动态复杂环境下机遇视角的企业成长研究
|
摘要
20世纪90年代以来,信息经济、网络经济和知识经济的作用日益明显,有利于环境稳定的规则与控制等因素正趋于瓦解,企业的经营环境(竞争环境)正从以往相对稳定的静态环境转向复杂多变和充满不确定性的动态环境。在日益动荡复杂的环境下,企业作为一个开放的、动态的、非线性的复杂系统,其成长过程呈现出不确定、非线性的特点。企业如何在动荡的环境中实现持续成长,不仅是企业、政府关注的焦点,也成为理论研究的热点。
本文在对既有企业成长理论、企业与环境关系理论和机遇管理理论进行文献研究的基础上,以环境不确定性、企业异质性和决策有限理性为理论前提,从动态复杂环境下机遇管理的视角对企业成长开展研究,把机遇作为联系企业与环境的重要因素,从企业成长的环境分析出发,通过对企业成长与环境、环境与机遇、机遇与企业成长的研究,探索企业非线性成长的根源与过程。
本文坚持理论与实践相结合,采用了规范研究、调查问卷和案例对比分析相结合的研究方法。
本文认为,环境是企业生存和发展的空间,环境变化影响企业成长,不同环境下企业成长具有不同的模式。低不确定性环境下的企业成长一般表现为渐变式成长;高不确定性环境或动态复杂环境下的企业成长则更多表现为突变式成长。企业在不同环境下所表现出的不同成长模式不是固定不变的,会随着环境要素的变化而变化。
根据对环境与机遇关系的研究,本文认为,环境的变动将对机遇的构成要素及其实现机制产生重要影响,从而影响机遇的分布特性,主要表现在环境对机遇出现的概率、机遇的有效区间和机遇价值的变化上。
企业成长是企业在一定的环境中不断发展壮大的过程,是企业量(绩效)的增加和质(竞争能力)的提高相结合的过程。竞争优势的获取与持续是企业成长的前提和保证。本文从经济租金的角度对机遇与企业竞争优势的关系进行了研究,认为机遇管理有利于企业获得并保持基于低成本和差异化的张伯伦租金、基于资源和能力的李嘉图租金、基于知识和创新的熊彼特租金。也就是说,对机遇的认知和利用可以推动企业成长。
因为不同企业的机遇管理水平存在着差异,本文还对机遇管理的影响因素进行了探讨。本文认为,企业的机遇管理水平的差异主要来源于企业机遇管理能力和应变机制发挥作用的差异。机遇管理能力是企业进行机遇辨识、评价、利用和营造的能力,主要包括企业家能力、学习能力和创新能力;应变机制是企业在机遇管理过程中支持和保证机遇的辨识、评价、利用和营造的机制,主要包括柔性机制和整合机制。
根据对环境、机遇、企业成长的理论分析,本文提出了“环境-机遇-成长”的分析框架。本文认为,环境变化产生机遇,而对机遇的有效利用可以推动企业成长。企业成长可以分为两种形式,即渐进式成长方式和突变式成长方式。作为资源和能力结合体的企业在环境的作用下进行演化,当环境的变动程度不大、不确定程度较低时,依靠自身实力推动企业成长,因为实力的长期积累性和相对稳定性,这种成长是连续的、渐进的,可以称之为“渐进式成长”;当环境变动程度较大、不确定性程度较高时,企业面临的机遇增多且价值较高,企业可以利用机遇推动企业成长,由于机遇的耦合性、非平衡性、不平等性、不稳定性等特性的作用,这种成长的结果是不连续的、突变的,可以称之为“突变式成长”。企业在这两种成长机制的交互作用下不断演化,最终实现成长。
为验证理论假设的真实性,在理论分析的基础上,本文选择国内企业利用问卷调查方法进行了实证研究,并进行了案例对比分析,为论文理论分析提供了较好的现实佐证。最后,本文根据研究结论与发现,结合国内企业实际,提出了利用环境加快企业成长的机遇管理策略。
From 1990s, with the surge and wide spread of globalization and the emergence of new economy such as information economy, internet economy and knowledge economy, the environment of enterprises have changed from a simple and static environment to a complex and dynamic environment. In this situation, as an open, dynamic, nonlinear and complex system, the growth of enterprise has become uncertainty and nonlinear. How to realize lasting growth for enterprise in dynamic and complex environment, which is not only the focal point that enterprises and government have been concentrating on, but also the hot topic that the theorists have been paying close attention to.
Based on the research of present literature of the theory on the enterprise growth, the enterprise and the environment relations and the opportunity management, this paper regarded the environment uncertainty, enterprise heterogeneity and bounded-rationality of organization decision-making as the theory research premises. From the angle of opportunity management, this paper took the opportunity as an important factor linking the enterprise and the environment, analyzed the environment of firm growth, researched the correlation of the environment, opportunity and enterprise's growth, and explored the headspring and procedure of the nonlinear growth of the enterprise.
In order to insist combining theories with practices, this paper adopted theoretical analysis method, empirical research and case research.
This paper argued that the environment was the space of firm survives and growth and its changing influenced the growth of the firm. There had different enterprise's growth mechanisms in different environments. The enterprise's growth always presents a gradual-growth in the low-uncertainty environment; on the contrary, it always presents a mutation-growth in high-uncertainty environment. The paper deemed that enterprise's growth mechanism was not a stable situation and would transform reciprocally accompanying the change of the environment.
According to the research of relations between the environment and the opportunities, this paper argued that the change of the environment would influence greatly to the composing factors and the realization mechanism of the opportunity, and then affected the opportunity's distributing characteristic, mainly on the changes of the opportunity's emergent probability, available period and values.
This paper thought that the enterprise's growth was a continuously process of development and grandness in some circumstance and a process of the quantity (performance) and quality (competence) of enterprise. The paper argued that it was the precondition and guarantee for enterprise's growth to gaining and sustaining competition advantage. According to the research on relations between opportunity management and competition advantage, the paper thought that opportunity management was favorable for gaining and sustaining the Chamberlain rents which based on the total cost advantage and differentiation, the Ricardian rents which based on the resource and competence, the Schumpeterian rents which based on the knowledge and innovation. In another word, the recognizing and using of opportunity would promote the growth of enterprise.
