L波段频率可调同轴相对论返波振荡器研究
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摘要
相对论返波振荡器是一种发展最成熟的振荡器型的高功率微波源,具有高功率、高效率以及适合重频运行等特点,在工业和国防领域有着广泛的应用前景。受限于慢波结构尺寸大、导引磁场质量重等因素,相对论返波振荡器在向L波段拓展遇到了很大困难。同时,构造方便可调的电动力学结构以实现输出微波频率可调,是高功率微波的重要研究方向之一。在此背景下,论文提出了一种L波段频率可调同轴相对论返波振荡器。利用理论分析和粒子模拟方法对该器件进行了系统的研究,获得了一系列可用于指导该类型器件设计的物理思想及研究方法,并在实验中成功获得了吉瓦级L波段的高功率微波辐射,且频率在百兆赫兹范围内可调。论文的研究内容包括以下几个方面:
首先,对同轴慢波结构进行了系统的理论研究。对比分析了同轴波导与圆波导的特性,利用同轴波导中TEM模的截止频率为0、空间电荷限制流较高的特性,在径向尺寸较小的情况下实现了L波段微波的高功率输出。求解了有限厚电子束下同轴任意形状周期慢波结构的色散关系,比较了三种双波纹慢波结构在冷腔情况下的高频特性,结果表明:相同条件下,余弦结构的准TEM模具有最宽的频率调节范围、最大的相速以及最小的耦合阻抗,梯形、矩形结构对应的特性依次减弱,且三种结构的准TEM模的纵向电场都具有表面波的特点;耦合阻抗随着波纹深度的增加而增大,随着周期和内外波纹结构相移的增大而变小,并且随着内波纹平均半径的增加先增大后减小。在考虑电子束的空间电荷影响下,求解了准TEM模的增长率,结果表明,增长率随波纹深度的增加而增大,随周期和电子束厚度的增大而减小,且随二极管电压的改变存在最大值。
其次,为实现L波段器件小型化并提高器件效率,设计了由梯形外波纹同轴慢波结构和同轴引出结构组成的电动力学结构。阐述了梯形外波纹同轴慢波结构的优点,研究了准TEM模的场分布特性,并指出利用此结构下纵向电场具有表面波的特点可实现横向模式选择,从而缩小器件的径向尺寸;着重分析了内导体改变对频率的影响,得到了频率随内导体半径的增大而减小的结论,奠定了器件频率方便可调的基础;此外,采用S参数方法讨论了有限长同轴慢波结构的纵向谐振特性,提出纵向模式选择的概念;明确指出同轴引出结构的引入有利于提高各纵模、尤其是类π模的Q值,可在周期数较少的情况下实现高效的单频振荡,进而缩短器件轴向长度和提高束波作用效率。
在粒子模拟方面,采用2.5维全电磁粒子模拟程序对器件产生高功率微波的机制进行了系统深入的研究,给出了束波作用过程详细的物理图像。着重分析了内导体半径和微波频率可调节特性之间的关系:当内导体半径在0.5-2.5cm范围内改变时,微波频率在1.63-1.51GHz范围内可调,且器件运行稳定,效率变化范围仅为27.7-35.4%。经优化,在导引磁场1.1T、二极管电压700kV、电流11.2kA的条件下,模拟获得了频率1.60GHz、功率2.78GW、效率35.4%的同轴TEM模微波输出。在此基础上,归纳出了低频段同轴相对论返波振荡器的设计原则,并给出了其在P波段和S波段的拓展应用,在模拟中均获得了效率大于20%的微波输出。此外,探讨了慢波结构表面爆炸发射、器件内中性气体电离产生的等离子体对器件工作特性的影响,结果表明:慢波结构表面的径向电场有利于抑制二次电子的发射;质量越轻的正离子对微波功率和脉宽的影响越严重;碰撞电离产生的等离子体的密度与中性气体的核电荷数相关。
最后,对L波段频率可调同轴相对论返波振荡器的运行机制、工作特点进行了实验研究。在Torch-01加速器上开展了系统的实验研究。当导引磁场为0.8T、二极管电压为713kV、电流为11.4kA时,得到频率1.58GHz、功率1.07GW、效率13.2%、脉宽38.8ns、主模TM01模的微波输出。重点分析了微波频率可调节特性和模式竞争现象,结论如下:当内导体半径在0.5-1.5cm范围内改变时,微波频率在1.64-1.58GHz范围内可调,对应微波功率幅值的变化在3dB以内;去掉内导体能够获得功率为390MW的S波段微波输出;调节收集极深度可得到频率相差40MHz的微波信号;当二极管电压偏低、导引磁场偏小以及结构不同心时,会激励起非对称准TE11模,通过提高二极管电压和导引磁场、调节结构同心度可以有效抑制模式竞争现象。此外,还进行了长脉冲实验研究,在导引磁场0.9T、二极管电压700kV的条件下,获得了频率1.58GHz、功率1.2GW、脉宽86.4ns的微波输出,结果表明器件具有长脉冲运行的潜力。
The relativistic backward-wave oscillator (RBWO) is one of the most promising high-power microwave (HPM) sources and has wide potential for industrial and military applications due to its essential characters such as high power, high efficiency and high repetitive rate. Recently, there are extensive reports on RBWOs operating in the high frequency region (S-, X-band, and millimeter wave), but discussions on low operation band (L-, P-band) are rarely scanty. The main reason is that the dimension and the guiding-magnetic system of the low operation band RBWOs are especially large and complicated. Meanwhile, the RBWO with tunable frequency provides an effective approach to achieve extensive applications of HPM. Based on the above discussion, the L-band coaxial RBWO with tunable frequency is proposed in this dissertation. Experiments are carried out to verify the initiative idea, theoretical analysis and simulation results. It is demonstrated that an L-band, gigawatt level HPM can be generated effectively with a low guiding-magnetic field. The main content and innovative work are listed as follows.
