英语边缘介词的语言学分析
|
摘要
本文以英语边缘介词为研究对象，对其语义特征与句法功能进行了综合分析，为其形成原因、机制以及动机做了合理解释。
本文认为英语边缘介词与其他词类关系密切，是相关动词或形容词语法化的结果，其变化过程受认知因素影响。大多数英语边缘介词是分词介词，其发展过程如下：动词分词常引导分句，如无与之相呼应的主语时，就成为悬垂分词，后经重新分析，获得介词词类地位。其他少数与动词或形容词同形的边缘介词经过重新分析，也兼有了介词词性。
英语边缘介词的形成过程体现了语法化的某些特征。重新分析和类推机制在这一变化过程中起了重要作用。本文同时从认知角度对这一过程进行阐释，以深入揭示英语边缘介词的形成原因和动机：时态标记-ing和-ed的非时间性使动词分词可能变成同样具有非时间性的介词，而语义相宜性及其在句中次要位置的频率最终决定某些词能够语法化为边缘介词。
文章结合多种分析方法对英语边缘介词做了详尽描述与有力解释，弥补了国内对这一特殊词类的研究不足。本文对边缘介词的来源，发展变化过程以及变化背后的机制与动机进行深入阐释，有助于二语习得者全面掌握这类词的性质与功能，且有助于更深刻地理解人类语言发展变化的机制与动因。
文章分为五个部分。首先总结归纳前人在这方面的研究成果，说明本文的理论基础。然后对英语边缘介词进行全面描述，将它与英语内部不同词类进行对比研究，讨论了其语义、句法和语用特征。其次进一步从跨语言角度将它与汉语对应词进行对比研究，深刻阐述了其功能与特征。本文主要目的在于合理解释英语边缘介词的形成与发展，因此最后两章将从语法化和认知两方面对其形成原因、机制及动机进行详尽调查。
This thesis offers a comprehensive analysis of the semanticproperties and syntactic functions of the English marginal prepositions,and explains the cause, mechanisms and motivations involved in theirdevelopment. It argues that the English marginal prepositions have affinities withother word classes and can be seen as results of grammaticalization ofcertain verbs or adjectives. The syntactic category transfer has cognitivefoundation. Most English marginal prepositions are participleprepositions. Their developing process is as follows: the verb participle,which often leads the subordinate clause, has first become a danglingparticiple without a corresponding subject, and has then been reanalyzedas a marginal preposition. The few words with the same form of theoriginal verb or adjective also experience a reanalysis process withoutchange in form, and have obtained prepositionhood.
The developing path of marginal preposition demonstrates somerelated properties of grammaticalization. The two mechanisms ofreanalysis and analogy play a crucial role in the evolution of the Englishmarginal prepositions. This thesis also explains thoroughly the emergenceof the English marginal prepositions from the cognitive approach: theatemporal property of the aspectual markers like -ing and -ed makes itpossible for a participle to become a preposition with an atemporal profile,while suitable semantic feature and frequency of usage in the secondaryposition in a sentence determine certain words can be grammaticalizedinto marginal prepositions.
The present study tries to make up the inadequacy in the study ofthis special category from several approaches, to address the issue ofdescription and explanation of the English marginal prepositions. The thesis attempts to help the English learners fully master the properties andfunctions of this group of words and understand better the mechanismsand motivations of language change, by investigating the origination,development and motivations behind the development of the Englishmarginal prepositions.
The thesis includes five chapters. Chapter One includes a literaturereview of the research on this topic, and the theoretical foundation of thisthesis. The next two chapters give a comprehensive description ofEnglish marginal preposition by a study of its relation to other wordclasses in English and Chinese preposition as well. The principal aim ofthis thesis is to give a reasonable explanation of the development ofEnglish marginal preposition, so the last two chapters investigate thecause, mechanisms and motivations of its formation from twoperspectives: grammaticalization and cognitive perspective.
