超声相控阵换能器阵列延时电路设计
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摘要
近年来,随着电子技术、计算机技术和材料工艺等技术的发展,相控阵检测开始大量应用在工业无损检测中。由于相控阵声束聚焦可以由软件进行调节,不需要复杂的自动控制设备进行转换,声束聚焦可以灵活控制,而且聚焦点的声波是由多路通道超声波相干叠加形成的,抗干扰性能很强,使得其应用前景十分广阔。相控阵聚焦是超声波检测的关键技术,决定了波束聚焦的质量和检测分辨能力,是相控阵技术的重点研究方向,因此有重要的意义。本文设计了延迟电路,实现换能器阵列的算法,完成了实验验证,并对信号进行了分析处理。
首先在详细调研了国内外已有超声相控阵技术基础上,结合列车构件外形尺寸的测量的无损检测要求,采用了几何相位方法,设计了相控阵换能器系统的总体方案,包括系统的外形结构、硬件控制电路方案和总体数据处理流程。根据硬件电路方案完成了电路的各个模块设计和调试,包括：电源模块、FPGA外围电路与配置电路、精细延迟电路、功率放大电路、功率匹配电路、声波接收电路和信号处理模块等。
其次利用FPGA和高精度延迟线芯片设计了超声相控阵聚焦功能模块,实现了相控阵聚焦算法。在FPGA方而,设计了电路各通道的粗延迟功能,并完成了相应的逻辑控制功能。在精延迟方面,结合上位机的计算功能,完成了相控阵电路的精细延迟功能,提高了延迟的精度。设计完成了功率放大电路,实现电压放大和功率放大,激励换能器产生超声波。
最后,在MATLAB环境下对相控阵聚焦算法进行了分析和验证,理清了各要素之间的关系。搭建实验系统,在硬件电路上对聚焦算法进行了实验验证,调试功率放大电路,产生了符合指标要求的高电压脉冲序列。对实验数据进行了处理和误差分析。实验结果表明所设计的超声相控阵系统具备可靠的测量精度和扫查速度。
With the fast development of electronic and computer technology in recent years, ultrasonic phased array technology is more and more used in nondestructive detecting. For the merits such as simple mechanical scan equipment, flexibility in controlling sound beam, coherent addition and high signal to noise ratio, this kind of technology possesses wide application foreground. Ultrasonic focusing technique, which is the key point of phased array technology, is even vital in improving resolution and contrast ratio, thus becoming the main research direction and eventually hold great significance. In this thesis, delay circuit is designed and focusing algorithm is realized. With the verification work finished, the data obtained in experiment is processed and analyzed.
On the basis of a detailed investigation of phased array technology domestic and abroad, the whole phased array system, which comprises external configuration, hardware controlling circuit, data process flow, is designed regarding train parts dimensions. According to the schematic, design and debugging of each module are finished in this paper.
Secondly, the delay module is realized using FPGA and high resolution delay chip provided by AD company, thus invalidating the focusing algorithm. In aspect of FPGA, coarse delay function is achieved on the board, while in refined delay, resolution is improved. Power amplification circuit is also designed in the thesis to generate high voltage pulse and excite the transducer.
Finally, the phased array focusing algorithm is simulated and verified in MATLAB environment, with good result obtained. The algorithm is debugged and verified on established hardware experimental system, with standard high amplitude pulse generated. The analysis results indicate excellent reliability and resolution of the phased delay circuit in this thesis.
首先在详细调研了国内外已有超声相控阵技术基础上,结合列车构件外形尺寸的测量的无损检测要求,采用了几何相位方法,设计了相控阵换能器系统的总体方案,包括系统的外形结构、硬件控制电路方案和总体数据处理流程。根据硬件电路方案完成了电路的各个模块设计和调试,包括：电源模块、FPGA外围电路与配置电路、精细延迟电路、功率放大电路、功率匹配电路、声波接收电路和信号处理模块等。
其次利用FPGA和高精度延迟线芯片设计了超声相控阵聚焦功能模块,实现了相控阵聚焦算法。在FPGA方而,设计了电路各通道的粗延迟功能,并完成了相应的逻辑控制功能。在精延迟方面,结合上位机的计算功能,完成了相控阵电路的精细延迟功能,提高了延迟的精度。设计完成了功率放大电路,实现电压放大和功率放大,激励换能器产生超声波。
最后,在MATLAB环境下对相控阵聚焦算法进行了分析和验证,理清了各要素之间的关系。搭建实验系统,在硬件电路上对聚焦算法进行了实验验证,调试功率放大电路,产生了符合指标要求的高电压脉冲序列。对实验数据进行了处理和误差分析。实验结果表明所设计的超声相控阵系统具备可靠的测量精度和扫查速度。
With the fast development of electronic and computer technology in recent years, ultrasonic phased array technology is more and more used in nondestructive detecting. For the merits such as simple mechanical scan equipment, flexibility in controlling sound beam, coherent addition and high signal to noise ratio, this kind of technology possesses wide application foreground. Ultrasonic focusing technique, which is the key point of phased array technology, is even vital in improving resolution and contrast ratio, thus becoming the main research direction and eventually hold great significance. In this thesis, delay circuit is designed and focusing algorithm is realized. With the verification work finished, the data obtained in experiment is processed and analyzed.