Because of the differentiation of opportunities management of different enterprises, the paper also discussed the factors that could influence the enterprises' opportunities management. This paper thought that the differentiation of opportunities management mainly rooted in the ability to opportunity management and the response mechanism of the enterprises. The ability to opportunity management is an ability that can recognize, evaluate, use and build the opportunities, mainly include entrepreneur ability, learning ability and innovating ability. The response mechanism is a mechanism that can sustain and guarantee the success of the opportunity management process, mainly include flexibility mechanism and integration mechanism.
According to the research on the environment, opportunities and enterprise's growth, this paper put forward an analyzing framework named "environment-opportunity-growth". The paper argued, environment changes bring opportunity, and opportunities promote growth. The growth of enterprise could be differentiated two ways: a gradual-growth and a mutation-growth. The enterprise that regarded as a combo of resource and competence evolved in the changing environment. When the changes of the environment were small and the uncertainty was low, the enterprise grew depending on the strength or core competence. Because of the long-term accumulation and stability of the strength or core competence, the way of growth was continuous and incremental, so it called gradual -growth. On the contrary, when the changes of the environment were great and the uncertainty was high the enterprise grew depending on the opportunity. Because of the coupling, disequilibrium, inequality and instability of the opportunity, the way of growth was discontinuous and radical, so it called mutation-growth. The enterprise evolved continuously under the two ways' action and realizes growth.
In order to validate the hypothesis, besides the theoretical analysis, this paper also researched with the way of questionnaire investigation and case research, the theoretical analysis result of the thesis is testified and sustained. Finally, based on the result of empirical research and theoretical analysis, combining with the fact of China enterprises, this paper put forward some opportunity management suggestions on how to fasten the growth of the enterprise by using the environment changes.
本文在对既有企业成长理论、企业与环境关系理论和机遇管理理论进行文献研究的基础上,以环境不确定性、企业异质性和决策有限理性为理论前提,从动态复杂环境下机遇管理的视角对企业成长开展研究,把机遇作为联系企业与环境的重要因素,从企业成长的环境分析出发,通过对企业成长与环境、环境与机遇、机遇与企业成长的研究,探索企业非线性成长的根源与过程。
本文坚持理论与实践相结合,采用了规范研究、调查问卷和案例对比分析相结合的研究方法。
本文认为,环境是企业生存和发展的空间,环境变化影响企业成长,不同环境下企业成长具有不同的模式。低不确定性环境下的企业成长一般表现为渐变式成长;高不确定性环境或动态复杂环境下的企业成长则更多表现为突变式成长。企业在不同环境下所表现出的不同成长模式不是固定不变的,会随着环境要素的变化而变化。
根据对环境与机遇关系的研究,本文认为,环境的变动将对机遇的构成要素及其实现机制产生重要影响,从而影响机遇的分布特性,主要表现在环境对机遇出现的概率、机遇的有效区间和机遇价值的变化上。
企业成长是企业在一定的环境中不断发展壮大的过程,是企业量(绩效)的增加和质(竞争能力)的提高相结合的过程。竞争优势的获取与持续是企业成长的前提和保证。本文从经济租金的角度对机遇与企业竞争优势的关系进行了研究,认为机遇管理有利于企业获得并保持基于低成本和差异化的张伯伦租金、基于资源和能力的李嘉图租金、基于知识和创新的熊彼特租金。也就是说,对机遇的认知和利用可以推动企业成长。
因为不同企业的机遇管理水平存在着差异,本文还对机遇管理的影响因素进行了探讨。本文认为,企业的机遇管理水平的差异主要来源于企业机遇管理能力和应变机制发挥作用的差异。机遇管理能力是企业进行机遇辨识、评价、利用和营造的能力,主要包括企业家能力、学习能力和创新能力;应变机制是企业在机遇管理过程中支持和保证机遇的辨识、评价、利用和营造的机制,主要包括柔性机制和整合机制。
根据对环境、机遇、企业成长的理论分析,本文提出了“环境-机遇-成长”的分析框架。本文认为,环境变化产生机遇,而对机遇的有效利用可以推动企业成长。企业成长可以分为两种形式,即渐进式成长方式和突变式成长方式。作为资源和能力结合体的企业在环境的作用下进行演化,当环境的变动程度不大、不确定程度较低时,依靠自身实力推动企业成长,因为实力的长期积累性和相对稳定性,这种成长是连续的、渐进的,可以称之为“渐进式成长”;当环境变动程度较大、不确定性程度较高时,企业面临的机遇增多且价值较高,企业可以利用机遇推动企业成长,由于机遇的耦合性、非平衡性、不平等性、不稳定性等特性的作用,这种成长的结果是不连续的、突变的,可以称之为“突变式成长”。企业在这两种成长机制的交互作用下不断演化,最终实现成长。
为验证理论假设的真实性,在理论分析的基础上,本文选择国内企业利用问卷调查方法进行了实证研究,并进行了案例对比分析,为论文理论分析提供了较好的现实佐证。最后,本文根据研究结论与发现,结合国内企业实际,提出了利用环境加快企业成长的机遇管理策略。
From 1990s, with the surge and wide spread of globalization and the emergence of new economy such as information economy, internet economy and knowledge economy, the environment of enterprises have changed from a simple and static environment to a complex and dynamic environment. In this situation, as an open, dynamic, nonlinear and complex system, the growth of enterprise has become uncertainty and nonlinear. How to realize lasting growth for enterprise in dynamic and complex environment, which is not only the focal point that enterprises and government have been concentrating on, but also the hot topic that the theorists have been paying close attention to.
Based on the research of present literature of the theory on the enterprise growth, the enterprise and the environment relations and the opportunity management, this paper regarded the environment uncertainty, enterprise heterogeneity and bounded-rationality of organization decision-making as the theory research premises. From the angle of opportunity management, this paper took the opportunity as an important factor linking the enterprise and the environment, analyzed the environment of firm growth, researched the correlation of the environment, opportunity and enterprise's growth, and explored the headspring and procedure of the nonlinear growth of the enterprise.
In order to insist combining theories with practices, this paper adopted theoretical analysis method, empirical research and case research.
