空间测量数据区域性地壳形变的研究
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摘要
地壳运动和变形过程与人类生存环境、气候变化、地震、火山活动等有直接或间接的关系。研究中国西部地壳运动对我国现今和未来的气候变化的认识、自然灾害的预测具有重大的科学意义。空间大地测量是监测地壳运动和变形的主要方法之一。卫星重力测量具有全球覆盖率高、观测点选择不受自然条件限制、观测结果不受地面位置变化的影响等优点,是研究地壳形变的一种新的手段。本文利用卫星重力、GPS数据对中国西部地壳形变、断层活动进行了计算研究,取得的主要成果有：
1.利用地球密度分层模型计算了中国大陆的地壳厚度,采用GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)数据进行了验证,其结果与文献[66]结果一致。
2.采用GRACE卫星数据计算了我国汶川Ms8.0级强震产生的同震重力变化,其变化值约为-3×10-8ms-2,并利用地壳膨胀模型和位错理论进行了解释。
3.对标准PSO算法(Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm)进行了改进。在改进后的PSO算法中,不论是惯性权值动态调整的因素,还是引进变异操作的因素,耗时均优于标准PSO算法,当两者组合可达到最佳效果。基于位错理论分别采用标准PSO算法和改进后的PSO算法对祁连山断裂带中东段的三维滑动速率进行反演。结果表明,改进后的算法比标准PSO算法耗时减少了36.34%。
4.分析了断层运动特征与水平位移、高程变化、重力变化三种数据联合反演断层参数时的相对权比关系。当断层以走滑为主时,水平位移数据的权最大,重力变化数据的权次之,高程变化的数据权最小；当断层以倾滑为主时,高程变化数据的权大于重力变化数据的权；当断层以张裂为主时,重力变化数据的权最大,高程变化数据的权次之,水平位移数据的权最小
5.首次建立了地壳水平运动在局部的坐标系下与地球外部空间观测点重力变化模型,以我国西部地区的GPS、水准等观测资料,结合该地区的高程数据,计算了我国西部地壳在进行水平运动、垂直运动等过程中引起的重力场时空变化特征。将地壳水平运动数值模拟的重力变化与GRACE观测结果进行对比,发现两者的重力变化值量级相近、图形轮廓相似。
6.采用中国西部地区卫星重力数据,首次反演中国西部地区地壳水平运动速率、地壳垂直运动速率。反演结果表明：中国西部地壳水平运动具有整体由南向北顺时针运动,且伴有向东运动的特征,除昆明区域(地壳由北向南运动)外,在南北方向上地壳水平运动速率有从南向北逐渐递减的趋势,青藏高原南北方向运动速率为10-35mm/a,东西方向运动速率为1～25mm/a；塔里木盆地南北方向运动速率为5～15mm/a,东西方向运动速率为4～7mm/a；中国西部地壳垂直形变是趋势为南升北降。在南部喜马拉雅山脉地壳上升幅度最大,速率达1Omm/a；在北部准噶尔盆地的南部地壳垂直运动速率-3～-5mm/a,向北沉降速率有加大趋势,最大速率为-9mm/a。
The movement and deformation of the crust are directly or indirectly related to the environment for human survival, climate change, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. It is scientifically meaningful to study the crustal movement in China's western region for understanding climate change and predicting natural disasters in current China. Space geodetic measurement is one of the major means for monitoring crustal movement and deformation. The satellite gravity survey is a new method for the study of crustal deformation owing to its advantages of higher global coverage, observation points free of control of natural conditions, and observed results free of influence of ground position changes. In this work, the crustal deformation and the fault activity in China's western region were calculated by satellite gravity data and GPS data, on the basis of which major achievements are involved in:
1. The earth density stratified model was then used to calculate the crustal thickness distribution in the mainland China. The crustal thickness distribution was verified Using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data. The results were accord with that achieved by reference [66].
2. The seismic gravity variation of Ms8.0earthquake at Wenchuan of China was computed by GRACE data. The variation value was about-3×10-8ms-2, which was interpreted by the earth's crust expansion model and the dislocation theory.
