超大口径凝视相机定标方法研究
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摘要
随着空间遥感技术的不断发展,采用辐射定标方法对空间相机进行标定已经成为必然需求。然而,由于传统辐射定标器件存在的限制,使得标准灯、积分球等不能再满足大口径空间相机的全口径辐射定标需求,因此研究新型大口径空间相机的辐射定标方法已经迫在眉睫。
本文在分析研究传统辐射定标方法在大口径空间相机定标中的缺陷和不足的基础上,旨在提出相应的改进及创新方案。本文在充分分析绝对辐射定标和相对辐射定标的物理意义和实际过程之后,论证了绝对、相对辐射定标的相互关系并给出了其不确定度分析方法。结合实际情况,依据本文提出的三种大口径辐射定标方法,给出了三种适合大口径空间相机辐射定标的新方案,并针对各个方案进行了不确定度分析,指出了各个方案的缺陷以及需要在未来应用中应加以改进的内容。最后,本文对各个方案的可行性进行了初步论证,并提出了未来研究的方向和工作重点。
本文研究的主要工作包括以下部分:
(1)分析绝对、相对辐射定标的相互影响,提出辐射定标不确定度分析方法,为后续定标方案的分析提供理论依据;
(2)提出基于内置黑体的大口径空间相机全光路辐射定标方法,并在分析其定标不确定度的基础上,初步论证该方案的可行性;
(3)提出基于积分球的大口径空间相机分区域辐射定标方案,并在分析其定标不确定度的基础上,初步论证该方案的可行性;
(4)提出基于太阳光的大口径空间相机外场辐射定标方案,并在分析其定标不确定度的基础上,初步论证该方案的可行性。
With the development of technology in remote sensing, radiometric calibration for the space camera has becoming an indispensable demand. However, the limitation of standard lamp, integrating sphere and other former radiometric calibration devices made them are not suitable for new calibration campaign, the calibration for space camera with extremely large diameter.
Therefore, based on careful analysis about the former radiometric calibration campaigns, three different kinds of new methods for space camera with extremely large diameter has been put forward. Furthermore, based on analysis of relative radiometric calibration and absolute radiometric calibration, the relationship between them and the analytic methods in the whole process of radiometric calibration is carefully studied. Finally, combined with the practical instance, the thesis reveals three radiometric calibration campaigns and the analysis of uncertainty in each campaign. This paper consists of four important parts:
(1) Analysis of the relationship between relative radiometric calibration and absolute radiometric calibration. A method of calculation about uncertainties in radiometric calibration is revealed;
(2) The calibration campaign by using the inside blackbody for full light path calibration. Based on the analysis of uncertainty and other factors, the feasibility of the campaign is made;
(3) The calibration campaign by zoning radiometric calibration. The zoning methods and the improved method by using two-dimensional pointing mirror are revealed by this thesis. Based on the analysis of uncertainty and other factors, the feasibility of the campaign is made;
(4) The calibration campaign of solar-ground radiometric calibration. Based on the analysis of uncertainty and other factors, the feasibility of the campaign is made.
本文在分析研究传统辐射定标方法在大口径空间相机定标中的缺陷和不足的基础上,旨在提出相应的改进及创新方案。本文在充分分析绝对辐射定标和相对辐射定标的物理意义和实际过程之后,论证了绝对、相对辐射定标的相互关系并给出了其不确定度分析方法。结合实际情况,依据本文提出的三种大口径辐射定标方法,给出了三种适合大口径空间相机辐射定标的新方案,并针对各个方案进行了不确定度分析,指出了各个方案的缺陷以及需要在未来应用中应加以改进的内容。最后,本文对各个方案的可行性进行了初步论证,并提出了未来研究的方向和工作重点。
本文研究的主要工作包括以下部分:
(1)分析绝对、相对辐射定标的相互影响,提出辐射定标不确定度分析方法,为后续定标方案的分析提供理论依据;
(2)提出基于内置黑体的大口径空间相机全光路辐射定标方法,并在分析其定标不确定度的基础上,初步论证该方案的可行性;
(3)提出基于积分球的大口径空间相机分区域辐射定标方案,并在分析其定标不确定度的基础上,初步论证该方案的可行性;
(4)提出基于太阳光的大口径空间相机外场辐射定标方案,并在分析其定标不确定度的基础上,初步论证该方案的可行性。
With the development of technology in remote sensing, radiometric calibration for the space camera has becoming an indispensable demand. However, the limitation of standard lamp, integrating sphere and other former radiometric calibration devices made them are not suitable for new calibration campaign, the calibration for space camera with extremely large diameter.