On the basis of a detailed investigation of phased array technology domestic and abroad, the whole phased array system, which comprises external configuration, hardware controlling circuit, data process flow, is designed regarding train parts dimensions. According to the schematic, design and debugging of each module are finished in this paper.
Secondly, the delay module is realized using FPGA and high resolution delay chip provided by AD company, thus invalidating the focusing algorithm. In aspect of FPGA, coarse delay function is achieved on the board, while in refined delay, resolution is improved. Power amplification circuit is also designed in the thesis to generate high voltage pulse and excite the transducer.
Finally, the phased array focusing algorithm is simulated and verified in MATLAB environment, with good result obtained. The algorithm is debugged and verified on established hardware experimental system, with standard high amplitude pulse generated. The analysis results indicate excellent reliability and resolution of the phased delay circuit in this thesis.
引文
[1]陈世利,斳世久,王秀平.超声相控阵系统中高精度相控发射和接收的实现[J].测试测量.2005,23(9)：128-130.
[2]岑雪清,徐广春,周世园等.超声换能器阵列的多路激发电路设计[J].电气技术及自动化.2005,34(4)：88-89,93.
[3]杨斌,王召巴,金永.基于CPLD的超声相控阵相控发射与同步系统的实现[J].微计算机信息.2007,23(7)：182-183.
[4]Don E. Bray. Historical review of Technology Development in NDE. In: proceedings of 15th World Conference on NDT[CD]. Rome, Italy: 2000.
[5]钟志民,梅德松.超声相控阵技术的发展与应用.无损检测,2002,24(2)：69-71
[6]张德俊.声成像的研究进展及应用前景.科技导报,1994,9：15-18
[7]夏国园,俞樟森,孙建刚.超声诊断仪新技术的发展[J].现代医用影像学.2008,17(5)：281-284
[8]伍于添.超声诊断仪发展特点.中国超声医学杂志,1995,11(4)：257-258
[9]牛凤岐.医用超声诊断仪超声源检定规程实施中需要强调的重要技术问题[J].中国计量.2001,8：45-46
[10]应崇福.超声学.北京：科学出版社,1990.1-3,136-139
[11]Erwin W. S. Vital Measurements of Aircraft Parts Made by Supersonic Measurement. Steel,16(10):131-192
[12]Stress Measurement in Railroad Wheels. Ultrasonic testing applications in the transportation industries:605-607
[13]Olympus. Normal Incidence Shear Wave Transducers [EB].pdf. http://www.olympus-ims.com/zh/ultrasonic-transducers/shear-wave/
[14]Datasheet of N-Channel enhancement mode silicon gate power field effect transistor IRF840[EB]. www.datasheetcatalog.com, Sep.2009
[15]Datasheet of Dual High-speed MOSFET Driver TPS2811[EB], Texas Instruments Incorporated, Nov.1998
[16]Datasheet of Dual Current Feedback Amplifier AD8002[EB]. http://www.analog.com. Analog Devices, Inc.,1999
[17]Didier Cassereau, Mathias Fink. The phased array technology - application to time-reversal in acoustics.2000 IEEE:461-464
[18]TI. Implementing a Software UART on the TMS320C54x with the McBSP and DMA.2000
[19]A. Erhard, G. Schenk, W. Mohrle, H.-J. Montag. Ultrasonic Phased Array technique for Austenitic Weld Inspection. In:Proceedings of 15th World Conference on NDT[CD]. Rome, Italy:2000.
[20]Langlois Jocelyn. Use of flexible ultrasonic arrays in inspection. The e-Journal of Nondesdructive Testing, www.ndt.net,1999, 4(3)
[21]Altera. Cyclone Ⅲ Device Handbook.2008
[22]Lamarre Andre. Dynamic focusing of phased arrays for nondesdructive testing characterization and application. The e-Journal of Nondesdructive Testing, www.ndt.net,1999,4(9)
[23]Deutsch WAK. Self-focusing of Rayleigh waves. Review of progress in QNDE. Thompson DO, Chimenti DA, eds. New York:Plenum Press, 1998.
