语法化中的重新分析机制研究
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摘要
重新分析是是语法化与词汇化过程中的一个重要机制,重新分析具有创新性、多重性、现实化等性质。创新性是重新分析的最根本的特征,在本文中,我们不再局限于以往的仅仅边界的创新,而是扩展到了语音、语义、句法层面,这样对于重新分析的进一步研究提供了较为广阔的视角。多重性是说重新分析是一个包含多个子过程的复杂过程,不是一次性完成的,也不是毫无条件的进行的,重新分析具有多重性,这样就会使得一个语言项同时存在着几种不同的状态或者功能、意义,这就是同一个语言项的多倍反射,这也导致了歧义的发生。这样就为我们在共时层面上对语言项的历时研究提供了一个窗口,或者说是一个突破口。现实化是指重新分析的结果逐渐投射出来(map out)的过程,这个是说的实现过程。重新分析的完成,离不开最后的实现,如果没有现实化机制,重新分析就不会完成,语法化的单向性也就不会那么有规律,所以我们说重新分析靠现实化来实现。重新分析发生的条件与制约因素有三个方面,第一个方面是从语义方面,语义方面的讨论重在词汇化中的重新分析,因为词汇化中的重新分析语义因素表现最为明显。我们认为,最主要的语义条件是语义的相宜性。第二个方面从句祛机制方面来讨论,这里有两点:一是首尾性,一是无标化。第三个方面是从语用方面来研究,从语用的角度来看,隐喻机制是关键。
Reanalysis is an important mechanism of grammaticalization and lexicalization. Reanalysis has three important characters involving innovation、multiplication、actualization. The innovation character is the most fundamental character. In this paper, we will not only study the innovation character within the innovation of the bounder, but extent the scope and arrive to the area of phonetics、semantics、syntax. Multiplication is this complex mechanism that it involves lots of sub-processes. As we know, multiplication indicates the analysis doesn't complete immediately, and a language item will represent several anamorphosises. We called this multiple reflexes. Multiplication also leads the results of interpretations. The actualization is the gradual mapping out of the consequences of reanalysis. The analysis will not complete if there is not actualization. The conditions of reanalysis include three points: the first is the semantic aspect, the second is syntax mechanism, the third is pragmatics. We study an emphasis of the semantic aspect that includes lexicalization. The syntax mechanism includes two aspects that is "beginning-end" and "non-markerlization". On the third aspect, the metaphor mechanism is the key.
Reanalysis is an important mechanism of grammaticalization and lexicalization. Reanalysis has three important characters involving innovation、multiplication、actualization. The innovation character is the most fundamental character. In this paper, we will not only study the innovation character within the innovation of the bounder, but extent the scope and arrive to the area of phonetics、semantics、syntax. Multiplication is this complex mechanism that it involves lots of sub-processes. As we know, multiplication indicates the analysis doesn't complete immediately, and a language item will represent several anamorphosises. We called this multiple reflexes. Multiplication also leads the results of interpretations. The actualization is the gradual mapping out of the consequences of reanalysis. The analysis will not complete if there is not actualization. The conditions of reanalysis include three points: the first is the semantic aspect, the second is syntax mechanism, the third is pragmatics. We study an emphasis of the semantic aspect that includes lexicalization. The syntax mechanism includes two aspects that is "beginning-end" and "non-markerlization". On the third aspect, the metaphor mechanism is the key.
引文
[1]Langacker(1977):Syntactic reanalysis in Mechanisms of Syntactic Change,ed.by C.N.Li,57-139.
[2]Harris和Campbell(1995):Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective.
[3]Hoooer and Traugott(2003)Grammaticalization.
[4]石毓智:《汉语语法化历程》
[5]Anthony Kroch(2001)《柯罗克语言学自选集[英文版]》
[1]参看Hopper & Traugott 2003:xv
[2]Heine & Kuteva 2002 On the evolution of grammatical forms:2;Heine 2003:575
[3]李晋霞2005《“好”的语法化与主观性》,《世界汉语教学》
[1]董秀芳2002:《词汇化:汉语双音词的衍生和发展》238-4
[1]马清华.词汇语法化的动因[J].汉语学习2003(2):15
[1]Langacker:1977:58 Syntactic reanalysis In Mechanisms of Syntactic Change.