Therefore, based on careful analysis about the former radiometric calibration campaigns, three different kinds of new methods for space camera with extremely large diameter has been put forward. Furthermore, based on analysis of relative radiometric calibration and absolute radiometric calibration, the relationship between them and the analytic methods in the whole process of radiometric calibration is carefully studied. Finally, combined with the practical instance, the thesis reveals three radiometric calibration campaigns and the analysis of uncertainty in each campaign. This paper consists of four important parts:
(1) Analysis of the relationship between relative radiometric calibration and absolute radiometric calibration. A method of calculation about uncertainties in radiometric calibration is revealed;
(2) The calibration campaign by using the inside blackbody for full light path calibration. Based on the analysis of uncertainty and other factors, the feasibility of the campaign is made;
(3) The calibration campaign by zoning radiometric calibration. The zoning methods and the improved method by using two-dimensional pointing mirror are revealed by this thesis. Based on the analysis of uncertainty and other factors, the feasibility of the campaign is made;
(4) The calibration campaign of solar-ground radiometric calibration. Based on the analysis of uncertainty and other factors, the feasibility of the campaign is made.
引文
1 Proceedings of SPIE: Infrared Materials, Devices, and Applications. In Infrared Materials, Devices, and Applications, Nov 12, 2007 - Nov 15, 2007. SPIE, Beijing, China 2007. The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), Chinese Optical Society (COS):8-30
2贺威,秦其明.可见光和热红外辐射定标方法浅述.影像技术. 2005,(1):34-35
3 P. N. Slater. Radiometric Calibration of the Earth Observing System's Imaging Sensors. Semiannual Report, May-November 1987. In, United States 1987. 35
4 P. N. Slater, P. M. Teillet, Y. Mao. Absolute Radiometric Calibration of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. In, United States 1987. 27
5 D. A. Scribner, K. A. Sarkady, J. T. Caulfield. Nonuniformity Correction for Staring Ir Focal Plane Arrays Using Scene-Based Techniques. In Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays, April 1990. Int Soc for Optical Engineering, Orlando, FL, USA 1990. 224-233
6 A. Rossi, M. Diani, G. Corsini. A Technique for Ghosting Artifacts Removal in Scene-Based Methods for Non-Uniformity Correction in Ir Systems. In Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications VI, August 31, 2009 - September 3, 2009. SPIE, Berlin, Germany 2009. SPIE Europe:1228-1230
7 S. N. Torres, M. M. Hayat. Kalman Filtering for Adaptive Nonuniformity Correction in Infrared Focal-Plane Arrays. Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision. 2003,(20):470-480
8 M. M. Hayat, S. N. Torres, E. Armstrong. Statistical Algorithm for Nonuniformity Correction in Focal-Plane Arrays. Applied Optics. 1999,(38):772-780
9 J. A. Barsi, S. J. Hook, F. D. Palluconi, et al. Landsat Tm and Etm+ Thermal Band Calibration. In Earth Observing Systems XI, August 14, 2006 - August 16, 2006. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United States 2006. SPIE:563-570
10 G. Chander, D. L. Helder, B. L. Markham, et al. Landsat-5 Tm Reflective-Band Absolute Radiometric Calibration. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2004,(42):2747-2760
11 G. Begni, M. C. Dinguirard, R. D. Jackson, et al. Absolute Calibration of the SPOT-