This paper argued that the environment was the space of firm survives and growth and its changing influenced the growth of the firm. There had different enterprise's growth mechanisms in different environments. The enterprise's growth always presents a gradual-growth in the low-uncertainty environment; on the contrary, it always presents a mutation-growth in high-uncertainty environment. The paper deemed that enterprise's growth mechanism was not a stable situation and would transform reciprocally accompanying the change of the environment.
According to the research of relations between the environment and the opportunities, this paper argued that the change of the environment would influence greatly to the composing factors and the realization mechanism of the opportunity, and then affected the opportunity's distributing characteristic, mainly on the changes of the opportunity's emergent probability, available period and values.
This paper thought that the enterprise's growth was a continuously process of development and grandness in some circumstance and a process of the quantity (performance) and quality (competence) of enterprise. The paper argued that it was the precondition and guarantee for enterprise's growth to gaining and sustaining competition advantage. According to the research on relations between opportunity management and competition advantage, the paper thought that opportunity management was favorable for gaining and sustaining the Chamberlain rents which based on the total cost advantage and differentiation, the Ricardian rents which based on the resource and competence, the Schumpeterian rents which based on the knowledge and innovation. In another word, the recognizing and using of opportunity would promote the growth of enterprise.
Because of the differentiation of opportunities management of different enterprises, the paper also discussed the factors that could influence the enterprises' opportunities management. This paper thought that the differentiation of opportunities management mainly rooted in the ability to opportunity management and the response mechanism of the enterprises. The ability to opportunity management is an ability that can recognize, evaluate, use and build the opportunities, mainly include entrepreneur ability, learning ability and innovating ability. The response mechanism is a mechanism that can sustain and guarantee the success of the opportunity management process, mainly include flexibility mechanism and integration mechanism.
According to the research on the environment, opportunities and enterprise's growth, this paper put forward an analyzing framework named "environment-opportunity-growth". The paper argued, environment changes bring opportunity, and opportunities promote growth. The growth of enterprise could be differentiated two ways: a gradual-growth and a mutation-growth. The enterprise that regarded as a combo of resource and competence evolved in the changing environment. When the changes of the environment were small and the uncertainty was low, the enterprise grew depending on the strength or core competence. Because of the long-term accumulation and stability of the strength or core competence, the way of growth was continuous and incremental, so it called gradual -growth. On the contrary, when the changes of the environment were great and the uncertainty was high the enterprise grew depending on the opportunity. Because of the coupling, disequilibrium, inequality and instability of the opportunity, the way of growth was discontinuous and radical, so it called mutation-growth. The enterprise evolved continuously under the two ways' action and realizes growth.
In order to validate the hypothesis, besides the theoretical analysis, this paper also researched with the way of questionnaire investigation and case research, the theoretical analysis result of the thesis is testified and sustained. Finally, based on the result of empirical research and theoretical analysis, combining with the fact of China enterprises, this paper put forward some opportunity management suggestions on how to fasten the growth of the enterprise by using the environment changes.
引文
1 芮明杰.中国企业的发展战略选择.上海:复旦大学出版社,2000:2-3
2 Teresko J.Managing innovation for 150 years.Industry Week.December 15,1997
3 王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.12
4 彼得·德鲁克.知识管理.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999
5 张书军.企业经营原因不明中的企业家能力.南开管理评论,2002,5(6):23-27
6 不同的社会主体均面临机遇,鉴于本文所关心的重点是企业的成长问题,故本文论述的机遇均指企业所面临的机遇
7 转引自黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005:1-2
8 吉姆·柯林斯,杰里·波勒斯.基业长青.真如译.北京:中信出版社,2002.10
9 加里·哈梅尔,CK普拉哈拉德.竞争大未来.王振西译.北京:昆仑出版社,1998.33
10 王革,吴练达,张亚辉.企业战略管理研究展望.科学学与科学技术管理.2004,1:101～105
11 Mu eller D C.The Persistence of Profits Above the Norm.Economica,44,1977:369-380
12 刘刚.企业的异质性假设--对企业本质和行为的演化经济学解释.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.70-71
14 吉姆·柯林斯,杰里·波勒斯.基业长青.真如译.北京:中信出版社,2002
15 伊迪丝·彭罗斯.企业成长理论.赵晓译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007
16 伊查克·麦迪思.企业生命周期.赵睿等译.中国社会科学出版社,1997
17 理查德 L 达夫特.组织理论与设计精要.李维安等译.北京:机械工业出版社,1999
18 Burns T,Stalkcr G M.The Management of Innovation.London:Tavistock,1961
19 Luthans F.The Contingency Theory of Management:A Path out of the Jungle.Business Horizons.16(June),1973
20 Drazin R,Van de Ven A H.Alternative Forms of Fit in Contingency Theory.Administrative Science Quarterly.Vol 30,1985