Firstly, the coaxial slow-wave structures (SWSs) are investigated systematically. Compared with the circular waveguide, the cutoff frequency of the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode is 0 and the space-charge limiting current is much higher in the coaxial waveguide, thus the transversal dimension of the coaxial waveguide can be reduced and the coaxial device has the potential of high power. Naturally, the coaxial SWSs are chosen in this paper. The dispersion relations of the SWSs with arbitrary geometrical structures are studied in detail under the condition of finite thickness of the beam. The dispersion curves and coupling impedance of the SWSs with the cosinoidal, trapezoidal and rectangular corrugations are obtained by numerical calculation. It is clearly found that the cosinoidal dispersion curve possesses the widest frequency range, the largest phase speed and the smallest coupling impedance. The corresponding characteristics of the trapezoidal and rectangular corrugations become inferior in order. And the longitudinal electrical field distribution of theπmode of the quasi-TEM wave conforms to the“surface wave”property. As the period and phase shift of the SWS decreases, the coupling impedance becomes higher. If the depth of the SWS decreases, the coupling impedance becomes smaller. In addition, the coupling impedance increases first and then decreases when the radius of the inner SWS increases. Considering the space charge effects of the beam, the growth rate of the quasi-TEM mode is calculated. Analytical results show that the growth rate increases along with the enlargement of the depth of the SWS, becomes smaller when the period of the SWS and the thickness of the beam increases, and possesses a maximum if the diode voltage varies.
Secondly, the coaxial SWS with the outer trapezoidal corrugation and the coaxial extractor structure are designed to reduce the size and increase the efficiency of the L-band device. The transversal mode selection is achieved using the property of“surface wave”of the coaxial SWS to excite the quasi-TEM mode without the higher TM modes and it is proved that the coaxial SWS may decrease the transversal dimension of the SWS sections. Meanwhile, the relationship between the radius of inner-conductor and the resonance frequency is analyzed in detail, and it shows that the resonance frequency decreases obviously with the increasement of the inner-conductor radius. Moreover, the S-parameter method is employed to investigate the longitudinal resonant characteristic of the finite-length SWS. It is proved that the introduction of a well designed coaxial extractor to the slow-wave devices can make contributions to the more compact device and avoid the destructive competition between various longitudinal modes. Namely, the coaxial RBWO with a well designed coaxial extractor can realize the longitudinal mode selection and enhance the beam-wave efficiency.