[2]石毓智2001《汉语语法化历程》
[3]石毓智2001《汉语语法化历程》
[1]以下四例皆转引自高增霞(2003:63),《现代汉语连动式的语法化视角》,中国社会科学院博上论文,2003
[1]王慧兰:《“于是”的词汇化--兼谈连词词汇化过程中代词并入现象》,载于《语法化与语法研究(三)》,沈家煊、吴福祥、李宗江主编,2007.8
[1]董秀芳2002《词汇化:汉语双音词的衍生和发展》:116-122
[2]董秀芳2002《词汇化:汉语双音词的衍生和发展》:112
[1]董秀芳2002《词汇化:汉语双音词的衍生和发展》:112
[1]董秀芳2002《诃汇化:汉语双音词的衍生和发展》:212
[1]谷峰:《从言说义动词到语气词--说上古汉语“云”的语法化》,载于《中国语文》,2007.3
[2]谷峰:《从言说义动词到语气词--说上古汉语“云”的语法化》,载于《中国语文》,2007.3
[3]刘丹青:《重新分析的无标化解释》,《世界汉语教学》2008.1
[1]李晓丽 郝如莉.浅论隐喻和转喻与词汇意义的发展.《山西煤炭管理干部学院学报》2004,03
[2]丁福宝《佛学大词典》(电子版)
1.Abraham,Werrler.1993.Grammatikalisierung und Reanalyse:einander ausschlieβende oder erganzende Begriffe?,Folia Linguistica Historica 13:7-26.
2.Alain Peyraube:On Moving Constituents in Chinese Historical Syntax.Historical Development of Chinese Language,141 - 156 2003-4
3.Alice C.Harris,Lyle Campbell Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective.1995.Cambridge University Press.
4.Anttila,R.(1972)An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics.Mac Millan,New York.
5.Anthony Kroch(200I)《柯罗克语言学自选集[英文版]》:北京语言文化大学出版社
6.Briscoe,Ted(ed.).2002.Linguistic evolution through language acquisition.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
7.Bybee,John,William Perkins & Revere Pagliuca 1994 The evolution of grammar:Tense,aspect and modalityin the languages of the world Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
8.Elly van Gelderen.Grammaticalization as Economy.Philadelphia:John.Benjamins,2004.
9.Fox,Danny.2000.Economy and semantic interpretation.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
10.Gilbert Lazard.On the grammaticalization of evidentiality.[J].Journal of Pragmatics 33(2001)359-367
11.Harris,Alice C.and Lyle Campbell 1995.Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
12.Haspelmath,Martin.1999.Why is grammaticatization irreversible?.Linguistics 37:1043-1068
13.Heather Rose Jones.Cognitive Aspects of the Grammaticalization of Medieval Welsh Prepositions.2003
14.Heine,B.and Reh,M.(1984)Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in African.Languages.Buske,Hamburg.
15.Heine,Bernd,and Kuteva,Tania.2002.On the evolution of grammatical forms.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
6.Himmelmann,Nikolaus.2004.Lexicalization and grammaticalization.opposite or orthogonal?.In:W.Bisang et at.What Makes Grammaticalization - A look from its components and its fringes.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
17.Hopper,P.J.and Traugott,E.C.1993 Grammaticalization.Cambridge University.Press,Cambridge.
18.Hopper,Paul J.1991.On some principles of grammaticalization.In E.C.Traugott and B.Heine(eds.),vol.I,17-35.
9.Hsueh-o Lin.Grammaticalization of the Reported Speech Frames.Wo shuo and Ni shuo in Mandarin Conversation.Concentric:Studies in Linguistics.30.2(December 2004):157-182
20.Kuno,Susumo,and Ken-Ichi Takami.1993.Grammar and discourse principles.Functional syntaxand GB theory.Chicago:Chicago University Press.