本文认为英语边缘介词与其他词类关系密切，是相关动词或形容词语法化的结果，其变化过程受认知因素影响。大多数英语边缘介词是分词介词，其发展过程如下：动词分词常引导分句，如无与之相呼应的主语时，就成为悬垂分词，后经重新分析，获得介词词类地位。其他少数与动词或形容词同形的边缘介词经过重新分析，也兼有了介词词性。
英语边缘介词的形成过程体现了语法化的某些特征。重新分析和类推机制在这一变化过程中起了重要作用。本文同时从认知角度对这一过程进行阐释，以深入揭示英语边缘介词的形成原因和动机：时态标记-ing和-ed的非时间性使动词分词可能变成同样具有非时间性的介词，而语义相宜性及其在句中次要位置的频率最终决定某些词能够语法化为边缘介词。
文章结合多种分析方法对英语边缘介词做了详尽描述与有力解释，弥补了国内对这一特殊词类的研究不足。本文对边缘介词的来源，发展变化过程以及变化背后的机制与动机进行深入阐释，有助于二语习得者全面掌握这类词的性质与功能，且有助于更深刻地理解人类语言发展变化的机制与动因。
文章分为五个部分。首先总结归纳前人在这方面的研究成果，说明本文的理论基础。然后对英语边缘介词进行全面描述，将它与英语内部不同词类进行对比研究，讨论了其语义、句法和语用特征。其次进一步从跨语言角度将它与汉语对应词进行对比研究，深刻阐述了其功能与特征。本文主要目的在于合理解释英语边缘介词的形成与发展，因此最后两章将从语法化和认知两方面对其形成原因、机制及动机进行详尽调查。
This thesis offers a comprehensive analysis of the semanticproperties and syntactic functions of the English marginal prepositions,and explains the cause, mechanisms and motivations involved in theirdevelopment. It argues that the English marginal prepositions have affinities withother word classes and can be seen as results of grammaticalization ofcertain verbs or adjectives. The syntactic category transfer has cognitivefoundation. Most English marginal prepositions are participleprepositions. Their developing process is as follows: the verb participle,which often leads the subordinate clause, has first become a danglingparticiple without a corresponding subject, and has then been reanalyzedas a marginal preposition. The few words with the same form of theoriginal verb or adjective also experience a reanalysis process withoutchange in form, and have obtained prepositionhood.
The developing path of marginal preposition demonstrates somerelated properties of grammaticalization. The two mechanisms ofreanalysis and analogy play a crucial role in the evolution of the Englishmarginal prepositions. This thesis also explains thoroughly the emergenceof the English marginal prepositions from the cognitive approach: theatemporal property of the aspectual markers like -ing and -ed makes itpossible for a participle to become a preposition with an atemporal profile,while suitable semantic feature and frequency of usage in the secondaryposition in a sentence determine certain words can be grammaticalizedinto marginal prepositions.
The present study tries to make up the inadequacy in the study ofthis special category from several approaches, to address the issue ofdescription and explanation of the English marginal prepositions. The thesis attempts to help the English learners fully master the properties andfunctions of this group of words and understand better the mechanismsand motivations of language change, by investigating the origination,development and motivations behind the development of the Englishmarginal prepositions.
The thesis includes five chapters. Chapter One includes a literaturereview of the research on this topic, and the theoretical foundation of thisthesis. The next two chapters give a comprehensive description ofEnglish marginal preposition by a study of its relation to other wordclasses in English and Chinese preposition as well. The principal aim ofthis thesis is to give a reasonable explanation of the development ofEnglish marginal preposition, so the last two chapters investigate thecause, mechanisms and motivations of its formation from twoperspectives: grammaticalization and cognitive perspective.
引文
Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable. 2001. A History of the English Language. China: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. N.Y.: Routledge.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1968. The Case for Case. In Universals in Linguistic Theory. ed. E. Bach and R. T. Harms, 1-88. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Geurts. Bart. 2000. Explaining Grammaticalziation (the standard way) Linguistics 38-4:781-788.
Givon, T. 1991. "Serial Verbs and the Mental Reality of 'Event': Grammatical vs. Cognitive Packaging." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine (Eds), Approaches to grammaticalization, Vol.Ⅰ, 81-127. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins and William Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. London: The University of Chicago Press.
Gowers, Ernest. 1954. The Complete Plain Words. Nov. 21, 2006.
Granath, Solveig and Aimo Seppanen. 2004. Prepositions and that-clauses in English. Oct. 15, 2006.
Hawkins, B.W. 1993. "On Universality and Variability in the Semantics of Spatial Adpositions". In Zelinsky-Wibbelt, C. (Ed.), The Semantics of Prepositions: From Mental Processing to Natural Processing. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 327-349.
Heine, Bernd. 2002. "On the Role of Context in Grammaticalization." In Ilse Wischer and Gabriele Diewald (Eds), New reflections on grammaticalization [Typological Studies in Language, 49], 83-101. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Heine, Bernd, and Mechthild Reh. 1984. Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in African Languages. Hamburg: Heilmut Buske.
Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hunnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: a Conceptual Framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Henry, W. Fowler & Francis G. Fowler. 1908. The King's English. Second Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprinted by New York: Bartleby.com. 1999. http://www.bartleby.com/116/211.html
Hoad, T. F. ed, 2000. Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education. N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
Hoeksema, Jack. 2001. Verb Movement in Dutch Present-participle Clauses. http://www.let.rug.nl/～koster/DenBesten/Hoeksema.pdf
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 2003. Grammaticalization. China: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Cambridge: Cambridge Press.
Hopper, Paul J. 1991. "On Some Principles of Grammaticalization." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine (Eds), Approaches to grammaticalization, Vol.Ⅰ, 17-35. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Jespersen, Otto. 1940. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part Ⅴ. London: Allen and Unwin.
Kenyon, John S. 1930. "The Dangling Participle DUE." American Speech 6-1: 61-70.
Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: what categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, Ronald W. 1977. Syntactic reanalysis. In Charles N. Li (Eds), Mechanisms of Syntactic Change, 59-139. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Langacker, Ronald W. 2004a. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites. Volume I. Reprinted. Beijing: Peking University Press. 1987. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, Ronald W. 2004b. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Descriptive Application. Volume II. Reprinted. Beijing: Peking University Press. 1991. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Lehmann, Christian. 1995. Thoughts on Grammaticalization. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Lehmann, Christian. 2002. "New reflections on grammaticalization and lexicalization." In Use Wischer and Gabriele Diewald (Eds), New reflections on grammaticalization [Typological Studies in Language, 49], 1-18. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Lichtenberk, Frantisek. 1991. "On the gradualness of grammaticalization." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine (Eds), Approaches to grammaticalization, Vol.1, 37-80. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Meillet, A. 1912. L' evolution des formes gramaticales. Reprinted in Meillet 1958. Linguistique Historique et Linguistique Generale.
Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech & J. Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
Romaine, Suzanne, ed. 1997. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Volume IV 1776-1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ross, John Robert. 1972. "The Category Squish: Endstation Hauptwort". Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society 8: 16-28.
Russell, I. Willis. 1935. "Illustration of Linguistic Change." American Speech 10-2: 113-118.
Saeed, John I. 2000. Semantics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publisher.
Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Shoemaker, Neille. 1952. "The Nature of the Gerund and Participle." American Speech 27-2:108-112.
Severynse, Marion and David Pritchard, ed. 1996. A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Sweetser, EveN 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics—Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Toward a cognitive semantics. Volume Ⅰ. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Taylor, John R. 1989. Linguistic Categorization." Prototype in Linguistic Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ting, Jen and Miller Chang. 2004. The Category of GEI in Mandarin Chinese and Grammaticalization. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 2: 45-74.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. and Bemd Heine. 1991. "Introduction." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine (Eds), Approaches to grammaticalization, Vol.Ⅰ, 1-14. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Tyler, Andrew & Evans, Vyvyan. 2001. "Reconsidering Prepositional Polysemy Networks: the Case of over". Language 4: 725-763.
Ungerer, F. and H. J. Schmid. 1996. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. London: Addison Welsey.
薄冰，2004，新编英语语法，北京：世界知识出版社．
刘丹青，2004，语序类型学与介词理论，北京：商务印书馆．
陈昌来，2002，介词与介引功能，安徽：安徽教育出版社．
高名凯，1986，汉语语法论，新1版，北京：商务印书馆，1948．
金昌吉，1996，汉语介词和介词短语，天津：南开大学出版社．
景士俊，1980，现代汉语虚词，呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社．
侯学超，1998，现代汉语虚词词典，北京：北京大学出版社．
胡裕树，1985，现代汉语，修订本，上海：上海教育出版社．
黄伯荣&廖序东，1993，现代汉语，北京：高等教育出版社．
黎锦熙，1953，中国语法教材，北京：五十年代出版社，1953～1955．
黎锦熙，1992，新著国语方法，新1版，北京：商务印书馆，1924．
李晓琪主编，2003，现代汉语虚词手册，北京：北京大学出版社．
李永秋，2004，英语边缘介词的语法化解释，琼州大学学报，第1期．