21 Lawrence P R,Lorsch J W.Organization and Environment:Managing Differentiation and Integration.Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1986
22 Lawrence Paul R.The contingency Approach to Organization Design.In:Handbook of Organizational Behavior.Robert T Golembiewski,eds.New York:Dekker,1993.9-18
23 Suchman,Mark.Managing legitimacy:Strategic and institutional approaches.Academy of Management Review.20,1995.574
24 DiMaggio Paul J,Powell Walter W.The Iron Cage Revisited:Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organization Field.American Sociological Review.48,1983.147-160
25 Oliver Christine.Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes.Academy of Management Review.16,1991.145-179
26 Han Shin Cap.Mimetic Isomorphism and Its Effect on the Audit Service Market.Social Forces 73,1994.637-663
27 Kondra Alex Z,Hinings C R.Organizational Diversity and Change in Institutional Theory.Orrtanization Studies.Vol 19,Issue 5,1998.743-767
28 Hannah M T,Freeman J.The Population Ecology of Organizations.American Journal of Sociology.Vol 82,Issue 5,Mar,1977.929-964
29 Harman M T,Freeman J.Structural Inertia and Organizational Change.American Sociological Review.49,1984.149-164
30 Pfeffer J,Salancik C R.The External Control of Organizations:A Resource Dependence Perspective.New York:Harper&Row,1978.222
31 Aldrich H,Pfeffer J.Environments of Organizations.In:A Inkeles J,Coleman and N Smelser,eds.Annual Review of Sociology.Palo Alto CA:Annual Review Inc,1976.93
32 Child J.Organizational Structure,Environment and Performance:the Role of Strategic Choice.Sociology.Vol 6,1972.1-22
33 Child J.Structural Choice in the Analysis of Action,Structure,Organizations and Environment:Retrospect and Prospect.Organization Studies.18/1,1997.43-76
34 Moor J F.Predators and Prey:ANew Ecology of Competition.Harvard Business Review.May-June,1993.75-86
35 詹姆斯·弗·穆尔.竞争的衰亡:商业生态系统时代的领导与战略.梁骏,杨飞雪,李丽娜译.北京:北京出版社,1999:69-70
36 Iansiti M,Levien R.Strategy as Ecology.Harvard Business Review.Mar,Vol 82,Issue 3,2004.68-78
37 费显政.企业与环境互动关系研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉大学,2005
38 Young R C.Is Population Ecology a Useful Paradigm for the Study of Organization? American Journal of Sociology.Volume 94,Number 1(July),1988.1-24
39 详见黄津孚.机遇和机会的语义学比较及经营决策.福建论坛(人文社会科学版),2006,11
40 谈曼延.论机遇:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中师范大学,2002
41 房良钧.机遇论.天津:天津社会科学院出版社,2003.16-43
42 解进强.机遇决策过程及其影响因素研究:[博士学位论文].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2007
43 转引自张建东,项保华.SWOT的缺陷.企业管理,2005,1
44 菲利普·科特勒.市场营销管理.郭国庆等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997.77
45 Kirzner I M.Creativity and/or alertness:a reconsideration of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur.Review of Austrian Economics.11,1999.5-17
46 方世建等.创业过程中的企业家机会发现研究.外国经济与管理,2006,12:19-20
47 杰弗里·蒂蒙斯.战略与商业机会.北京:华夏出版社,2002.119
48 黄学忠.企业经营机会.中国财政经济出版社,1998,7:43～59
49 房良钧.机遇论.天津社会科学院出版社,2003,6:29-46
50 黄津孚.机遇管理:跨世纪的管理学课题.首都经济贸易大学学报,1999,1
51 黄津孚.机遇管理与我国企业发展机遇分析.管理世界,2001,5
52 Emery F,Trist E.The causal texture of organizational environment.Human Relations,1965.124-151
53 阿尔文·托夫勒.适应变革的企业.北京:世界知识出版社,1987
54 有学者称之为稳定性(stable)(Thompson,1967)、静态-动态性(Static-dynamic)(Duncan,1972)
55 有学者称之为同质性(homogeneous)(Thompson,1967)、差异性(diversity)(Lawrence&Lorsch,1967)、简单-复杂性(simple-complex)(Duncan,1972)
56 有学者称之为资源依赖性(Resource Depende ncy)(Daft,2002)
57 Duncan R B.Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty.Administrative Science Quarterly,Vol.17(3),1972.313-327
58 周晓东,项保华.复杂动态环境、动态能力及战略与环境的匹配关系.经济管理·新管理,2003,20
59 Brockhoff K,Chakrabarti A K.R&D-Marketing Linkage and Innovation Strategy:Some West German Experience.IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.35(3),1988.167-174
60 周晓东,项保华.复杂动态环境、动态能力及战略与环境的匹配关系.经济管理.新管理,2003,20
61 王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.3-4
62 Whitttngton R,Environmental structure and theories of choice.Journal of Management Studies.25s,1988.521-536
63 Hambrick D,Finkelstein S.Menagerial Discretion:a bridge between polar views of organizational outcomes.In:Cummings L,Staw B,eds.Research in organizational Behavior.London:JAI Press,Vol 9,1987
64 Hambrick D,Manson P.Upper echelons:the organization as a reflection of its top managers.Academy of Management Review.9,1984.183-206
65 Hannan M T,Freeman J.The population ecology of organizations.American Journal of Sociology.82,1977.929-984
66 Khandwalla P.Design of Organizatians.New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch,1977
67 Minzberg H.The Structuring of Organizations.Englewood Cliifs:Printice-Hall,1979
68 Bennis W.Organizational Developments and the Fate of Bureaucracy.Industrial Management Review.Spring,Vol 7,Issue 2,1966.41-55
69 Kondra A Z,Hinings C R.Organizational Diversity and Change in Institutional Theory.Organization Studies.Vol 19,Issue 5,1998.743-767
70 王玉.企业进化的战略研究.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1997.211-215
71 Bennis W.Organizational Developments and the Fate of Bureaucracy.Industrial Management Review.Spring,Vol 7,Issue 2,1966.41-55
72 Daft R L.Organization Theory and Design.6~(th) ed.Cincinnati:Southwestern College Publishing,1998.87-90
73 Hannan M T,Freeman J.The population ecology of organizations.American Journal of Sociology.82,1977
74 Minzberg H.The Structuring of Organizations.Englewood Cliifs,NJ:Printice-Hall,1979.327
75 Khandwalla P.Design of Organizatians.New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch,1977.334
76 Emily B.A study of impact of environmental uncertainty on franchise systems:the case of patrol retailing in the UK.The Journal of Consumer Marketing,16,1999.183-184
