低渗透油藏油水渗流规律研究
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摘要
低渗油藏孔隙细小,渗流不符合达西定律,流体在其中流动存在启动压力。目前,国内外对低渗渗流规律的研究基本都集中在理论研究层面,实验规律很少。本文在前人的研究基础上,利用胜利油区某油田低渗透油藏的天然岩心,通过大量的渗流实验以及对实验数据的分析,对低渗透油藏的渗流规律做了进一步深入的研究。
在分析低渗油藏单相渗流启动压力产生机理及渗流规律的基础上,设计了单相渗流启动压力及渗流规律的测定方法。通过对实验数据的回归,分别得出了油相与水相最小启动压力梯度、拟启动压力梯度、最大启动压力梯度及描述流量压差的曲线参数同岩石气测渗透率、流体粘度之间的经验公式,建立了确定最小、最大启动压力梯度的图版。得到了单相渗流启动压力的规律、特点及渗流特征的描述方法;
在分析低渗油藏中两相渗流启动压力产生的机理和变化规律的基础上,设计了两相渗流启动压力及渗流规律的测定方法。通过实验研究了两相启动压力的特征及影响因素,建立了两相启动压力同渗透率和饱和度之间的函数关系式。建立了描述两相渗流规律的经验方法。通过单相及两相启动压力及渗流规律的研究,使低渗-特低渗油藏渗流规律的描述更加的系统化、定量化。
低渗岩心流速与压力梯度曲线不过原点且不是直线,基于达西公式的不稳定相渗曲线测定方法已不再适应。本文用稳定法测定低渗岩心相渗曲线,并分析了影响相渗曲线的因素;通过分析测定的相渗曲线的特点,得出了平均及反求相渗曲线的新的归一化方法。
研究表明:低渗岩心的启动压力及渗流规律与岩石的性质、渗透率和流体的性质有关;两相渗流启动压力与岩心渗透率、含水饱和度有关;低渗岩心相渗曲线参数与岩心渗透率、粘度都有很好的定量描述关系。本文在这些研究的基础上建立了一系列的定量描述低渗渗流规律的预测模型。
The pore and throat of low permeable reservoir are very small, and the fluids flowing in it do not abide Darcy’s law, and there is threshold pressure when fluids begin to flow. Now the studies about threshold pressure are mainly in theory but little in laboratory. On the base of the study of predecessor, this paper do a great deal of flowing experiments and analysis by using the natural low permeability rock of Shengli oil field, and makeing more studies in the flowing law of the low permeability reservoir.
On the base of the research of single flowing law and the reason of the threshold pressure in the low permeability reservoir,this paper design the equipment to study single flowing law and the threshold pressure. By regression the experimental data, the relationships between the threshold pressures and the ratio of gas permeability of rock to the viscosity of fluids are obtained. The parameters modifying the shape of velocity-pressure gradient are also obtained. Then the empirical figure for determining the min- and max-threshold pressures are built. the feature of the threshold pressures and the depicting way of single flowing are also obtained.
On the base of the research of two-phase flowing threshold pressure in the low permeability reservoir, this paper design the equipment to study two-phase flowing law and the threshold pressure, and study the feature and the influential factor of the two-phase flowing threshold pressure, build the functional relationship of the two-phase flowing threshold pressure vs. permeability and Sw , and build the empirical method to depict the rule of two-phase flowing. By these results the description of the fluids flowing in low- permeability reservoir are quantitatively and more accurately.
The curve of velocity-pressure gradient is not straight line or passes through origin. So the formula used to calculate relative permeability by non-steady state method based on the Dacy’s low is not suitable. The stead state method of determining the relative permeability curve(RPC) is improved based on the study of the characteristic of low permeable reservoir rock (LPRR). The unitary or standardization method is put forward to average and calculate RPC.
The study shows that the threshold pressures and the flowing law are in connection with the rock nature and permeability and fluid nature, the two-phase threshold pressure is in connection with rock permeability and the Sw, the relative permeability curve parameters have good relationship with the rock permeability and the fluid velocity. This paper build a series of forecasting formulas for quantitatively depicting the flowing law of the low permeability reservoir.
