tester. It was shown that with the PCM treated fabrics as the inner layers the protective performance of the mule-layered fabric ensembles increased a lot. The time to reach a second degree burn was decreased. The higher loading of the PCMs the better thermal protective performance could be obtained. PCM treated fabrics with a higher melting temperate could provide better thermal protective performance.
3. Solid-liquid PCMs are usually encapsulated into packs and these packs are inserted into clothing to form PCM clothing. This PCM clothing with gel coolants was used in steel worker protective clothing for alleviating heat stress. A dry heated thermal manikin was used to identify its cooling power in a hot environment with strong radiation. It was revealed that local body parts of the thermal manikin covered with PCMs had lower skin temperature. Working time in the hot and radiative environment was prolonged. Yet it was also noticed that PCM clothing added much insulation to the wearers and hampered sweat evaporation. Therefore, in the next stage two hot environments with different humidities were tested for the PCM clothing's cooling power. A sweating heated manikin was used as a tool. The results showed that in the hot humid environment the PCM clothing could contribute to effective cooling, but in the hot dry environment the PCM clothing could just bring negative effect. PCM clothing with lower melting temperature could provide higher cooling power in the hot humid environment, when sweat production was high.
4. Different with the PCM clothing, the clothing with ventilation fans could enhance sweat evaporation. A series of ventilation clothing with fans placed at different torso sites were designed. They also had different clothing openings. A sweating thermal manikin was first used to evaluate their cooling power under a hot environment. It was revealed that the fan locations and clothing openings had significant effect on local body cooling (p<0.05), but for the whole torso cooling and the whole clothing dynamic evaporative resistance, these two design factors had no significant effect (p>0.05). When the fans were placed at a local body part, that part underwent the highest cooling effect. Next, the ventilation clothing was evaluated by human subject trials in a hot environment. Office work with sedentary postures was simulated. The ventilation clothing decreased the chest and the scapular temperatures significantly (p<0.05). The cooling power was conspicuous just during the initial ventilation moment.
5. The thermal regulating mechanisms of the PCM clothing and the ventilation clothing are different. The former cools the body by absorbing heat during the phase change process in which dry heat loss performs, whereas the latter cools the body by improving sweat evaporative cooling in which mainly wet heat loss performs. Therefore, these two types of clothing were tested in a moderately hot environment for cooling power. They were tested post exercise by human subjects. It was shown that both clothing decreased the heat strain, especially local skin temperatures on the torso were decreased significantly. The two clothing showed no significant difference on core temperature, heart rate and sweat production (p>0.05). The PCM clothing decreased the under clothing
6. temperature and the clothing surface temperature much more than the ventilation clothing, but the clothing micro-climate humidity was increased by the PCM clothing. The ventilation clothing, however, decreased the clothing micro-climate humidity.
Many topics were investigated in this dissertation. The chief conclusion could be summarized as follows. Using PCM microcapsules to treat cotton fabrics could change the physical properties of the fabrics and give the fabric thermal regulatory capability. Appling these PCM treated fabrics in firefighting protective clothing ensembles could improve the clothing ensemble's thermal protective performance. PCM microcapsules treated fabrics had very limited thermal regulating capability due to the loading limitation. However, using PCM packs in clothing could decrease heat strain and increase working time in hot environments due to the large loading amount. This type of PCM clothing, however, increased clothing evaporative resistance to a large extent and deteriorate evaporative cooling. Different from PCM clothing, the ventilation clothing with fans could enhance evaporative cooling. Their cooling effect was determined by the locations of fans and clothing opening design factors. When both type of clothing were employed in a moderately hot environment, both contributed to some effective cooling.
This dissertation combined much knowledge from different disciplines, such as material technology, clothing ergonomics, physiology and psychology. The studying methods and results could be used as theoretical reference when developing smart clothing.