77 Hannan M T,Freeman J.The population ecology of organizations.American Journal of Sociology,82,1977.929-984
78 李霞等.企业系统的复杂性及其分形管理.商场现代化,2006,2
79 黄津孚.现代企业管理原理(修订第五版).北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2007.35
80 普里高津.从混沌到有序.上海:尔海译文出版社,1980
81 李士勇等.非线性科学与复杂性科学.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2006.10
82 亨利·明茨伯格,布鲁斯·阿尔斯特兰德,约瑟夫·兰佩尔.战略历程:纵览战略管理学派.刘瑞红,徐佳宾,郭武文译.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.196
83 Stoner A F J.Management.Englewood Cliffs:Prentice Hall,1978.105-106
84 Bedian A G,Zammuto R F.Organizations:theory and design.The Dryden Press,1991
85 Duncan R,Holberk J.Innovations and Organizations.New York:Wiley,1973.131
86 亨利·明茨伯格,布鲁斯·阿尔斯特兰德,约瑟夫·兰佩尔.战略历程:纵览战略管理学派.刘瑞红,徐佳宾,郭武文译.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.201
87 Hambrick D C.Environmental scanning and organizational strategy.Strategic Management Journal,3(2),1982.159-174
88 Daft R L,et al.Chief executive scanning environmental characteristics,and company performance:an empirical study.Strategic Management Journal,9(3),1988.123-139
89 李士勇等.非线性科学与复杂性科学.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2006.149-159
90 黄津孚.企业发展与创新.中国工业经济,1999,7
91 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典(第五版).北京:商务印书馆,2005.1237
92 德鲁克(Drucker PE).巨变时代的管理.朱雁斌译.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.33-34
93 Dierickx I,Cool K.Asset stock accumulation and the sustainability of competitive advantage.Management science,35(12),1989:1504-1511
94 A mit R,Schoemake r P J H.Strategy assets and organizational rent.Strategic Management Journal,14(1),1993:33-46
95 Leonard-Barton D.Core capabilities and core rigidities:A paradox in managing new product development.Strategic Management Journal,13,1992,111-125
96 Nelson R R,Winter S G.An evolutionary theory of e onomic change.Cambridge Mass:Harvard Business Press,1982
97 刘海建,陈松涛,陈传明.企业核心能力的刚性特征及其超越.中国工业经济,2003,11:47-54
98 唐纳德·索尔等.如何提升公司核心竞争力.包刚升编译.北京:企业管理出版社,2000
99 Porter M E,What is strategy? Harvard Business Review,Nov/Dec,1996
100 朱·弗登伯格,戴维K莱文.博弈学习理论.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004,2
101 转引自汪良军.企业成长与企业家活动分析--兼论企业成长的路径依赖及其超越.北京:经济科学出版社,2006,65
102 黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.28
103 沈小峰.混沌初开--自组织理论的哲学探索.北京:北京师范大学出版社,1993.349-350
104 伊·普利高津,伊·斯唐热.从混沌到有序.上海:上海译文出版社,1987.225
105 弗兰克·H·奈特.风险、不确定件与利润.北京:商务印书馆,2006.31-35
106 Duncan R B.Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty.Administrative Science Quarterly,Vol.17(3),1972:313-327
107 斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯.管理学(第四版).黄卫伟等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1996.66
108 Courtney H,Kirkland J,Viguerie P.Strategy under uncertainty.Harvard Business Review,November-December,1997.67-79
109 典型行业分析均指国内行业,以下同。
110 这两种环境形式相似,故放在一起讨论。
111 Courtney H,Kirkland J,Viguerie P.Strategy under uncertainty.Harvard Business Review,November-December,1997.67-79
112 Courtney H,Kirkland J,Viguerie P.Strategy under uncertainty.Harvard Business Review,November-December,1997.67-79
113 Courtney H,Kirkland J,Viguerie P.Strategy under uncertainty.Harvard Business Review,November-December,1997.67-79
114 斯带芬·P·罗宾斯.管理学(第四版).黄卫伟等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1996.P66
115 Bedian AG,Zammuto R F.Organizations:theory and design.The Dryden Press,1991
116 赵定涛,雷明.动态环境下企业持续成长的模型与构建.管理科学,2006,2
117 黄津孚.机遇、竞争力与企业成长.经济与管理研究,2004,6
118 张玉利.企业成长的非对称性问题.首都经济贸易大学学报,2004,6:11-14
119 亨克·傅博达.创建柔性企业--如何保持竞争优势.项国鹏译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.181
120 王水贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.4-11
121 邹昭晞.企业战略分析.北京:经济管理出版社,2001.52
122 系统处于平衡态或稳定态时,称系统处于一定的势阱中。
124 黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.22
125 黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005
126 黄津孚.现代管理公需教材(第二章:机遇管理).北京:企业管理出版社,2006
127 所谓门槛,就是指企业进入某个领域所必须具备的最低要求。
128 黄津孚.现代管理公需教材(第二章:机遇管理).北京:企业管理出版社,2006
129黄津孚.营造机遇理论模型及应用.经济与管理研究,2007,2:80-83
130 Chamberlin E.The Theory of Monopolistic Competition.Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1939
131 Hofer C W,Schendel D.Strategy Formulation:Analytic Concepts.St.Paul,MN:West,1978
132 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.2
133 H ao M.Anatomy of competitive advantage:a select framework.Management Decision,37,1999:709-715
134 Barney J B.Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.Journal of Management 17,1991:102
135 戴维·贝赞可,戴维·德雷诺夫,马克·尚利.公司战略经济学.北京大学出版社,1999:372
136 Thompson A A,S trickland Ⅲ A J.Strategic Management:Concept and Cases(10~(th) ed.).New York:McGraw-Hill,1998.125
137 Demsetz H.Why Regulate Utilities? Journal of Law and Economics,11,1968:55-65
138 Baumol W J,J C Panzar,R D Willing.Contestable Market and The Theory of Industry Structure.New York:Hancourt Brace Jovanovich,1982
139 李显君.国富之源--企业竞争力.北京:企业管理出版社,2002:38
140 杰恩·巴尼.获得与保持竞争优势.王俊杰等译.北京:清华大学出版社,2003,26-28
141 Christine Oliver.Sustainable competitive advantage combing institutional and resource-based views.Strategic Management Journal,18,1997:697-713
142 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997:2
143 Porter M E.Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy.Strategic Management Journal,12,1991:101
144 齐庆祝,杜纲.企业竞争优势之源的理论评述.天津大学学报(社会科学版),2004,4:133-137
145 胡大立.企业竞争力决定因素及其形成机理分析.北京:经济管理出版社,2004:103-104
146 Peteraf M A.The cornerstones of competitive advantage..A resource-based view.Strategic Management Journal,14,1993:179-191