1 Hrv Cameras. In Earth Remote Sensing Using the Landsat Thematic Mapper and SPOT Sensor Systems. Conference Presented at the Third International Symposium on Optical and Optoelectronic Applied Sciences and Engineering. SPIE, Innsbruck, Austria 1986. 66-76
12 R. Santer, X. F. Gu, G. Guyot, et al. Spot Calibration at the La Crau Test Site (France). Remote Sensing of Environment. 1992,(41):227-237
13 G. Bagnasco, P. Ferruit, T. Boeker, et al. The on-Ground Calibration of the near Infrared Spectrograph (Nirspec) Instrument on-Board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). In Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2008: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter, June 23, 2008 - June 28, 2008. SPIE, Marseille, France 2008. The International Society for Optical Engineering, SPIE Europe:345-353
14 F. Bortoletto, D. Magrin, C. Bonoli, et al. A Spectral and Photometrical Calibration System for Infrared Instrumentation. In Photonics for Space Environments X, August 1, 2005 - August 2, 2005. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United states 2005. 1-8
15 A. Glasse, D. Lee, P. Parr-Burman, et al. On-Board Calibration Sources for the Mid-Infrared Instrument (Miri) on the James Webb Space Telescope. In Space Telescopes and Instrumentation I: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter, May 24, 2006 - May 31, 2006. SPIE, Orlando, FL, United States 2006. SPIE:1531-1533
16 G. Rondeaux, M. D. Steven, J. A. Clark, et al. La Crau: A European Test Site for Remote Sensing Validation. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 1998,(19):2775-2788
17 C. J. Merchant, J. J. Simpson, A. R. Harris. A Cross-Calibration of GMS-5 Thermal Channels against ATSR-2. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2003,(84):268-282
18 D. Meyer, G. Chander. Cross-Calibration of Modis with Etm+ and Ali Sensors for Long-Term Monitoring of Land Surface Processes. In Earth Observing Systems XI, August 2006. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United States 2006. SPIE:2101-2109
19 J. Nieke, T. Aoki, T. Tanikawa, et al. A Satellite Cross-Calibration Experiment. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 2004,(1):215-219
20陈世平.空间相机设计与实践.北京:宇航出版社. 2003:335-336
21童进军,戎志国,邱康睦. FY-2B热红外通道星上实时绝对辐射定标.红外与激光工程. 2007,(36):468-470
22乔延利,郑小兵,王先华.卫星光学传感器全过程辐射定标.遥感学报. 2006,(10):617-622
23戎志国,张玉香,陆风. FY-2B与NOAA卫星红外通道的相对定标.气象学报. 2005,(63):485-490
24施立原.面阵列焦平面探测器的多点定标非均匀性校正算法及其实现.红外. 2002,(8):24-26
25胡永富,张宇烽.空间相机相对辐射定标精度分析.航天返回与遥感. 2007,(28):55-56
26郑小兵,吴浩宇,章骏平等.高精度光辐射定标和标准传递方法.科学通报.2006,(45):1341-1342
27李照洲,郑小兵,唐伶俐等.有效载荷高精度绝对辐射定标技术研究.遥感学报. 2007,(11):582-583
28 C. C. Hoyt, P. V. Foukal. Cryogenic Radiometers and Their Application to Metrology. Metrologia. 1991,(28):163-167
29 J. A. Fedchak, A. C. Carter, R. Datla. Intercomparison of the Lbir Absolute Cryogenic Radiometers to the Nist Optical Power Measurement Standard. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2006,(111):325-334
30 T. R. Gentile, J. M. Houston, C. L. Cromer. Realization of a Scale of Absolute Spectral Response Using the Nist High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer. In Reprint: Realization of a Scale of Absolute Spectral Response Using the NIST High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer., United States 1996:12
31 T. Kubarsepp, P. Karha, E. Ikonen. Characterization of a Polarization-Independent Transmission Trap Detector. Applied Optics. 1997,(36):2807-2812