21.Langacker.1977.Syntactic reanalysis In Mechanisms of Syntactic Change.ed.by C.N.Li,57-139.Austin,TX:University of Texas Press.
22.Lehmann.C.(1985.)Grammaticalization:Synchronic Variationand diachronic,change.[J]Linguae Stile 20,303-318.
23.Lyle Campbella,Richard Jandab.Introduction:conceptions of grammaticalization and their problems[J].Language Sciences 23(2001)93-112
24.Tabor,Whitney,and Elizabeth Closs Traugott.1998.Structural scope expansion.and grammaticalization.The limits of grammaticakization,ed.by Anna.Gicalone Ramat and Paul J.Hopper,229-272.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
25.Tabor,Whitney.Syntactic innovation:A Connectionist model.1994.8
26.Traugott,Elizabeth Closs and Bernd Heine 1991.Approaches to Grammaticalization.(Typological Studies in Language,19),2 vols.Amsterdam:Benjamins.
27.晁瑞《“容易”的词汇化与“容”表“许可”义》[J].汉语学习.2007.1
28.丁福保《丁福保佛学大诃典》(电子版)
29.董秀芳 《词汇化:汉语双音诃的衍生和发展》四川民族出版社.2002.7
30.谷峰《从言说义动词到语气词--说上古汉语“云”的语法化》[J].《中国语文》,2007.3
31.李慧《现代汉语双音节词组词汇化基本特征探析》[J].语言教学与研究2007.2
32.李晋霞.《“好”的语法化与主观性》[J].世界汉语教学.2005.01
33.罗耀华《副词性非主谓句成句规约》,华中师范大学博士论文.2007.6
34.李宗江《去词汇化:“结婚”和“洗澡”由诃反语》[J].语言研究.2006.4
35.刘丹青《重新分析的无标化解释》[J].《世界汉语教学》2008.1
36.刘坚、曹广顺、吴福祥(1995)《论诱发汉语词汇语法化的若干要素》[J].《中国语文》1995.3
37.刘 云、李菡《标题中的语词标记面面观》[J],《江汉大学学报(人文科学版)》2006.1
38.龙海平、刘云《<世界语法化词典>评介》[J].《当代语言学》2005.3
39.洪 波《论汉语实词虚化的机制》[A],载郭锡良主编.古汉语语法论集[C].北京:语文出版社,1998.
40.陆俭明 马真《现代汉语副词散论》[M].语文出版社.1999.11
41.吕叔湘《现代汉语八百词》[M].商务印书馆1980.5
42.沈家煊(1998)《实词虚化的机制--<演化而来的语法>评介》,
43.石毓智、李讷《汉语语法化的历程》[M].北京大学出版社2001.11
44.孙朝奋《<虚化论>评介》[J].国外语言学,1994,(4).
45.邵敬敏 《说v一把中V的泛化与一把的词汇化》[J].《中国语文》2007.1
46.太田辰夫《中国历史文法》[M].北京大学出版社2003
47.王慧兰《“于是”的词汇化--兼谈连词词汇化过程中代词并入现象》[J].《语法化与语法研究(三)》,沈家煊、吴福祥、李宗江主编,2007.8
48.吴福祥《关于语法化的单向性问题》,当代语言学,2003.4
49.吴福祥《关于语法化的单向性问题》[J].《当代语言学》2003.4
50.吴福祥《语法化理论、历史句法与汉语历史句法研究》,选自刘丹青主编《语言学前沿与汉语研究》上海教育出版社2005
51.向亮《“词汇化动词+NP”的新语法现象分析》[J].锫陵师范学院学报.2007.1
52.邢福义《诃类辩难》[M].商务印书馆.2003.4
53.张斌《现代汉语虚词词典》[D].商务印书馆.2003.6
54.张谊生《现代汉语副词研究》[M].上海:学林出版社,2000.
55.朱新军《“本来”的语法化》[J].《焦作大学学报》2008.1
[2]Harris和Campbell(1995):Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective.
[3]Hoooer and Traugott(2003)Grammaticalization.