147 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.101
148 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.105-115
149 沙伦·奥斯特.现代竞争分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.129
150 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.127
151 Stalk G J.Time:The Next Source of Competitive Advantage.Harvard Business Review,July-August,1988.37
152 Vinton D E.A New Look at Time,Speedand The Manager.Academy of Management Executive,6,1992.9
153 杰恩·巴尼.获得与保持竞争优势.王俊杰等译.北京:清华大学出版社,200 3.155-170
154 Barney J.Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.Journal of Management,Vol.17(1),1991:112
155 王国顺.企业理论:能力理论.北京:中国经济出版社,200 5.29-30
156 转引自沙伦·奥斯特.现代竞争分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,200 4.148-149
157 加里·哈梅尔,C K普拉哈拉德.竞争大未来.王震西译.北京:昆仑出版社,1998.226
158 王锡秋.企业能力战略:基于顾客价值经营竞争优势.北京:东方出版社,200 6.121
159 阿玛尔·毕海德(A mar V Bhide).新企业的起源与演进.魏如山,马志英译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.40
160 德鲁克(Drucker P F).巨变时代的管理.朱雁斌译.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.105
161 王国顺.企业理论:能力理论.北京:中国经济出版社,2005.68
162 彼得·德鲁克.成果管理.童新耕译.上海:上海译文出版社,1999.98
163 芮明杰.知识型企业成长与创新.上海:上海人民出版社,2006.73
164 彼得·德鲁克.成果管理.童新耕译.上海:上海译文出版社,1999.5
165 芮明杰.知识型企业成长与创新.上海:上海人民出版社,2006.79
166 Nelson R R,Winter S G.An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.Harvard University Press,1982
167 Rumelt R P.Inertia and transformation.In:Montgomery C A,eds.Resource-based and evolutionary approaches to the firm.Boston:Kluwer,1995
168 转引自袁安照,余光胜.现代企业组织创新.太原:山西经济出版社,1998.8
169 转引自杜因.经济长波与创新.上海:上海译文出版社,1993.104
170 Robbins S Pand,M Cultar.Management,5th ed.Englewood Cliff N J:Prentice-Hal,1996.444
171 德鲁克(Drucker P F).巨变时代的管理.朱雁斌译.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.105
172 德鲁克(Drucker P F).创新与企业家精神(中英文双语典藏版).蔡文燕译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.27-30
173 德鲁克(Drucker P F).创新与企业家精神(中英义双语典藏版).蔡文燕译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.31-32、224
174 王建民.管理创新过程中的机遇管理.北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,6(1):28-33
175 德鲁克(Drucker P F).创新与企业家精神(中英文双语典藏版).蔡文燕译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.124-125
176 黄津孚,庞联东.企业发展潜力--评价、分析与挖掘、提升.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.242-248
177 Anhur A.Thompson and A.J.Strickland.战略管理.段盛华等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2004.232
178 祁顺生.归核化战略.上海:复旦大学出版社,200 2.6-7
179 李兴旺.动态能力理论的操作化研究:识别、架构与形成机制.北京:经济科学出版社,2006.115
180 刘海建、陈松涛和陈传明.企业核心能力的刚性特征及其超越.中国工业经济,2003,11
181 Kahneman D,Tversky A.Choice,Values and Frames.American Psychologist,39,1984:341-350
182 Schoemaker P J H,Choices Involving Uncertain Probabilities:Tests of Generalized Utility Models.Journal of Economic and Organizational Behavior,16,1999.295-317
183 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.37
184 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.36-53
185 黄津孚.现代企业管理原理(修订第五版).北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2007.71-72
186 黄津孚.中国企业管理改革.北京:北京经济学院出版社,1988.53-55
187 郁义鸿.企业的性质:能力理论的阐述.经济科学,2001,6:92
188 黄津孚(2005)认为,能力可以理解为个人或组织所具有的可将一种资源形成另一种资源,或将资源转化为社会财富的作用力。
189 Danny Miller.The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firm.Management Science,29,1983
190 贺小刚.企业家能力、组织能力与企业绩效.上海:上海财经大学出版社,200 6.75-77
191 贺小刚.企业家能力、组织能力与企业绩效.上海:上海财经大学出版社,200 6.95
192 亨克·傅博达.创建柔性企业:如何保持竞争优势.项国鹏译.人民邮电出版社,200 5.11-17
193 Mandelbaum M.Flexibility in Decision Making:[Ph D Dissertation].Canada:University of Toronto,1978
194 Upton D.The management of manufacturing flexibility.California Management review,winter 1994.72-89
195 Burnes T,Stalker G M.The Management of Innovation.London:Tailstock Publications,1961
196 Schilling M A,Steensma H K.The use of modular organizational forms:an industry-level analysis.Academy of Management Journal,44,2001.1149-1168
197 水贵等.对组织学习、核心竞争能力、战略柔性与企业竞争绩效的理论剖析与实证研究--探索中国企业增强动态竞争优势之路.南开管理计论,2003,4:54-80
198 万伦来,达庆利.企业柔性的本质及其构建策略.管理科学学报,200 3,6(2),89-94
199 侯玉莲,王迎军.战略柔性的内涵界定与分类.经济管理.新管理,2003,14,28-32
200 李敏,李涛.全球产业链中基于整合能力的中国制造企业价值增值路线研究.工业技术经济,2007,5,76
201 转引自王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.231
202 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.北京:华夏出版社,1997.324-336
203 古姆·柯林斯,杰里·波勒斯.基业长青.真如译.北京:中信出版社,2002.231
211 臧云鹏,贾鹏云.顶级歧途.北京:中华工商联合出版社,2002.5-9
212 黄津乎.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.39-40
213 中国现代企业文化研究会.中国领先企业金皮书(3)联想的核心经营.北京:中国档案出版社,2002.213
214 黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.196
215 Jaime Roquebert et al,Market vs.Management:What"Drives"Profitability? Strategy Management Journal,Vol 17(8),1996
216 沙伦·奥斯特.现代竞争分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,200 4.129
217 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.127
218 王国顺.企业理论:能力理论.北京:中国经济出版社,2005.29-30
220 Baldwin C,Clark K B.Managing in an age of modularity.Harward Business Review,September-October,1997
221 王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,200 3:177-178
[1]Aldrich H E,Pfeffer J.Environments of Organizations.In:A Inkeles,J Coleman and N Smelser,eds.Annual Review of Sociology.Palo Alto CA:Annual Review Inc,1976.79-105
[2]Alvarez S A,Busenitz LW.The Entrepreneurship of Resource-based Theory.Journal of Management,Vol.27(6),2001:755-775
[3]Amit R,Schoemaker P J H.Strategy Assets and Organizational Rent.Strategic Management Journal,Vol.14(1),1993:33-46
[4]Anderson P et al.Introduction to the Special Issue:Applications of Complexity Theory to Organization Science.Organization Science,Vol.10(3),1999:233-236.