Thirdly, the mechanism of HPM generation from the device is investigated thoroughly by the 2.5-dimensional full electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) code, and related physical images are presented. The dependences of the output microwave power, efficiency and frequency on structural parameters, beam parameters and guiding-magnetic field are analyzed intensively. It is shown that the frequency is lowered from 1.63GHz to 1.51GHz when the inner-conductor radius increases from 0.5cm to 2.5cm. And the efficiency varies in the range of 35.4-27.7%. After optimization, a microwave with frequency of 1.60GHz, power of 2.78GW and efficiency of 35.4% is obtained under the condition of diode voltage at 700kV, beam current at 11.2kA and guiding-magnetic field at 1.1T. Further, the basic design principles and processes for the compact and low frequency RBWO are presented. According to that, the P-, S-band compact coaxial RBWOs are provided, respectively. Additionally, effects of the plasma produced by the explosive emission in the inner-surface of SWSs and the collisional ionization of the pre-filled gas on the performance of the device are simulated sufficiently. Typical results showed that the transversal electrical field at the surface of the SWS is useful to prevent the emission of the secondary electrons. The lighter ions produced by the explosive emission have greater impacts on the output microwave. The density of the plasma produced by the collisional ionization is relative to the nucleus number of the pre-filled gas.
Finally, experiments are carried out to demonstrate the operating mechanism and characteristics of the L-band coaxial RBWO with tunable frequency. On the Torch-01 accelerator, when the diode voltage is 713kV, the current is 11.4kA and the guiding-magnetic field is 0.8T, the radiated microwave with frequency of 1.58GHz, power of 1.07GW and pulse duration of 38.8ns is generated. Its efficiency is 13.2% and its main mode is TM01 mode. This result is the first experimental report on the L-band RBWO at home and abroad. Particularly, the tunable characteristics and mode-competition mechanism are studied in detail. It is found that the frequency decreases from 1.64GHz to 1.58GHz when the inner-conductor radius increases from 0.5cm to 1.5cm. An S-band microwave with power of 390MW could be obtained after removing the inner-conductor. As the depth of the collector changes, the tunable frequency varies in the range of 40MHz. If the diode voltage and guiding-magnetic field are lower and the device is non-homocentric, the asymmetric quasi-TE11 mode could be generated. On the other hand, the mode-competition mechanism could be restrained efficiently by increasing the diode voltage and guiding-magnetic field and adjusting the non-homocentric structure. Furthermore, experiments are carried out on the long pulse accelerator. When the diode voltage is 700kV and guiding-magnetic field is 0.9T, the microwave is obtained with power of 1.2GW at the frequency of 1.58GHz. The pulse duration of the radiated microwave is 86.4ns, which exhibits the RBWO’s promising application in terms of the long pulse.
首先,对同轴慢波结构进行了系统的理论研究。对比分析了同轴波导与圆波导的特性,利用同轴波导中TEM模的截止频率为0、空间电荷限制流较高的特性,在径向尺寸较小的情况下实现了L波段微波的高功率输出。求解了有限厚电子束下同轴任意形状周期慢波结构的色散关系,比较了三种双波纹慢波结构在冷腔情况下的高频特性,结果表明:相同条件下,余弦结构的准TEM模具有最宽的频率调节范围、最大的相速以及最小的耦合阻抗,梯形、矩形结构对应的特性依次减弱,且三种结构的准TEM模的纵向电场都具有表面波的特点;耦合阻抗随着波纹深度的增加而增大,随着周期和内外波纹结构相移的增大而变小,并且随着内波纹平均半径的增加先增大后减小。在考虑电子束的空间电荷影响下,求解了准TEM模的增长率,结果表明,增长率随波纹深度的增加而增大,随周期和电子束厚度的增大而减小,且随二极管电压的改变存在最大值。
其次,为实现L波段器件小型化并提高器件效率,设计了由梯形外波纹同轴慢波结构和同轴引出结构组成的电动力学结构。阐述了梯形外波纹同轴慢波结构的优点,研究了准TEM模的场分布特性,并指出利用此结构下纵向电场具有表面波的特点可实现横向模式选择,从而缩小器件的径向尺寸;着重分析了内导体改变对频率的影响,得到了频率随内导体半径的增大而减小的结论,奠定了器件频率方便可调的基础;此外,采用S参数方法讨论了有限长同轴慢波结构的纵向谐振特性,提出纵向模式选择的概念;明确指出同轴引出结构的引入有利于提高各纵模、尤其是类π模的Q值,可在周期数较少的情况下实现高效的单频振荡,进而缩短器件轴向长度和提高束波作用效率。