[4]石毓智:《汉语语法化历程》
[5]Anthony Kroch(2001)《柯罗克语言学自选集[英文版]》
[1]参看Hopper & Traugott 2003:xv
[2]Heine & Kuteva 2002 On the evolution of grammatical forms:2;Heine 2003:575
[3]李晋霞2005《“好”的语法化与主观性》,《世界汉语教学》
[1]董秀芳2002:《词汇化:汉语双音词的衍生和发展》238-4
[1]马清华.词汇语法化的动因[J].汉语学习2003(2):15
[1]Langacker:1977:58 Syntactic reanalysis In Mechanisms of Syntactic Change.
[2]石毓智2001《汉语语法化历程》
[3]石毓智2001《汉语语法化历程》
[1]以下四例皆转引自高增霞(2003:63),《现代汉语连动式的语法化视角》,中国社会科学院博上论文,2003
[1]王慧兰:《“于是”的词汇化--兼谈连词词汇化过程中代词并入现象》,载于《语法化与语法研究(三)》,沈家煊、吴福祥、李宗江主编,2007.8
[1]董秀芳2002《词汇化:汉语双音词的衍生和发展》:116-122
[2]董秀芳2002《词汇化:汉语双音词的衍生和发展》:112
[1]董秀芳2002《词汇化:汉语双音词的衍生和发展》:112
[1]董秀芳2002《诃汇化:汉语双音词的衍生和发展》:212
[1]谷峰:《从言说义动词到语气词--说上古汉语“云”的语法化》,载于《中国语文》,2007.3
[2]谷峰:《从言说义动词到语气词--说上古汉语“云”的语法化》,载于《中国语文》,2007.3
[3]刘丹青:《重新分析的无标化解释》,《世界汉语教学》2008.1
[1]李晓丽 郝如莉.浅论隐喻和转喻与词汇意义的发展.《山西煤炭管理干部学院学报》2004,03
[2]丁福宝《佛学大词典》(电子版)
1.Abraham,Werrler.1993.Grammatikalisierung und Reanalyse:einander ausschlieβende oder erganzende Begriffe?,Folia Linguistica Historica 13:7-26.
2.Alain Peyraube:On Moving Constituents in Chinese Historical Syntax.Historical Development of Chinese Language,141 - 156 2003-4
3.Alice C.Harris,Lyle Campbell Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective.1995.Cambridge University Press.
4.Anttila,R.(1972)An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics.Mac Millan,New York.
5.Anthony Kroch(200I)《柯罗克语言学自选集[英文版]》:北京语言文化大学出版社
6.Briscoe,Ted(ed.).2002.Linguistic evolution through language acquisition.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
7.Bybee,John,William Perkins & Revere Pagliuca 1994 The evolution of grammar:Tense,aspect and modalityin the languages of the world Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
8.Elly van Gelderen.Grammaticalization as Economy.Philadelphia:John.Benjamins,2004.
9.Fox,Danny.2000.Economy and semantic interpretation.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
10.Gilbert Lazard.On the grammaticalization of evidentiality.[J].Journal of Pragmatics 33(2001)359-367
11.Harris,Alice C.and Lyle Campbell 1995.Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
12.Haspelmath,Martin.1999.Why is grammaticatization irreversible?.Linguistics 37:1043-1068
13.Heather Rose Jones.Cognitive Aspects of the Grammaticalization of Medieval Welsh Prepositions.2003
14.Heine,B.and Reh,M.(1984)Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in African.Languages.Buske,Hamburg.
15.Heine,Bernd,and Kuteva,Tania.2002.On the evolution of grammatical forms.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
6.Himmelmann,Nikolaus.2004.Lexicalization and grammaticalization.opposite or orthogonal?.In:W.Bisang et at.What Makes Grammaticalization - A look from its components and its fringes.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
17.Hopper,P.J.and Traugott,E.C.1993 Grammaticalization.Cambridge University.Press,Cambridge.
18.Hopper,Paul J.1991.On some principles of grammaticalization.In E.C.Traugott and B.Heine(eds.),vol.I,17-35.