32 D. J. Lovell. Theory and Applications of Integrating Sphere Technology. Laser Focus/Electro-Optics. 1984,(20): 86-96
33 A. Ducharme, A. Daniels, E. Grann, et al. Design of an Integrating Sphere as a Uniform Illumination Source. IEEE Transactions on Education. 1997,(40):131-134
34 B. Yang, L. Zhang, H. Chen, et al. System Design of the Integrating Sphere Used for on-Board Calibration of Visible-Swir Hyperspectral Remote Sensors. Guangxue Xuebao/Acta Optica Sinica. 2009,(29):3545-3550
35 K. J. Thome, R. B. Lockwood, S. F. Biggar, et al. Preflight and Vicarious Calibration of Artemis. In 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Proceedings, July 2008. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., Boston, MA, United States 2008. 249-252
36 G. McKee, S. Pal, H. Seth, et al. Design and Characterization of a Large Area Uniform Radiance Source for Calibration of a Remote Sensing Imaging System. In Earth Observing Systems XII, August 26-28, 2007. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United States 2007. The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE):1344-1348
37陈福春,陈桂林.用于地球同步轨道遥感仪器星上定标的漫反射板特性分析.科学技术与工程. 2008,(8):371-374
38 X. Xiong, N. Che, C. Pan, et al. Results and Lessons from Modis Reflective Solar Bands Calibration: Pre-Launch to on-Orbit. In Earth Observing Systems XI, August 14-16, 2006. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United states 2006. SPIE:243-251
39张玉均,刘文清,宋炳超. F4漫反射板的远、近场角散射特性研究.光子学报. 1999,(28):937-940
40张如意,王玉花. FY-2C星辐射定标及其结果分析.上海航天. 2005:31-35
41 S.-Y. Li, S.-C. Zhou. Analysis of the Imaging Characteristics of the Two-Dimensional Pointing Mirror. Guangdian Gongcheng/Opto-Electronic Engineering. 2008,(35):17-22
42吴凡,王大鹏.二维指向镜的定域扫描方式的扫描特性分析.光电技术应用. 2009,(24):16-19
43惠彬,裴云天,王淦泉.二维扫描镜扫描特性理论分析.量子电子学报. 2005,(22):810-813
44 A. T. Young. Air Mass and Refraction. Applied Optics. 1994,(33):1108-1110
45 D. W. Young. Developments in High Pressure and High Rate Air Mass Flow Calibration Systems at the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory. Phase Ii. In, United States 1974:60
46 S. F.Biggar, P. N. Slater, K. J. Thome. Preflight Solar-Based Calibration of SeaWifs. SPIE. 1993,(1939):233-240
47 K. Thome, J. Czapla-Myers, M. Kuester, et al. Accuracy Assessment for the Radiometric Calibration of Imaging Sensors Using Preflight Techniques Relying on the Sun as a Source. In Earth Observing Systems XIII, August 11, 2008 - August
13, 2008. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United States 2008:8
48 R. A. Barnes, E. F. Zalewski. Reflectance-Based Calibration of SeaWifs. Ii. Conversion to Radiance. Applied Optics. 2003,(42):1648-1660
49 P. N. Slater. Preflight Calibration of Sensors Employing Solar-Diffuser Calibration. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, August 18-21, 1993. Publ by IEEE, Tokyo, Jpn 1993. 1306-1308
50李慎安.测量不确定度表达10讲[M].中国计量出版社. 1999:1-5
51 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty of Uncertainty in Measurement. International Organization for Standardization. 1993,(Geneva):3-11
52陈奕钦.测量不确定度9 3年国际指南应用实例[M].中国计量出版社. 1998
53李幼平,禹秉熙,王玉鹏等.成像光谱仪辐射定标影响量的测量链与不确定度.光学精密工程. 2006,(14):823-827
54张玉香,张广顺,黄意玢. FY-1C遥感器可见-近红外各通道在轨辐射定标.气象学报. 2002,(60):741-746
55 P. N. Slater, S. F. Biggar, K. J. Thome. Vicarious Radiometric Calibration of EOS Sensors. Atomospheric and Oceanic Technology. 1996,(13):349-358
2贺威,秦其明.可见光和热红外辐射定标方法浅述.影像技术. 2005,(1):34-35
3 P. N. Slater. Radiometric Calibration of the Earth Observing System's Imaging Sensors. Semiannual Report, May-November 1987. In, United States 1987. 35