[5]Andriani P.Diversity,Knowledge and Complexity Theory:Some Introductory Issues.International Journal of Innovation Management,Vol.5(2),June 2001:257-274
[6]Ansoff H I.Corporate Strategy:An Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion.New York:McGraw-Hill,1965
[7]Ardishvili A,Cardozo S,Harmon S,Vadakath S.Towards a Theory of New Venture Growth.Paper presented at the 1998 Babson Entrepreneurship Research Conference.Ghent,Belgium,1998
[8]Baldwin C,Clark K B.Managing in an Age of Modularity.Harward Business Review,September-October,1997
[9]Barney J.Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.Journal of Management,Vol.17(1),1991:99-120
[10]Barney J.Resource-based Theories of Competitive Advantage:A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view.Journal of Management,Vol.27(6),2001:643-650
[11]Baron R A.Opportunity Recognition as Pattern Recognition:How Entrepreneurs "Connect the Dots" to Identify New Business Opportunities.Academy of Management Perspectives,Vol.20(1),2006:104-119
[12]Baron R M,Kenny D A.The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research:Conceptual,strategic,and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,Vol.51(6),1986:1173-1182
[13]Baumol W J,Panzar J C,Willing R D.Contestable Market and the Theory of Industry Structure.New York:Hancourt,Brace & Jovanovich,1982
[14]Baumol W J.On Entrepreneurship,Growth and Rent-Seeking:Henry George Updated.American Economist,Vol.48,2004
[15]Bedian A G,Zammuto R F.Organizations:Theory and Design.Dryden Press,1991
[16]Bennis W G.Organizational Developments and the Fate of Bureaucracy.Industrial Management Review.Vol.7(2),1966:41-55
[17]Bennis W G.Organizational Developments and the Fate of Bureaucracy.New York:McGraw-Hill,1970
[18]Bergh D D.Product-Market Uncertainty,Portfolio Restructuring and Performance:An Information-processing and Resource-Based View.Journal of Management,Vol.24(2),1998:135-155
[19] Boyle E. A Study of Impact of Environmental Uncertainty on Franchise Systems: the Case of Patrol Retailing in the UK. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16, 1999: 183-184
[20] Brockhoff K, Chakrabarti A K. R&D-Marketing Linkage and Innovation Strategy: Some West German Experience. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 35(3), 1988: 167— 174
[21] Burgelman R A. Intraorganizational Ecology of Strategy Making and Organizaitonal Adaptation: Theory and Field Research, Organization Science, 2 (3), 1991, 239—262
[22] BurnesT, Stalker G M. The Management of Innovation. London: Tailstock Publications, 1961
[23] Burns T, Stalkcr G M. The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock, 1961
[24] Castanias R P, Helfat C E. Managerial Resources and Rents. Journal of Management, Vol.17 (1), 1991: 155-171
[25] Calantone R J, Cavusgil S T, Zhao Y. Industrial Marketing Management. Vol.31, Issue 6, September 2002: 515—524
[26] Chamberlin E. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1939
[27] Child J. Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: the Role of Strategic Choice. Sociology. Vol.6, 1972: 1—22
[28] Child J. Structural Choice in the Analysis of Action, Structure, Organizations and Environment: Retrospect and Prospect. Organization Studies. Vol.18 (1), 1997: 43—76
[29] Christensen CM, Overdorf M. Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change. Harvard Business Review, March-April, 2000: 66-76
[30] Comrey A L. A First Course in Factor Analysis. New York: Academic Press, 1973
[31] Courtney H, KirklandJ, Viguerie P. Strategy Under Uncertainty. Harvard Business Review, November-December, 1997
[32] Daft R L, et al. Chief Executive Scanning Environmental Characteristics, and Company Performance: an Empirical Study. Strategic Management Journal, Vol.9 (3), 1988: 123 — 139
[33] Daft R L. Organization Theory and Design. 6th ed. Cincinnati: Southwestern College Publishing, 1998. 87-90
[34] Davidsson P, Klofsten M. The Business Platform: Developing an Instrument to Gauge and to Assist the Development of Young Firms. Journal of Small Business Management, Vol.41 (1), 2003: 1-26
[35] Demsetz H. Why Regulate Utilities? Journal of Law and Economics, 11, 1968: 55—65
[36] Delmar F. Measuring Growth: Methological considerations and empirical results. In: Donckels R, Miettinen A, (Eds). Entrepreneurship and SME Research: On its Way to the Next Millenium, 1997: 199-216
[37] Dierickx I, Cool K. Asset Stock Accumulation and the Sustainability of Competitive Advantage. Management Science, Vol.35 (12), 1989: 1504—1511
[38] DiMaggio P J, Powell W W. The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organization Field. American Sociological Review. Vol.48, 1983: 147—160
[39] Drazin R, Van de Ven A H. Alternative Forms of Fit in Contingency Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 30 (4), 1985: 514-539
[40] Duncan R B, HolberkJ. Innovations and Organizations. New York: Wiley, 1973. 131
[41] Duncan R B. Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 17 (3), 1972: 313—327
[42] Eisenhardt K M, Martin J A. Dynamic Capabilities: What Are They?Strategic Management Journal, Vol.21 (10-11) , 2000: 1105-1121
[43] Emery F, TrisE t. The Causal Texture of Organizational Environment. Human Relations, 1965. 124-151
[44] Evans D S. Tests of Alternative Theories of Firm Growth. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.95 (4), 1987: 657-674
[45] Garnsey E, Stam E, Heffernan P. New Firm Growth: Exploring Processes and Paths. Industry and Innovation, Vol.13 (1), 2006: 1—20
[46] Hambrick D C, Mason P A. Upper Echelons: the Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers. The Academy of Management Review. Vol.9 (2), 1984: 193—206
[47] Hambrick D C. Environmental Scanning and Organizational Strategy. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 3(2), 1982. 159-174
[48] Hambrick D, Finkelstein S. Menagerial Discretion: a Bridge Between Polar Views of Organizational Outcomes. In: Cummings L, Staw B, eds. Research in organizational Behavior. London: JAI Press, Vol.9, 1987