在分析低渗油藏单相渗流启动压力产生机理及渗流规律的基础上,设计了单相渗流启动压力及渗流规律的测定方法。通过对实验数据的回归,分别得出了油相与水相最小启动压力梯度、拟启动压力梯度、最大启动压力梯度及描述流量压差的曲线参数同岩石气测渗透率、流体粘度之间的经验公式,建立了确定最小、最大启动压力梯度的图版。得到了单相渗流启动压力的规律、特点及渗流特征的描述方法;
在分析低渗油藏中两相渗流启动压力产生的机理和变化规律的基础上,设计了两相渗流启动压力及渗流规律的测定方法。通过实验研究了两相启动压力的特征及影响因素,建立了两相启动压力同渗透率和饱和度之间的函数关系式。建立了描述两相渗流规律的经验方法。通过单相及两相启动压力及渗流规律的研究,使低渗-特低渗油藏渗流规律的描述更加的系统化、定量化。
低渗岩心流速与压力梯度曲线不过原点且不是直线,基于达西公式的不稳定相渗曲线测定方法已不再适应。本文用稳定法测定低渗岩心相渗曲线,并分析了影响相渗曲线的因素;通过分析测定的相渗曲线的特点,得出了平均及反求相渗曲线的新的归一化方法。
研究表明:低渗岩心的启动压力及渗流规律与岩石的性质、渗透率和流体的性质有关;两相渗流启动压力与岩心渗透率、含水饱和度有关;低渗岩心相渗曲线参数与岩心渗透率、粘度都有很好的定量描述关系。本文在这些研究的基础上建立了一系列的定量描述低渗渗流规律的预测模型。
The pore and throat of low permeable reservoir are very small, and the fluids flowing in it do not abide Darcy’s law, and there is threshold pressure when fluids begin to flow. Now the studies about threshold pressure are mainly in theory but little in laboratory. On the base of the study of predecessor, this paper do a great deal of flowing experiments and analysis by using the natural low permeability rock of Shengli oil field, and makeing more studies in the flowing law of the low permeability reservoir.
On the base of the research of single flowing law and the reason of the threshold pressure in the low permeability reservoir,this paper design the equipment to study single flowing law and the threshold pressure. By regression the experimental data, the relationships between the threshold pressures and the ratio of gas permeability of rock to the viscosity of fluids are obtained. The parameters modifying the shape of velocity-pressure gradient are also obtained. Then the empirical figure for determining the min- and max-threshold pressures are built. the feature of the threshold pressures and the depicting way of single flowing are also obtained.
On the base of the research of two-phase flowing threshold pressure in the low permeability reservoir, this paper design the equipment to study two-phase flowing law and the threshold pressure, and study the feature and the influential factor of the two-phase flowing threshold pressure, build the functional relationship of the two-phase flowing threshold pressure vs. permeability and Sw , and build the empirical method to depict the rule of two-phase flowing. By these results the description of the fluids flowing in low- permeability reservoir are quantitatively and more accurately.
The curve of velocity-pressure gradient is not straight line or passes through origin. So the formula used to calculate relative permeability by non-steady state method based on the Dacy’s low is not suitable. The stead state method of determining the relative permeability curve(RPC) is improved based on the study of the characteristic of low permeable reservoir rock (LPRR). The unitary or standardization method is put forward to average and calculate RPC.
The study shows that the threshold pressures and the flowing law are in connection with the rock nature and permeability and fluid nature, the two-phase threshold pressure is in connection with rock permeability and the Sw, the relative permeability curve parameters have good relationship with the rock permeability and the fluid velocity. This paper build a series of forecasting formulas for quantitatively depicting the flowing law of the low permeability reservoir.