4 P. N. Slater, P. M. Teillet, Y. Mao. Absolute Radiometric Calibration of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. In, United States 1987. 27
5 D. A. Scribner, K. A. Sarkady, J. T. Caulfield. Nonuniformity Correction for Staring Ir Focal Plane Arrays Using Scene-Based Techniques. In Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays, April 1990. Int Soc for Optical Engineering, Orlando, FL, USA 1990. 224-233
6 A. Rossi, M. Diani, G. Corsini. A Technique for Ghosting Artifacts Removal in Scene-Based Methods for Non-Uniformity Correction in Ir Systems. In Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications VI, August 31, 2009 - September 3, 2009. SPIE, Berlin, Germany 2009. SPIE Europe:1228-1230
7 S. N. Torres, M. M. Hayat. Kalman Filtering for Adaptive Nonuniformity Correction in Infrared Focal-Plane Arrays. Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision. 2003,(20):470-480
8 M. M. Hayat, S. N. Torres, E. Armstrong. Statistical Algorithm for Nonuniformity Correction in Focal-Plane Arrays. Applied Optics. 1999,(38):772-780
9 J. A. Barsi, S. J. Hook, F. D. Palluconi, et al. Landsat Tm and Etm+ Thermal Band Calibration. In Earth Observing Systems XI, August 14, 2006 - August 16, 2006. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United States 2006. SPIE:563-570
10 G. Chander, D. L. Helder, B. L. Markham, et al. Landsat-5 Tm Reflective-Band Absolute Radiometric Calibration. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2004,(42):2747-2760
11 G. Begni, M. C. Dinguirard, R. D. Jackson, et al. Absolute Calibration of the SPOT-
1 Hrv Cameras. In Earth Remote Sensing Using the Landsat Thematic Mapper and SPOT Sensor Systems. Conference Presented at the Third International Symposium on Optical and Optoelectronic Applied Sciences and Engineering. SPIE, Innsbruck, Austria 1986. 66-76
12 R. Santer, X. F. Gu, G. Guyot, et al. Spot Calibration at the La Crau Test Site (France). Remote Sensing of Environment. 1992,(41):227-237
13 G. Bagnasco, P. Ferruit, T. Boeker, et al. The on-Ground Calibration of the near Infrared Spectrograph (Nirspec) Instrument on-Board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). In Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2008: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter, June 23, 2008 - June 28, 2008. SPIE, Marseille, France 2008. The International Society for Optical Engineering, SPIE Europe:345-353
14 F. Bortoletto, D. Magrin, C. Bonoli, et al. A Spectral and Photometrical Calibration System for Infrared Instrumentation. In Photonics for Space Environments X, August 1, 2005 - August 2, 2005. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United states 2005. 1-8
15 A. Glasse, D. Lee, P. Parr-Burman, et al. On-Board Calibration Sources for the Mid-Infrared Instrument (Miri) on the James Webb Space Telescope. In Space Telescopes and Instrumentation I: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter, May 24, 2006 - May 31, 2006. SPIE, Orlando, FL, United States 2006. SPIE:1531-1533
16 G. Rondeaux, M. D. Steven, J. A. Clark, et al. La Crau: A European Test Site for Remote Sensing Validation. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 1998,(19):2775-2788
17 C. J. Merchant, J. J. Simpson, A. R. Harris. A Cross-Calibration of GMS-5 Thermal Channels against ATSR-2. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2003,(84):268-282