9.Hsueh-o Lin.Grammaticalization of the Reported Speech Frames.Wo shuo and Ni shuo in Mandarin Conversation.Concentric:Studies in Linguistics.30.2(December 2004):157-182
20.Kuno,Susumo,and Ken-Ichi Takami.1993.Grammar and discourse principles.Functional syntaxand GB theory.Chicago:Chicago University Press.
21.Langacker.1977.Syntactic reanalysis In Mechanisms of Syntactic Change.ed.by C.N.Li,57-139.Austin,TX:University of Texas Press.
22.Lehmann.C.(1985.)Grammaticalization:Synchronic Variationand diachronic,change.[J]Linguae Stile 20,303-318.
23.Lyle Campbella,Richard Jandab.Introduction:conceptions of grammaticalization and their problems[J].Language Sciences 23(2001)93-112
24.Tabor,Whitney,and Elizabeth Closs Traugott.1998.Structural scope expansion.and grammaticalization.The limits of grammaticakization,ed.by Anna.Gicalone Ramat and Paul J.Hopper,229-272.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
25.Tabor,Whitney.Syntactic innovation:A Connectionist model.1994.8
26.Traugott,Elizabeth Closs and Bernd Heine 1991.Approaches to Grammaticalization.(Typological Studies in Language,19),2 vols.Amsterdam:Benjamins.
27.晁瑞《“容易”的词汇化与“容”表“许可”义》[J].汉语学习.2007.1
28.丁福保《丁福保佛学大诃典》(电子版)
29.董秀芳 《词汇化:汉语双音诃的衍生和发展》四川民族出版社.2002.7
30.谷峰《从言说义动词到语气词--说上古汉语“云”的语法化》[J].《中国语文》,2007.3
31.李慧《现代汉语双音节词组词汇化基本特征探析》[J].语言教学与研究2007.2
32.李晋霞.《“好”的语法化与主观性》[J].世界汉语教学.2005.01
33.罗耀华《副词性非主谓句成句规约》,华中师范大学博士论文.2007.6
34.李宗江《去词汇化:“结婚”和“洗澡”由诃反语》[J].语言研究.2006.4
35.刘丹青《重新分析的无标化解释》[J].《世界汉语教学》2008.1
36.刘坚、曹广顺、吴福祥(1995)《论诱发汉语词汇语法化的若干要素》[J].《中国语文》1995.3
37.刘 云、李菡《标题中的语词标记面面观》[J],《江汉大学学报(人文科学版)》2006.1
38.龙海平、刘云《<世界语法化词典>评介》[J].《当代语言学》2005.3
39.洪 波《论汉语实词虚化的机制》[A],载郭锡良主编.古汉语语法论集[C].北京:语文出版社,1998.
40.陆俭明 马真《现代汉语副词散论》[M].语文出版社.1999.11
41.吕叔湘《现代汉语八百词》[M].商务印书馆1980.5
42.沈家煊(1998)《实词虚化的机制--<演化而来的语法>评介》,
43.石毓智、李讷《汉语语法化的历程》[M].北京大学出版社2001.11
44.孙朝奋《<虚化论>评介》[J].国外语言学,1994,(4).
45.邵敬敏 《说v一把中V的泛化与一把的词汇化》[J].《中国语文》2007.1
46.太田辰夫《中国历史文法》[M].北京大学出版社2003
47.王慧兰《“于是”的词汇化--兼谈连词词汇化过程中代词并入现象》[J].《语法化与语法研究(三)》,沈家煊、吴福祥、李宗江主编,2007.8
48.吴福祥《关于语法化的单向性问题》,当代语言学,2003.4
49.吴福祥《关于语法化的单向性问题》[J].《当代语言学》2003.4
50.吴福祥《语法化理论、历史句法与汉语历史句法研究》,选自刘丹青主编《语言学前沿与汉语研究》上海教育出版社2005
51.向亮《“词汇化动词+NP”的新语法现象分析》[J].锫陵师范学院学报.2007.1
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53.张斌《现代汉语虚词词典》[D].商务印书馆.2003.6
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