引文
[1]黄延章.低渗透油层渗流机理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998
[2] Miller.R.J.et al. Threshold gradient for water flow in clay system,Proc[J]. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am.,1963,27:606～609
[3]马尔哈辛著,李殿文译.油层物理化学机理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1987
[4] Pascal.F.,et al. Consolidation with Threshold Gradient[J]. Inter. J. for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.,1980,5:247～261
[5]阎庆来.单相均质液体低速渗流机理及流动规律[C].第二届全国流体力学学术会议论文集.北京:科学出版社,1983
[6]阎庆来等.低渗透油层中单相液体渗流特征的实验研究[J].西安石油学院院报,1990;5(2):1～6
[7]黄延章.低渗透油层非线性渗流特征[J].特种油气藏,1997,4(1):9～14
[8]姚约东,葛家理.低渗透油层非达西渗流规律的研究[J].新疆石油地质,2000,21(3):213～216
[9]程时清.低速非达西渗流的流量动态规律研究[J].江汉石油学院学报,1997,19(1):56～60
[10]程时清,徐论勋.低速非达西渗流试井典型曲线拟合法[J].石油勘探与开发,1996,23(4):50～53
[11]葛家理.非线性渗流力学研究进展[J].力学进展,1984,14(4):432～438
[12]尚根华.低渗透非线性渗流规律研究[D].中国科学院渗流流体力学研究所博士论文
[13]姚约东,葛家理,李相方.低渗透油藏油水两相渗流研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2005,29(2):52～56
[14]徐绍良,岳湘安,侯吉瑞,等.边界层流体对低渗透油藏渗流特性的影响[J].西安石油大学学报,2007,22(2):26～28
[15]杨正明,苗盛,刘先贵,等.特低渗透油藏可流动流体百分数参数及其应用[J].西安石油大学学报,2007,22(2):96～99
[16]孙黎娟.油藏启动压力规律的研究与应用[J].断块油气田,1998,5(5):30～33
[17]吕成远.低渗透砂岩油藏渗流启动压力梯度实验研究[J].石油勘探与开发,2002, 29(2):86～88
[18]宋付权等.启动压力梯度的不稳定快速测量[J].石油学报,2001,22(3):67～70
[19]宋付权等.用压力恢复试井资料求油藏启动压力梯度[J].油气井测试,1999,8(3):5～7
[20]谭雷军等.低速非达西流启动压力梯度的确定[J].油气井测试,2000,9(4):5～7
[21]宋付权等.低渗透油藏启动压力梯度的简单测量[J].特种油气藏,2000,7(1):23～25
[22]阮敏,何秋轩.低渗透非达西渗流临界点及临界参数判别法[J].西安石油学院学报,1999, 14(3):9～10
[23]程时清等.油水两相低速非达西渗流数值模拟[J].石油勘探与开发,1998,25(1):41～42
[24]邓英尔等.具有启动压力梯度的油水两相渗流理论与开发指标计算方法[J].石油勘探与开发,1998,25(6):36～39
[25]邓英尔等.垂直裂缝井两相非达西椭圆渗流特征线解、差分解及开发指标计算方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2000,27(1):60～63
[26]苏法卿等.低渗透砂岩油藏油水两相最小启动压力梯度实验研究——以史南油田史深100区块为例[J].油气地质与采收率,2004,11(4):44～48
[27]邹兴,吴凡,孙黎娟,乔国安.一种两相启动压力曲线的建立方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2004,31(3):110～112
[28]秦积舜,李爱芬.油层物理学[M].石油大学出版社,1997
[29]宋付权,刘慈群.含启动压力梯度油藏的两相渗流分析[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1999,23(3):47～56
[30]邓英尔,刘慈群,庞宏伟.考虑多因素的低渗透岩石相对渗透率[J].新疆石油地质,2003,24(2):152～154
[31]兰玉波,肖鲁川,赵玉珍.描述特低渗透油层两相渗流特征的改进方法[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2002,21(2):23～25
[32]Alexander Pertsin, Micheal Grunze. Water-Graphite Interaction and Behavior of water Near the Graphite surface[J].The Journal of Physics chemistry B,2004,108:1357-1364
[33]阎庆来等.低渗透油层渗流机理研究.低渗透油田开发技术[J].北京:石油工业出版社,1994
[34]邓英尔,刘慈群,黄润秋,王允诚.高等渗流理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004