18 D. Meyer, G. Chander. Cross-Calibration of Modis with Etm+ and Ali Sensors for Long-Term Monitoring of Land Surface Processes. In Earth Observing Systems XI, August 2006. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United States 2006. SPIE:2101-2109
19 J. Nieke, T. Aoki, T. Tanikawa, et al. A Satellite Cross-Calibration Experiment. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 2004,(1):215-219
20陈世平.空间相机设计与实践.北京:宇航出版社. 2003:335-336
21童进军,戎志国,邱康睦. FY-2B热红外通道星上实时绝对辐射定标.红外与激光工程. 2007,(36):468-470
22乔延利,郑小兵,王先华.卫星光学传感器全过程辐射定标.遥感学报. 2006,(10):617-622
23戎志国,张玉香,陆风. FY-2B与NOAA卫星红外通道的相对定标.气象学报. 2005,(63):485-490
24施立原.面阵列焦平面探测器的多点定标非均匀性校正算法及其实现.红外. 2002,(8):24-26
25胡永富,张宇烽.空间相机相对辐射定标精度分析.航天返回与遥感. 2007,(28):55-56
26郑小兵,吴浩宇,章骏平等.高精度光辐射定标和标准传递方法.科学通报.2006,(45):1341-1342
27李照洲,郑小兵,唐伶俐等.有效载荷高精度绝对辐射定标技术研究.遥感学报. 2007,(11):582-583
28 C. C. Hoyt, P. V. Foukal. Cryogenic Radiometers and Their Application to Metrology. Metrologia. 1991,(28):163-167
29 J. A. Fedchak, A. C. Carter, R. Datla. Intercomparison of the Lbir Absolute Cryogenic Radiometers to the Nist Optical Power Measurement Standard. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2006,(111):325-334
30 T. R. Gentile, J. M. Houston, C. L. Cromer. Realization of a Scale of Absolute Spectral Response Using the Nist High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer. In Reprint: Realization of a Scale of Absolute Spectral Response Using the NIST High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer., United States 1996:12
31 T. Kubarsepp, P. Karha, E. Ikonen. Characterization of a Polarization-Independent Transmission Trap Detector. Applied Optics. 1997,(36):2807-2812
32 D. J. Lovell. Theory and Applications of Integrating Sphere Technology. Laser Focus/Electro-Optics. 1984,(20): 86-96
33 A. Ducharme, A. Daniels, E. Grann, et al. Design of an Integrating Sphere as a Uniform Illumination Source. IEEE Transactions on Education. 1997,(40):131-134
34 B. Yang, L. Zhang, H. Chen, et al. System Design of the Integrating Sphere Used for on-Board Calibration of Visible-Swir Hyperspectral Remote Sensors. Guangxue Xuebao/Acta Optica Sinica. 2009,(29):3545-3550
35 K. J. Thome, R. B. Lockwood, S. F. Biggar, et al. Preflight and Vicarious Calibration of Artemis. In 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Proceedings, July 2008. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., Boston, MA, United States 2008. 249-252
36 G. McKee, S. Pal, H. Seth, et al. Design and Characterization of a Large Area Uniform Radiance Source for Calibration of a Remote Sensing Imaging System. In Earth Observing Systems XII, August 26-28, 2007. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United States 2007. The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE):1344-1348
37陈福春,陈桂林.用于地球同步轨道遥感仪器星上定标的漫反射板特性分析.科学技术与工程. 2008,(8):371-374
38 X. Xiong, N. Che, C. Pan, et al. Results and Lessons from Modis Reflective Solar Bands Calibration: Pre-Launch to on-Orbit. In Earth Observing Systems XI, August 14-16, 2006. SPIE, San Diego, CA, United states 2006. SPIE:243-251
39张玉均,刘文清,宋炳超. F4漫反射板的远、近场角散射特性研究.光子学报. 1999,(28):937-940
40张如意,王玉花. FY-2C星辐射定标及其结果分析.上海航天. 2005:31-35
41 S.-Y. Li, S.-C. Zhou. Analysis of the Imaging Characteristics of the Two-Dimensional Pointing Mirror. Guangdian Gongcheng/Opto-Electronic Engineering. 2008,(35):17-22
42吴凡,王大鹏.二维指向镜的定域扫描方式的扫描特性分析.光电技术应用. 2009,(24):16-19
43惠彬,裴云天,王淦泉.二维扫描镜扫描特性理论分析.量子电子学报. 2005,(22):810-813
44 A. T. Young. Air Mass and Refraction. Applied Optics. 1994,(33):1108-1110
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