在粒子模拟方面,采用2.5维全电磁粒子模拟程序对器件产生高功率微波的机制进行了系统深入的研究,给出了束波作用过程详细的物理图像。着重分析了内导体半径和微波频率可调节特性之间的关系:当内导体半径在0.5-2.5cm范围内改变时,微波频率在1.63-1.51GHz范围内可调,且器件运行稳定,效率变化范围仅为27.7-35.4%。经优化,在导引磁场1.1T、二极管电压700kV、电流11.2kA的条件下,模拟获得了频率1.60GHz、功率2.78GW、效率35.4%的同轴TEM模微波输出。在此基础上,归纳出了低频段同轴相对论返波振荡器的设计原则,并给出了其在P波段和S波段的拓展应用,在模拟中均获得了效率大于20%的微波输出。此外,探讨了慢波结构表面爆炸发射、器件内中性气体电离产生的等离子体对器件工作特性的影响,结果表明:慢波结构表面的径向电场有利于抑制二次电子的发射;质量越轻的正离子对微波功率和脉宽的影响越严重;碰撞电离产生的等离子体的密度与中性气体的核电荷数相关。
最后,对L波段频率可调同轴相对论返波振荡器的运行机制、工作特点进行了实验研究。在Torch-01加速器上开展了系统的实验研究。当导引磁场为0.8T、二极管电压为713kV、电流为11.4kA时,得到频率1.58GHz、功率1.07GW、效率13.2%、脉宽38.8ns、主模TM01模的微波输出。重点分析了微波频率可调节特性和模式竞争现象,结论如下:当内导体半径在0.5-1.5cm范围内改变时,微波频率在1.64-1.58GHz范围内可调,对应微波功率幅值的变化在3dB以内;去掉内导体能够获得功率为390MW的S波段微波输出;调节收集极深度可得到频率相差40MHz的微波信号;当二极管电压偏低、导引磁场偏小以及结构不同心时,会激励起非对称准TE11模,通过提高二极管电压和导引磁场、调节结构同心度可以有效抑制模式竞争现象。此外,还进行了长脉冲实验研究,在导引磁场0.9T、二极管电压700kV的条件下,获得了频率1.58GHz、功率1.2GW、脉宽86.4ns的微波输出,结果表明器件具有长脉冲运行的潜力。
The relativistic backward-wave oscillator (RBWO) is one of the most promising high-power microwave (HPM) sources and has wide potential for industrial and military applications due to its essential characters such as high power, high efficiency and high repetitive rate. Recently, there are extensive reports on RBWOs operating in the high frequency region (S-, X-band, and millimeter wave), but discussions on low operation band (L-, P-band) are rarely scanty. The main reason is that the dimension and the guiding-magnetic system of the low operation band RBWOs are especially large and complicated. Meanwhile, the RBWO with tunable frequency provides an effective approach to achieve extensive applications of HPM. Based on the above discussion, the L-band coaxial RBWO with tunable frequency is proposed in this dissertation. Experiments are carried out to verify the initiative idea, theoretical analysis and simulation results. It is demonstrated that an L-band, gigawatt level HPM can be generated effectively with a low guiding-magnetic field. The main content and innovative work are listed as follows.
Firstly, the coaxial slow-wave structures (SWSs) are investigated systematically. Compared with the circular waveguide, the cutoff frequency of the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode is 0 and the space-charge limiting current is much higher in the coaxial waveguide, thus the transversal dimension of the coaxial waveguide can be reduced and the coaxial device has the potential of high power. Naturally, the coaxial SWSs are chosen in this paper. The dispersion relations of the SWSs with arbitrary geometrical structures are studied in detail under the condition of finite thickness of the beam. The dispersion curves and coupling impedance of the SWSs with the cosinoidal, trapezoidal and rectangular corrugations are obtained by numerical calculation. It is clearly found that the cosinoidal dispersion curve possesses the widest frequency range, the largest phase speed and the smallest coupling impedance. The corresponding characteristics of the trapezoidal and rectangular corrugations become inferior in order. And the longitudinal electrical field distribution of theπmode of the quasi-TEM wave conforms to the“surface wave”property. As the period and phase shift of the SWS decreases, the coupling impedance becomes higher. If the depth of the SWS decreases, the coupling impedance becomes smaller. In addition, the coupling impedance increases first and then decreases when the radius of the inner SWS increases. Considering the space charge effects of the beam, the growth rate of the quasi-TEM mode is calculated. Analytical results show that the growth rate increases along with the enlargement of the depth of the SWS, becomes smaller when the period of the SWS and the thickness of the beam increases, and possesses a maximum if the diode voltage varies.