吕叔湘，1980，现代汉语八百词，北京：商务印书馆．
马贝加，2002，近代汉语介词，北京：中华书局．
马建忠，1983，马氏文通，新1版，北京：商务印书馆，1898～1900．
马真，2004，现代汉语虚词研究方法论，北京：商务印书馆．
毛东辉，2000，英语边缘介词的探讨，宁波大学学报，第4期．
饶长溶，1987，“关于”、“至于”不像介词，汉语学习，第1期．
沈开木，1991，“介词”的定义及其他，语文月刊，第2期．
史有为，1996，词类问题的症结及其对策：词类问题考察，北京：北京语言学院出版社．
石毓智，1995，时间一维性对汉语介词衍生的影响，中国语文，第1期．
石毓智，2004a，兼表被动和处置的“给”的语法化，世界汉语教学第3期．
石毓智，2004b，汉语研究类型学视野，江西：江西教育出版社．
石毓智&李讷，2001，汉语语法化历程，北京：北京大学出版社．
王力，1980，汉语史稿(中)，北京：中华书局．
王力，1985，中国现代语法，新1版，北京：商务印书馆，1943～1944．
文旭，1998，语法化简介，当代语文学，第3期，47-48页．
吴福祥，2003，汉语伴随介词语法化的类型学研究——兼论SVO型语言中伴随介词的两种演化模式，中国语文第1期，43—58页．
吴金花，2005，汉语动词介词化动因考察，福建师范大学学报，第5期．
杨晓峰，2000，英语边缘介词辨析，郑州工业大学学报第3期．
余品章，1980，英语介词，长沙：湖南人民出版社．
张道真，1995，实用英语语法(修订版)，北京：外语教学与研究出版社．
张静，1986，新编现代汉语，上海：上海教育出版社．
张旺熹，2004，汉语介词衍生的语义机制，汉语学习，第1期1—11页．
张志公，1956，语法和语法教学—“介绍暂拟汉语教学语法系统”，北京：人民教育出版社．
张志公，1982，现代汉语，北京：人民教育出版社．
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1968. The Case for Case. In Universals in Linguistic Theory. ed. E. Bach and R. T. Harms, 1-88. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Geurts. Bart. 2000. Explaining Grammaticalziation (the standard way) Linguistics 38-4:781-788.
Givon, T. 1991. "Serial Verbs and the Mental Reality of 'Event': Grammatical vs. Cognitive Packaging." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine (Eds), Approaches to grammaticalization, Vol.Ⅰ, 81-127. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins and William Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. London: The University of Chicago Press.
Gowers, Ernest. 1954. The Complete Plain Words. Nov. 21, 2006.
Granath, Solveig and Aimo Seppanen. 2004. Prepositions and that-clauses in English. Oct. 15, 2006.
Hawkins, B.W. 1993. "On Universality and Variability in the Semantics of Spatial Adpositions". In Zelinsky-Wibbelt, C. (Ed.), The Semantics of Prepositions: From Mental Processing to Natural Processing. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 327-349.
Heine, Bernd. 2002. "On the Role of Context in Grammaticalization." In Ilse Wischer and Gabriele Diewald (Eds), New reflections on grammaticalization [Typological Studies in Language, 49], 83-101. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Heine, Bernd, and Mechthild Reh. 1984. Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in African Languages. Hamburg: Heilmut Buske.
Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hunnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: a Conceptual Framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Henry, W. Fowler & Francis G. Fowler. 1908. The King's English. Second Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprinted by New York: Bartleby.com. 1999. http://www.bartleby.com/116/211.html
Hoad, T. F. ed, 2000. Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education. N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
Hoeksema, Jack. 2001. Verb Movement in Dutch Present-participle Clauses. http://www.let.rug.nl/～koster/DenBesten/Hoeksema.pdf
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 2003. Grammaticalization. China: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Cambridge: Cambridge Press.
Hopper, Paul J. 1991. "On Some Principles of Grammaticalization." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine (Eds), Approaches to grammaticalization, Vol.Ⅰ, 17-35. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Jespersen, Otto. 1940. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part Ⅴ. London: Allen and Unwin.
Kenyon, John S. 1930. "The Dangling Participle DUE." American Speech 6-1: 61-70.
Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: what categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, Ronald W. 1977. Syntactic reanalysis. In Charles N. Li (Eds), Mechanisms of Syntactic Change, 59-139. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Langacker, Ronald W. 2004a. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites. Volume I. Reprinted. Beijing: Peking University Press. 1987. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, Ronald W. 2004b. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Descriptive Application. Volume II. Reprinted. Beijing: Peking University Press. 1991. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Lehmann, Christian. 1995. Thoughts on Grammaticalization. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Lehmann, Christian. 2002. "New reflections on grammaticalization and lexicalization." In Use Wischer and Gabriele Diewald (Eds), New reflections on grammaticalization [Typological Studies in Language, 49], 1-18. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Lichtenberk, Frantisek. 1991. "On the gradualness of grammaticalization." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine (Eds), Approaches to grammaticalization, Vol.1, 37-80. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Meillet, A. 1912. L' evolution des formes gramaticales. Reprinted in Meillet 1958. Linguistique Historique et Linguistique Generale.
Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech & J. Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
Romaine, Suzanne, ed. 1997. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Volume IV 1776-1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ross, John Robert. 1972. "The Category Squish: Endstation Hauptwort". Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society 8: 16-28.
Russell, I. Willis. 1935. "Illustration of Linguistic Change." American Speech 10-2: 113-118.
Saeed, John I. 2000. Semantics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publisher.
Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Shoemaker, Neille. 1952. "The Nature of the Gerund and Participle." American Speech 27-2:108-112.
Severynse, Marion and David Pritchard, ed. 1996. A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Sweetser, EveN 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics—Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Toward a cognitive semantics. Volume Ⅰ. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Taylor, John R. 1989. Linguistic Categorization." Prototype in Linguistic Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ting, Jen and Miller Chang. 2004. The Category of GEI in Mandarin Chinese and Grammaticalization. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 2: 45-74.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. and Bemd Heine. 1991. "Introduction." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine (Eds), Approaches to grammaticalization, Vol.Ⅰ, 1-14. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Tyler, Andrew & Evans, Vyvyan. 2001. "Reconsidering Prepositional Polysemy Networks: the Case of over". Language 4: 725-763.
Ungerer, F. and H. J. Schmid. 1996. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. London: Addison Welsey.
薄冰，2004，新编英语语法，北京：世界知识出版社．
刘丹青，2004，语序类型学与介词理论，北京：商务印书馆．
陈昌来，2002，介词与介引功能，安徽：安徽教育出版社．
高名凯，1986，汉语语法论，新1版，北京：商务印书馆，1948．
金昌吉，1996，汉语介词和介词短语，天津：南开大学出版社．
景士俊，1980，现代汉语虚词，呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社．
侯学超，1998，现代汉语虚词词典，北京：北京大学出版社．
胡裕树，1985，现代汉语，修订本，上海：上海教育出版社．
黄伯荣&廖序东，1993，现代汉语，北京：高等教育出版社．
黎锦熙，1953，中国语法教材，北京：五十年代出版社，1953～1955．
黎锦熙，1992，新著国语方法，新1版，北京：商务印书馆，1924．
李晓琪主编，2003，现代汉语虚词手册，北京：北京大学出版社．
李永秋，2004，英语边缘介词的语法化解释，琼州大学学报，第1期．
吕叔湘，1980，现代汉语八百词，北京：商务印书馆．
马贝加，2002，近代汉语介词，北京：中华书局．
马建忠，1983，马氏文通，新1版，北京：商务印书馆，1898～1900．
马真，2004，现代汉语虚词研究方法论，北京：商务印书馆．
毛东辉，2000，英语边缘介词的探讨，宁波大学学报，第4期．
饶长溶，1987，“关于”、“至于”不像介词，汉语学习，第1期．
沈开木，1991，“介词”的定义及其他，语文月刊，第2期．
史有为，1996，词类问题的症结及其对策：词类问题考察，北京：北京语言学院出版社．
石毓智，1995，时间一维性对汉语介词衍生的影响，中国语文，第1期．
石毓智，2004a，兼表被动和处置的“给”的语法化，世界汉语教学第3期．
石毓智，2004b，汉语研究类型学视野，江西：江西教育出版社．
石毓智&李讷，2001，汉语语法化历程，北京：北京大学出版社．
王力，1980，汉语史稿(中)，北京：中华书局．
王力，1985，中国现代语法，新1版，北京：商务印书馆，1943～1944．
文旭，1998，语法化简介，当代语文学，第3期，47-48页．
吴福祥，2003，汉语伴随介词语法化的类型学研究——兼论SVO型语言中伴随介词的两种演化模式，中国语文第1期，43—58页．
吴金花，2005，汉语动词介词化动因考察，福建师范大学学报，第5期．
杨晓峰，2000，英语边缘介词辨析，郑州工业大学学报第3期．
余品章，1980，英语介词，长沙：湖南人民出版社．
张道真，1995，实用英语语法(修订版)，北京：外语教学与研究出版社．
张静，1986，新编现代汉语，上海：上海教育出版社．
张旺熹，2004，汉语介词衍生的语义机制，汉语学习，第1期1—11页．
张志公，1956，语法和语法教学—“介绍暂拟汉语教学语法系统”，北京：人民教育出版社．
张志公，1982，现代汉语，北京：人民教育出版社．