服装作为人体“第二皮肤”,能解决人体自身生理热调节的不足,而结合面料材质、服装功能设计研发具有吸热调温功能的智能服装是当前服装发展的趋势。本文正是以此为出发点,以吸热调温为核心宗旨,分别在极高温、高温以及较高温环境中研究了两种调温服——PCM调温织物及服装、风扇式通风服的吸热性能。研究范围从织物小样到服装逐层深入,评价手段从织物小样测试到使用出汗暖体假人、再到使用真人着装评价展开。研究的主要内容和结论有以下几点：
(1)采用PCM微胶囊,通过织物涂层制备了调温织物,并测试了涂层织物的微观形貌、透气透湿性能以及传热性能。研究发现,PCM微胶囊的添加量越多,织物的透气透湿率越低,而蓄热性能越高。涂层织物的热阻与PCM的添加量无明显的线性关系,它还受织物厚度、织物中静态空气等因素影响。
(2)将制备的调温织物应用于灭火防护服中,作为多层织物系统的舒适层。通过TPP实验发现,使用调温织物后改变了多层织物燃烧后的表面性状,有效地提高了热防护性能。调温织物中PCM的添加量越高,多层织物的热防护性能越高。使用较高相变温度的调温织物作为舒适层时,其多层织物系统的热防护性能更高。
(3)将固液PCM封装成袋、制成调温背心。在高温强辐射环境下,通过暖体假人实验发现,调温背心能降低其覆盖部位的皮肤温度、减小高温作业人员所受到的热应力。然而,调温背心的应用增加了高温防护服体系的湿阻,不利于汗液蒸友。因此,本文又通过在两种不同湿度的高温环境下,使用出汗暖体假人模拟人体出汗,验证出汗量较高、穿着防护服时调温背心的散热效果。研究表明,在高温高湿环境下,穿着PCM调温背心能减小热应激,而在高温低湿环境下,却带来负面效果。此外,在高温高湿环境下,穿着相变温度较低的PCM背心散热效果更好。
(4)与PCM调温服不同,采用风扇式通风系统的调温服能提高汗液蒸发率。本文通过将通风系统设计在衣身的不同部位、并设计不同的服装开口,制作了几款通风服。通过出汗暖体假人实验评价了这些通风服的散热效应。研究表明,当风扇设置在衣身某部位时,相应部位的散热量最高。通风位置与服装开口设计对躯干局部散热均有显著影响(p<0.05),而对躯干整体散热以及通风服动态湿阻无显著性影响(p>0.05)。因此,应根据人体的出汗分布,合理设计通风位置与服装开口。此外,本文还模拟了38℃高温办公环境,通过人体着装实验验证了通风服的实际散热效果。研究表明,穿着通风服能显著地降低人体胸背部皮肤温度(p<0.05),而显著的降温效果仅体现在最初的通风时间。
(5)PCM调温服与风扇式通风服散热原理不同,前者利用PCM相态变化从人体吸热,为传导散热,后者主要通过提高汗液蒸发散热,为湿热散热。因此,本文在较高温环境下、运动过后,通过人体着装实验验证了两种调温服在相同环境下的散热效果。研究表明,使用两种调温服均有一定的降温效果,尤其对躯干皮肤温度的降低比较明显,而对于核心温度、平均皮肤温度、心率以及出汗量的变化二者无显著性差异(P>0.05)。PCM调温背心的应用有效地降低了衣下温度、衣表温度以及躯干热感觉。然而,PCM调温服增加了衣下湿度,风扇式通风服有效降低了衣下湿度。
本文对PCM调温织物及服装、风扇式通风服进行了较全面的研究。阶段性的研究结论可以概括为：使用PCM微胶囊处理棉织物,改变了织物的物理性能,使其具有一定的温度调节性能。将此织物应用于灭火防护服织物系统中能提高其热防护性能。然而,因PCM使用量的限制使其调温效果有限,而使用PCM封装袋制作的调温服因PCM的用量较大能降低高温热应激,延长高温工作时间。然而,此PCM调温服却在很大程度上增加了服装湿阻,降低了汗液蒸发散热。与PCM调温服不同,风扇式通风服能提高汗液蒸发率。两种类型的调温服调温原理不同,在相同的较高温环境下,二者均具有一定的吸热调温效果。
本文交叉的学科也较多,通过结合材料学、服装工效学、人体生理学以及心理学,对这两种服装的调温性能进行了较全面的研究。研究结论和方法为具有吸热调温功能的智能服装的发展提供了理论依据和指导。
Nowadays, the global warming has been recognized as a global issue which is attributed much to the development of the economy. This means that human beings will be exposed to a more hazardous environment. Especially for these industries, such as firefighting, bio-chemical disposing, military, and the athletes, they are more susceptible to the warming environment. In such a situation, clothing is required to provide more protection than ever before.