Secondly, the coaxial SWS with the outer trapezoidal corrugation and the coaxial extractor structure are designed to reduce the size and increase the efficiency of the L-band device. The transversal mode selection is achieved using the property of“surface wave”of the coaxial SWS to excite the quasi-TEM mode without the higher TM modes and it is proved that the coaxial SWS may decrease the transversal dimension of the SWS sections. Meanwhile, the relationship between the radius of inner-conductor and the resonance frequency is analyzed in detail, and it shows that the resonance frequency decreases obviously with the increasement of the inner-conductor radius. Moreover, the S-parameter method is employed to investigate the longitudinal resonant characteristic of the finite-length SWS. It is proved that the introduction of a well designed coaxial extractor to the slow-wave devices can make contributions to the more compact device and avoid the destructive competition between various longitudinal modes. Namely, the coaxial RBWO with a well designed coaxial extractor can realize the longitudinal mode selection and enhance the beam-wave efficiency.
Thirdly, the mechanism of HPM generation from the device is investigated thoroughly by the 2.5-dimensional full electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) code, and related physical images are presented. The dependences of the output microwave power, efficiency and frequency on structural parameters, beam parameters and guiding-magnetic field are analyzed intensively. It is shown that the frequency is lowered from 1.63GHz to 1.51GHz when the inner-conductor radius increases from 0.5cm to 2.5cm. And the efficiency varies in the range of 35.4-27.7%. After optimization, a microwave with frequency of 1.60GHz, power of 2.78GW and efficiency of 35.4% is obtained under the condition of diode voltage at 700kV, beam current at 11.2kA and guiding-magnetic field at 1.1T. Further, the basic design principles and processes for the compact and low frequency RBWO are presented. According to that, the P-, S-band compact coaxial RBWOs are provided, respectively. Additionally, effects of the plasma produced by the explosive emission in the inner-surface of SWSs and the collisional ionization of the pre-filled gas on the performance of the device are simulated sufficiently. Typical results showed that the transversal electrical field at the surface of the SWS is useful to prevent the emission of the secondary electrons. The lighter ions produced by the explosive emission have greater impacts on the output microwave. The density of the plasma produced by the collisional ionization is relative to the nucleus number of the pre-filled gas.
Finally, experiments are carried out to demonstrate the operating mechanism and characteristics of the L-band coaxial RBWO with tunable frequency. On the Torch-01 accelerator, when the diode voltage is 713kV, the current is 11.4kA and the guiding-magnetic field is 0.8T, the radiated microwave with frequency of 1.58GHz, power of 1.07GW and pulse duration of 38.8ns is generated. Its efficiency is 13.2% and its main mode is TM01 mode. This result is the first experimental report on the L-band RBWO at home and abroad. Particularly, the tunable characteristics and mode-competition mechanism are studied in detail. It is found that the frequency decreases from 1.64GHz to 1.58GHz when the inner-conductor radius increases from 0.5cm to 1.5cm. An S-band microwave with power of 390MW could be obtained after removing the inner-conductor. As the depth of the collector changes, the tunable frequency varies in the range of 40MHz. If the diode voltage and guiding-magnetic field are lower and the device is non-homocentric, the asymmetric quasi-TE11 mode could be generated. On the other hand, the mode-competition mechanism could be restrained efficiently by increasing the diode voltage and guiding-magnetic field and adjusting the non-homocentric structure. Furthermore, experiments are carried out on the long pulse accelerator. When the diode voltage is 700kV and guiding-magnetic field is 0.9T, the microwave is obtained with power of 1.2GW at the frequency of 1.58GHz. The pulse duration of the radiated microwave is 86.4ns, which exhibits the RBWO’s promising application in terms of the long pulse.
引文
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