3. The standard PSO algorithm (Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm) was improved. In the improved PSO algorithm, either the dynamic adjustment inertia weight of the algorithm or the introduction of mutation of the algorithm, the time consumed was both better than that by the standard PSO algorithm. The maximum result was obtained when the two algorithms were combined. The standard PSO algorithm and the improved PSO algorithm, all of which are on the basis of the dislocation theory, were adopted to deduce the three-dimensional slip rate of Qilianshan fault in the middle and eastern segments. Results showed that the time consumed by the improved PSO algorithm was reduced by36.34%by the standard PSO algorithm.
4. The relative weight ratio relationship among the characteristics of the fault movement, horizontal displacement, elevation change, and gravity variation when the three kinds of data were jointly used to inverse the fault parameters. When the fault was mainly in the state of strike-slip, the weight of the data in the horizontal displacement was the maximum, the gravity data came next, and the minimum was the weight of the elevation change data. When the dip-slip was the major factor of the fault, the weight of the elevation change data was greater than that of the gravity change data. When the fault was mainly in rifting, the weight of the gravity change data was the maximum, that of the elevation data came next, and that of the horizontal displacement data was the minimum.
5. A model was established in a fixed coordinate system between the crust horizontal movement and the gravity changes in the external earth. Taking into account the GPS in China's western region, level, and some observation data as well as the local elevation data, the time and space variation characteristics of the gravity field were calculated, which were caused respectively by the crust horizontal movement and the vertical movement in the western area of China. The gravity change by the numerical simulation of the crustal horizontal movement was compared with that through the GRACE observation. Results showed that the magnitude of the two gravity changes was close, and the graphics contour was similar.
6. The rate of the crustal horizontal movement and vertical crustal movement were investigated for the first time by the satellite gravity data in western China. Results showed that the characteristics of crustal horizontal movement in western China was clockwise from south to north with a trend of moving eastbound except Kunming in which the movement was from north to south. Along the south-north direction, the horizontal movement velocity was gradually declined. The south-north movement rate on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau was10～35mm/a, whereas the east-west movement rate was1～25mm/a. On the Tarim Basin, the south-north movement rate was5～15mm/a, whereas the south-north was4～7mm/a. The trend of the vertical crustal deformation in western China was up in south but down in north. In the southern Himalayas, the crust rose in a largest speed, reaching10mm/a. In the southern Junggar Basin, the vertical crustal movement rate was between-3～-5mm/a. The sedimentation rate northward trended to increase with the maximum rate of-9mm/a.
1.利用地球密度分层模型计算了中国大陆的地壳厚度,采用GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)数据进行了验证,其结果与文献[66]结果一致。
2.采用GRACE卫星数据计算了我国汶川Ms8.0级强震产生的同震重力变化,其变化值约为-3×10-8ms-2,并利用地壳膨胀模型和位错理论进行了解释。
3.对标准PSO算法(Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm)进行了改进。在改进后的PSO算法中,不论是惯性权值动态调整的因素,还是引进变异操作的因素,耗时均优于标准PSO算法,当两者组合可达到最佳效果。基于位错理论分别采用标准PSO算法和改进后的PSO算法对祁连山断裂带中东段的三维滑动速率进行反演。结果表明,改进后的算法比标准PSO算法耗时减少了36.34%。
4.分析了断层运动特征与水平位移、高程变化、重力变化三种数据联合反演断层参数时的相对权比关系。当断层以走滑为主时,水平位移数据的权最大,重力变化数据的权次之,高程变化的数据权最小；当断层以倾滑为主时,高程变化数据的权大于重力变化数据的权；当断层以张裂为主时,重力变化数据的权最大,高程变化数据的权次之,水平位移数据的权最小
5.首次建立了地壳水平运动在局部的坐标系下与地球外部空间观测点重力变化模型,以我国西部地区的GPS、水准等观测资料,结合该地区的高程数据,计算了我国西部地壳在进行水平运动、垂直运动等过程中引起的重力场时空变化特征。将地壳水平运动数值模拟的重力变化与GRACE观测结果进行对比,发现两者的重力变化值量级相近、图形轮廓相似。
6.采用中国西部地区卫星重力数据,首次反演中国西部地区地壳水平运动速率、地壳垂直运动速率。反演结果表明：中国西部地壳水平运动具有整体由南向北顺时针运动,且伴有向东运动的特征,除昆明区域(地壳由北向南运动)外,在南北方向上地壳水平运动速率有从南向北逐渐递减的趋势,青藏高原南北方向运动速率为10-35mm/a,东西方向运动速率为1～25mm/a；塔里木盆地南北方向运动速率为5～15mm/a,东西方向运动速率为4～7mm/a；中国西部地壳垂直形变是趋势为南升北降。在南部喜马拉雅山脉地壳上升幅度最大,速率达1Omm/a；在北部准噶尔盆地的南部地壳垂直运动速率-3～-5mm/a,向北沉降速率有加大趋势,最大速率为-9mm/a。