[24]Gene H. Golub. Matrix theory. The Johns Hopkins University Press.1996: 221-232
[25]Jorgen Arendt Jensen, Ole Holm, Lars Joost Jensen, et al. Experimental ultrasound system for real-time synthetic imaging. In:Proceedings of 1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium,1999.1595-1599
[26]钟瑞明；王泽勇；高晓蓉等.超声相控阵中的成像技术.信息技术[J].2011,11：101-104
[27]李衍,李华.用超声波相控阵探伤法测评表面开口缺陷.无损探伤,2001,6：6-11
[28]王华；单宝华；王鑫等.超声相控阵实时检测系统的研制[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2008.40(5)：771-774.
[29]江帆..超声相控阵探伤系统关键技术的研究[D].天津大学硕士论文.2005.1.
[30]鲍晓宇.相控阵超声检测系统及其关键技术的研究[D].清华大学博士论文.2004.3.
[31]任健.用于车轮踏面测量的二维激光测距传感器的设计实现[D].西南交通大学硕士论文.2011.3
[32]张永军.基于FPGA的图像处理系统设计与算法实现研究.重庆大学硕士学位论文.2006：16-18
[33]郑容.基于FPGA的图像采集与预处理系统设计.武汉理工大学硕士学位论文.2009：17-19
[34]夏闻宇Verilog数字系统设计教程.北京航空航天大学出版社.2003：20-200
[35]钱涛.CTS-23型超声波探伤仪的改进[D].南京理工大学硕士学位论文,2007.3
[36]马庆云,杨辉.激励脉冲宽度对超声发射能量的影响[J].矿业研究与开发,2000(10)：38-39
[37]武晓冬.基于数字信号处理器的超声自动无损检测技术研究.北京化工大学硕士学位论文[D],2005年4月
[38]丁丽娟,宋寿鹏,高福学等.超声管外侧压中发射电路的设计[J].仪器技术与传感器,2009(08)：94-96
[39]郑君,张冬泉,张勇.超声波探伤发射电路中电阻的影响[J].无损检测.2009(03)：229-232
[40]朱建峰,陈建辉,王广龙.基于ARM的超声波发射与控制电路设计[J].电子设计工程,2010(07)：148-150
[41]Datasheet of N-Channel enhancement mode silicon gate power field effect transistor IRF840[EB]. www.datasheetcatalog.com, Sep.2009
[42]Datasheet of Dual High-speed MOSFET Driver TPS2811[EB], Texas Instruments Incorporated, Nov.1998
[43]孙小美.超声波轮辋应力检测关键技术研究[D].西南交通大学硕士论文.2012.3
[44]李媛,王召巴,赵霞.数字相控阵超声检测系统时间延迟精度分析[J].弹箭与制导学报.2008,28(1)：94-96
[45]晏荣明,周光平,万高峰,等.提高超声无损检测分辨力的方法[J].无损检测,1997,19(4)：91-94.
[46]Altera. Cyclone III Device Handbook.2008
[47]Altera. Cyclone III Device Family Pin connection guidliens.2007
[48]Altera. Cyclone III Configuration Interface Guidelines with EPCS Devices.2008
[49]张睿Altium Designer 6.0原理图与PCB设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007.6
[50]Xiaorong Gao, Xiaomei Sun, Chaoyong Peng, Jianqiang Guo. Transmitting Circuit Design for Ultrasonic Transducer.2011 International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology (EMEIT), Aug. 2011:1291-1293
[2]岑雪清,徐广春,周世园等.超声换能器阵列的多路激发电路设计[J].电气技术及自动化.2005,34(4)：88-89,93.
[3]杨斌,王召巴,金永.基于CPLD的超声相控阵相控发射与同步系统的实现[J].微计算机信息.2007,23(7)：182-183.
[4]Don E. Bray. Historical review of Technology Development in NDE. In: proceedings of 15th World Conference on NDT[CD]. Rome, Italy: 2000.
[5]钟志民,梅德松.超声相控阵技术的发展与应用.无损检测,2002,24(2)：69-71
[6]张德俊.声成像的研究进展及应用前景.科技导报,1994,9：15-18
[7]夏国园,俞樟森,孙建刚.超声诊断仪新技术的发展[J].现代医用影像学.2008,17(5)：281-284
[8]伍于添.超声诊断仪发展特点.中国超声医学杂志,1995,11(4)：257-258
[9]牛凤岐.医用超声诊断仪超声源检定规程实施中需要强调的重要技术问题[J].中国计量.2001,8：45-46
[10]应崇福.超声学.北京：科学出版社,1990.1-3,136-139
[11]Erwin W. S. Vital Measurements of Aircraft Parts Made by Supersonic Measurement. Steel,16(10):131-192
[12]Stress Measurement in Railroad Wheels. Ultrasonic testing applications in the transportation industries:605-607
[13]Olympus. Normal Incidence Shear Wave Transducers [EB].pdf. http://www.olympus-ims.com/zh/ultrasonic-transducers/shear-wave/
[14]Datasheet of N-Channel enhancement mode silicon gate power field effect transistor IRF840[EB]. www.datasheetcatalog.com, Sep.2009
[15]Datasheet of Dual High-speed MOSFET Driver TPS2811[EB], Texas Instruments Incorporated, Nov.1998
[16]Datasheet of Dual Current Feedback Amplifier AD8002[EB]. http://www.analog.com. Analog Devices, Inc.,1999
[17]Didier Cassereau, Mathias Fink. The phased array technology - application to time-reversal in acoustics.2000 IEEE:461-464
[18]TI. Implementing a Software UART on the TMS320C54x with the McBSP and DMA.2000
[19]A. Erhard, G. Schenk, W. Mohrle, H.-J. Montag. Ultrasonic Phased Array technique for Austenitic Weld Inspection. In:Proceedings of 15th World Conference on NDT[CD]. Rome, Italy:2000.