[2] Miller.R.J.et al. Threshold gradient for water flow in clay system,Proc[J]. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am.,1963,27:606～609
[3]马尔哈辛著,李殿文译.油层物理化学机理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1987
[4] Pascal.F.,et al. Consolidation with Threshold Gradient[J]. Inter. J. for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.,1980,5:247～261
[5]阎庆来.单相均质液体低速渗流机理及流动规律[C].第二届全国流体力学学术会议论文集.北京:科学出版社,1983
[6]阎庆来等.低渗透油层中单相液体渗流特征的实验研究[J].西安石油学院院报,1990;5(2):1～6
[7]黄延章.低渗透油层非线性渗流特征[J].特种油气藏,1997,4(1):9～14
[8]姚约东,葛家理.低渗透油层非达西渗流规律的研究[J].新疆石油地质,2000,21(3):213～216
[9]程时清.低速非达西渗流的流量动态规律研究[J].江汉石油学院学报,1997,19(1):56～60
[10]程时清,徐论勋.低速非达西渗流试井典型曲线拟合法[J].石油勘探与开发,1996,23(4):50～53
[11]葛家理.非线性渗流力学研究进展[J].力学进展,1984,14(4):432～438
[12]尚根华.低渗透非线性渗流规律研究[D].中国科学院渗流流体力学研究所博士论文
[13]姚约东,葛家理,李相方.低渗透油藏油水两相渗流研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2005,29(2):52～56
[14]徐绍良,岳湘安,侯吉瑞,等.边界层流体对低渗透油藏渗流特性的影响[J].西安石油大学学报,2007,22(2):26～28
[15]杨正明,苗盛,刘先贵,等.特低渗透油藏可流动流体百分数参数及其应用[J].西安石油大学学报,2007,22(2):96～99
[16]孙黎娟.油藏启动压力规律的研究与应用[J].断块油气田,1998,5(5):30～33
[17]吕成远.低渗透砂岩油藏渗流启动压力梯度实验研究[J].石油勘探与开发,2002, 29(2):86～88
[18]宋付权等.启动压力梯度的不稳定快速测量[J].石油学报,2001,22(3):67～70
[19]宋付权等.用压力恢复试井资料求油藏启动压力梯度[J].油气井测试,1999,8(3):5～7
[20]谭雷军等.低速非达西流启动压力梯度的确定[J].油气井测试,2000,9(4):5～7
[21]宋付权等.低渗透油藏启动压力梯度的简单测量[J].特种油气藏,2000,7(1):23～25
[22]阮敏,何秋轩.低渗透非达西渗流临界点及临界参数判别法[J].西安石油学院学报,1999, 14(3):9～10
[23]程时清等.油水两相低速非达西渗流数值模拟[J].石油勘探与开发,1998,25(1):41～42
[24]邓英尔等.具有启动压力梯度的油水两相渗流理论与开发指标计算方法[J].石油勘探与开发,1998,25(6):36～39
[25]邓英尔等.垂直裂缝井两相非达西椭圆渗流特征线解、差分解及开发指标计算方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2000,27(1):60～63
[26]苏法卿等.低渗透砂岩油藏油水两相最小启动压力梯度实验研究——以史南油田史深100区块为例[J].油气地质与采收率,2004,11(4):44～48
[27]邹兴,吴凡,孙黎娟,乔国安.一种两相启动压力曲线的建立方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2004,31(3):110～112
[28]秦积舜,李爱芬.油层物理学[M].石油大学出版社,1997
[29]宋付权,刘慈群.含启动压力梯度油藏的两相渗流分析[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1999,23(3):47～56
[30]邓英尔,刘慈群,庞宏伟.考虑多因素的低渗透岩石相对渗透率[J].新疆石油地质,2003,24(2):152～154
[31]兰玉波,肖鲁川,赵玉珍.描述特低渗透油层两相渗流特征的改进方法[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2002,21(2):23～25
[32]Alexander Pertsin, Micheal Grunze. Water-Graphite Interaction and Behavior of water Near the Graphite surface[J].The Journal of Physics chemistry B,2004,108:1357-1364
[33]阎庆来等.低渗透油层渗流机理研究.低渗透油田开发技术[J].北京:石油工业出版社,1994
[34]邓英尔,刘慈群,黄润秋,王允诚.高等渗流理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004