The movement and deformation of the crust are directly or indirectly related to the environment for human survival, climate change, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. It is scientifically meaningful to study the crustal movement in China's western region for understanding climate change and predicting natural disasters in current China. Space geodetic measurement is one of the major means for monitoring crustal movement and deformation. The satellite gravity survey is a new method for the study of crustal deformation owing to its advantages of higher global coverage, observation points free of control of natural conditions, and observed results free of influence of ground position changes. In this work, the crustal deformation and the fault activity in China's western region were calculated by satellite gravity data and GPS data, on the basis of which major achievements are involved in:
1. The earth density stratified model was then used to calculate the crustal thickness distribution in the mainland China. The crustal thickness distribution was verified Using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data. The results were accord with that achieved by reference [66].
2. The seismic gravity variation of Ms8.0earthquake at Wenchuan of China was computed by GRACE data. The variation value was about-3×10-8ms-2, which was interpreted by the earth's crust expansion model and the dislocation theory.
3. The standard PSO algorithm (Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm) was improved. In the improved PSO algorithm, either the dynamic adjustment inertia weight of the algorithm or the introduction of mutation of the algorithm, the time consumed was both better than that by the standard PSO algorithm. The maximum result was obtained when the two algorithms were combined. The standard PSO algorithm and the improved PSO algorithm, all of which are on the basis of the dislocation theory, were adopted to deduce the three-dimensional slip rate of Qilianshan fault in the middle and eastern segments. Results showed that the time consumed by the improved PSO algorithm was reduced by36.34%by the standard PSO algorithm.
4. The relative weight ratio relationship among the characteristics of the fault movement, horizontal displacement, elevation change, and gravity variation when the three kinds of data were jointly used to inverse the fault parameters. When the fault was mainly in the state of strike-slip, the weight of the data in the horizontal displacement was the maximum, the gravity data came next, and the minimum was the weight of the elevation change data. When the dip-slip was the major factor of the fault, the weight of the elevation change data was greater than that of the gravity change data. When the fault was mainly in rifting, the weight of the gravity change data was the maximum, that of the elevation data came next, and that of the horizontal displacement data was the minimum.
5. A model was established in a fixed coordinate system between the crust horizontal movement and the gravity changes in the external earth. Taking into account the GPS in China's western region, level, and some observation data as well as the local elevation data, the time and space variation characteristics of the gravity field were calculated, which were caused respectively by the crust horizontal movement and the vertical movement in the western area of China. The gravity change by the numerical simulation of the crustal horizontal movement was compared with that through the GRACE observation. Results showed that the magnitude of the two gravity changes was close, and the graphics contour was similar.
6. The rate of the crustal horizontal movement and vertical crustal movement were investigated for the first time by the satellite gravity data in western China. Results showed that the characteristics of crustal horizontal movement in western China was clockwise from south to north with a trend of moving eastbound except Kunming in which the movement was from north to south. Along the south-north direction, the horizontal movement velocity was gradually declined. The south-north movement rate on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau was10～35mm/a, whereas the east-west movement rate was1～25mm/a. On the Tarim Basin, the south-north movement rate was5～15mm/a, whereas the south-north was4～7mm/a. The trend of the vertical crustal deformation in western China was up in south but down in north. In the southern Himalayas, the crust rose in a largest speed, reaching10mm/a. In the southern Junggar Basin, the vertical crustal movement rate was between-3～-5mm/a. The sedimentation rate northward trended to increase with the maximum rate of-9mm/a.
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