Clothing, regarded as the second skin for human beings, plays an important role in thermal regulation. In modern society, it has been a trend that those clothing with temperature regulatory property is preferred. These clothing has been nicknamed smart clothing. They combine material technologies and clothing functional design technologies. This thesis was started under this background. The aim was to study the thermal regulating performance of two types of smart clothing. One was the clothing with phase change materials (PCMs); the other was the clothing with ventilation fans. They were studied in three thermal environments:extremely hot environment, hot environment and moderately hot environment. The small fabric sample testing, thermal manikin evaluation and human subject trials were used for various studying approaches. The main content and the chief conclusions are listed as follows:
1. PCM microcapsules were used to treat cotton fabrics by a coating method. The treated fabrics were tested for their surface morphology, heat absorbing capability, air and water vapor permeability and heat transfer properties as well. It was shown that the treated fabrics became less air and water vapor permeable as the PCM load increased. Their heat absorbing capability increased with the PCM loading. Thermal resistance of the treated fabrics had no linear relationship with the PCM loading. It was affected by many factors, such as the fabric thickness and the static air trapped inside the fabrics.
2. The treated fabrics were applied in a firefighter clothing fabric ensemble. They were used as the inner layer next to the skin. The thermal protective performance of these fabric ensembles were tested on a TPP Textile Protective Performance Tester. It was shown that with the PCM treated fabrics as the inner layers the protective performance of the mule-layered fabric ensembles increased a lot. The time to reach a second degree burn was decreased. The higher loading of the PCMs the better thermal protective performance could be obtained. PCM treated fabrics with a higher melting temperate could provide better thermal protective performance.
3. Solid-liquid PCMs are usually encapsulated into packs and these packs are inserted into clothing to form PCM clothing. This PCM clothing with gel coolants was used in steel worker protective clothing for alleviating heat stress. A dry heated thermal manikin was used to identify its cooling power in a hot environment with strong radiation. It was revealed that local body parts of the thermal manikin covered with PCMs had lower skin temperature. Working time in the hot and radiative environment was prolonged. Yet it was also noticed that PCM clothing added much insulation to the wearers and hampered sweat evaporation. Therefore, in the next stage two hot environments with different humidities were tested for the PCM clothing's cooling power. A sweating heated manikin was used as a tool. The results showed that in the hot humid environment the PCM clothing could contribute to effective cooling, but in the hot dry environment the PCM clothing could just bring negative effect. PCM clothing with lower melting temperature could provide higher cooling power in the hot humid environment, when sweat production was high.
4. Different with the PCM clothing, the clothing with ventilation fans could enhance sweat evaporation. A series of ventilation clothing with fans placed at different torso sites were designed. They also had different clothing openings. A sweating thermal manikin was first used to evaluate their cooling power under a hot environment. It was revealed that the fan locations and clothing openings had significant effect on local body cooling (p<0.05), but for the whole torso cooling and the whole clothing dynamic evaporative resistance, these two design factors had no significant effect (p>0.05). When the fans were placed at a local body part, that part underwent the highest cooling effect. Next, the ventilation clothing was evaluated by human subject trials in a hot environment. Office work with sedentary postures was simulated. The ventilation clothing decreased the chest and the scapular temperatures significantly (p<0.05). The cooling power was conspicuous just during the initial ventilation moment.
5. The thermal regulating mechanisms of the PCM clothing and the ventilation clothing are different. The former cools the body by absorbing heat during the phase change process in which dry heat loss performs, whereas the latter cools the body by improving sweat evaporative cooling in which mainly wet heat loss performs. Therefore, these two types of clothing were tested in a moderately hot environment for cooling power. They were tested post exercise by human subjects. It was shown that both clothing decreased the heat strain, especially local skin temperatures on the torso were decreased significantly. The two clothing showed no significant difference on core temperature, heart rate and sweat production (p>0.05). The PCM clothing decreased the under clothing
6. temperature and the clothing surface temperature much more than the ventilation clothing, but the clothing micro-climate humidity was increased by the PCM clothing. The ventilation clothing, however, decreased the clothing micro-climate humidity.
Many topics were investigated in this dissertation. The chief conclusion could be summarized as follows. Using PCM microcapsules to treat cotton fabrics could change the physical properties of the fabrics and give the fabric thermal regulatory capability. Appling these PCM treated fabrics in firefighting protective clothing ensembles could improve the clothing ensemble's thermal protective performance. PCM microcapsules treated fabrics had very limited thermal regulating capability due to the loading limitation. However, using PCM packs in clothing could decrease heat strain and increase working time in hot environments due to the large loading amount. This type of PCM clothing, however, increased clothing evaporative resistance to a large extent and deteriorate evaporative cooling. Different from PCM clothing, the ventilation clothing with fans could enhance evaporative cooling. Their cooling effect was determined by the locations of fans and clothing opening design factors. When both type of clothing were employed in a moderately hot environment, both contributed to some effective cooling.
This dissertation combined much knowledge from different disciplines, such as material technology, clothing ergonomics, physiology and psychology. The studying methods and results could be used as theoretical reference when developing smart clothing.
引文
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