[20]Langlois Jocelyn. Use of flexible ultrasonic arrays in inspection. The e-Journal of Nondesdructive Testing, www.ndt.net,1999, 4(3)
[21]Altera. Cyclone Ⅲ Device Handbook.2008
[22]Lamarre Andre. Dynamic focusing of phased arrays for nondesdructive testing characterization and application. The e-Journal of Nondesdructive Testing, www.ndt.net,1999,4(9)
[23]Deutsch WAK. Self-focusing of Rayleigh waves. Review of progress in QNDE. Thompson DO, Chimenti DA, eds. New York:Plenum Press, 1998.
[24]Gene H. Golub. Matrix theory. The Johns Hopkins University Press.1996: 221-232
[25]Jorgen Arendt Jensen, Ole Holm, Lars Joost Jensen, et al. Experimental ultrasound system for real-time synthetic imaging. In:Proceedings of 1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium,1999.1595-1599
[26]钟瑞明；王泽勇；高晓蓉等.超声相控阵中的成像技术.信息技术[J].2011,11：101-104
[27]李衍,李华.用超声波相控阵探伤法测评表面开口缺陷.无损探伤,2001,6：6-11
[28]王华；单宝华；王鑫等.超声相控阵实时检测系统的研制[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2008.40(5)：771-774.
[29]江帆..超声相控阵探伤系统关键技术的研究[D].天津大学硕士论文.2005.1.
[30]鲍晓宇.相控阵超声检测系统及其关键技术的研究[D].清华大学博士论文.2004.3.
[31]任健.用于车轮踏面测量的二维激光测距传感器的设计实现[D].西南交通大学硕士论文.2011.3
[32]张永军.基于FPGA的图像处理系统设计与算法实现研究.重庆大学硕士学位论文.2006：16-18
[33]郑容.基于FPGA的图像采集与预处理系统设计.武汉理工大学硕士学位论文.2009：17-19
[34]夏闻宇Verilog数字系统设计教程.北京航空航天大学出版社.2003：20-200
[35]钱涛.CTS-23型超声波探伤仪的改进[D].南京理工大学硕士学位论文,2007.3
[36]马庆云,杨辉.激励脉冲宽度对超声发射能量的影响[J].矿业研究与开发,2000(10)：38-39
[37]武晓冬.基于数字信号处理器的超声自动无损检测技术研究.北京化工大学硕士学位论文[D],2005年4月
[38]丁丽娟,宋寿鹏,高福学等.超声管外侧压中发射电路的设计[J].仪器技术与传感器,2009(08)：94-96
[39]郑君,张冬泉,张勇.超声波探伤发射电路中电阻的影响[J].无损检测.2009(03)：229-232
[40]朱建峰,陈建辉,王广龙.基于ARM的超声波发射与控制电路设计[J].电子设计工程,2010(07)：148-150
[41]Datasheet of N-Channel enhancement mode silicon gate power field effect transistor IRF840[EB]. www.datasheetcatalog.com, Sep.2009
[42]Datasheet of Dual High-speed MOSFET Driver TPS2811[EB], Texas Instruments Incorporated, Nov.1998
[43]孙小美.超声波轮辋应力检测关键技术研究[D].西南交通大学硕士论文.2012.3
[44]李媛,王召巴,赵霞.数字相控阵超声检测系统时间延迟精度分析[J].弹箭与制导学报.2008,28(1)：94-96
[45]晏荣明,周光平,万高峰,等.提高超声无损检测分辨力的方法[J].无损检测,1997,19(4)：91-94.
[46]Altera. Cyclone III Device Handbook.2008
[47]Altera. Cyclone III Device Family Pin connection guidliens.2007
[48]Altera. Cyclone III Configuration Interface Guidelines with EPCS Devices.2008
[49]张睿Altium Designer 6.0原理图与PCB设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007.6
[50]Xiaorong Gao, Xiaomei Sun, Chaoyong Peng, Jianqiang Guo. Transmitting Circuit Design for Ultrasonic Transducer.2011 International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology (EMEIT), Aug. 2011:1291-1293