[49] Han S K. Mimetic Isomorphism and Its Effect on the Audit Service Market. Social Forces, Vol. 73 (2), 1994: 637-664
[50] Hannan M T, Freeman J. The Population Ecology of Organizations. American Journal of Sociology. Vol.82 (5), 1977: 929-964
[51] Harman M T, Freeman J. Structural Inertia and Organizational Change. American Sociological Review, Vol.49 (2), 1984: 149-164
[52] Hawley A H. Human Ecology. In: David L Sills, eds. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan, 1968. 330
[53] Hofer C W, Schendel D. Strategy Formulation: Analytic Concepts. St. Paul, MN: West, 1978. 25
[54] Hugh Courtney, Jane Kirkland, Patrick Viguerie. Strategy Under Uncertainty. Harvard Business Review, November-December, 1997: 67—79
[55] Iansiti M, Levien R. Strategy as Ecology. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 82(3), 2004: 68— 78
[56] Kahneman D, Tversky A. Choice, Values and Frames. American Psychologist, Vol. 39(4), 1984: 341-350
[57] Khandwalla P N. Design of Organizatians. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, 1977. 334
[58] Kirzner IM . Creativity and/or Alertness : A Reconsideration of the Schumpeterian Entrepreneur. Review of Austrian Economics. Vol.11 (1-2), 1999: 5—17
[59] Kondra Alex , Hinings CR . Organizational Diversity and Change in Institutional Theory. Orrtanization Studies. Vol.19 (5), 1998: 743—767
[60] Kor Y Y, Mahoney J T. Penrose's Resource-based Approach: the Process and Product of Research Creativity. Journal of Management Studies, 37, 2000: 109—139
[61] Larson A L, Teisberg E O, Johnson R R. Sustainable Business: Opportunity and Value Creation. Vol.30 (3), 2000: 1-12
[62] Lawrence P R, Lorsch J W. Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1986
[63] Lawrence P R. The Contingency Approach to Organization Design. In: Handbook of Organizational Behavior. Robert T Golembiewski, eds. New York: Dekker, 1993. 9—18
[64] Leonard-Barton D. Core Capabilities and Core Rigidities-. A Paradox in Managing New Product Development. Strategic Management Journal, Vol 13, 1992: 111 —125
[65] Loasby B J. Time, Knowledge and Evolutionary Dynamics: Why Connections Matter. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol.11 (4), 2001: 393-412
[66] Luthans F. The Contingency Theory of Management: A Path out of the Jungle. Business Horizons. Vol. 16(3), 1973: 67-72
[67] Ma H. Anatomy of Competitive Advantage: a Select Framework. Management Decision, Vol. 37 (9) , 1999: 709-718
[68] Macpherson A, Jones O, Zhang M. Evolution or Revolution? Dynamic Capabilities in a Knowledge-dependent Firm. R&D Management, Vol.34 (2), 2004: 161 — 177
[69] Mandelbaum M. Flexibility in Decision Making: [Ph D Dissertation]. Canada: University of Toronto, 1978
[70] Markides C, Williamson J. Related Diversification, Core Competence and Corporate Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 1994: 77—110
[71] Mazzucato M. Risk, Variety and Volatifity: Growth, Innovation and Stock Prices in Early Industry Evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol.13, 2003: 491—512
[72] Miller D. The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firm. Management Science, Vol. 29 (7), 1983: 770-791
[73] Minzberg H. The Structuring of Organizations. Englewood Cliifs, NJ: Printice-Hall, 1979. 327
[74] Moor J F. Predators and Prey: A New Ecology of Competition. Harvard Business Review. May-June, 1993: 75-86
[75] Morel B, Ramanujam R. Through the Looking Glass of Complexity: The Dynamics of Organizations as Adaptive and Evolving Systems. Organization Science, Vol. 10 (3), 1999: 278-293
[76] Mueller D C. The Persistence of Profits Above the Norm. Economica, Vol.44 (176), 1977: 369-380
[77] Nelson R R, Winter S G. An evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge Mass: Harvard Business Press, 1982
[78] Neter J, Kutner M H, Nachtsheim C J, Wassermann W. Applied Linear Statistical Models(fourth edition). Boston: Irwin Publishers, 1996
[79] Nonaka I. A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. Organization Science, Vol.5 (1), 1994: 14-37
[80] Nunnally J C. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill, 1978
[81] O'Brien T C, Fadem T J. Identifying New Business Opportunities. Research-Technology Management, Vol.42 (5), 1999: 15-19
[82] Oliver C. Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16 (1), 1991: 145-179
[83] Oliver C. Sustainable Competitive Advantage Combing Institutional and Resource-based Views. Strategic Management Journal, Vol.18 (9), 1997: 697—713
[84] PenroseET. Limits to the Growth and Size of Firms. The American Economic Review, Vol.45 (2), 1955: 531-543
[85] Penrose E T. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Oxford: Blackwell, 1959
[86] Peteraf M A. The cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: a Resource-based View. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 1993: 179—191
[87] Pfeffer J, Salancik CR. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper&Row, 1978. 222
[88] Porter M E. Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, 1991: 101
[89] Porter M E. What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec, 1996
[90] Roquebert J A, Phillips R L, Westfal PA. Market vs. Management: What Drives" Profitability? Strategy Management Journal, Vol. 17 (8), 1996: 653—664
[91] Rumelt R P. Inertia and Transformation. In: Montgomery C A, eds. Resource-based and Evolutionary Approaches to the Firm. Boston: Kluwer, 1995
[92] Schilling M A, Steensma H K. The Use of Modular Organizational Forms: an Industry-level Analysis. Academy of Management Journal, Vol.44 (6), 2001: 1149—1168
[93] Schoemaker P J H. Choices Involving Uncertain Probabilities: Tests of Generalized Utility Models. Journal of Economic and Organizational Behavior, Vol.16, 1999: 295—317
[94] Shane S. Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities. Organization Science, Vol.11 (4), 2000: 448-469
[95] Baker W E , Sinkula J M, Noordewier T. A Framework for Market-Based Organizational Learning: Linking Values, Knowledge, and Behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol.25 (4), 1999: 305-318
[96] Baker W E, Sinkula J M. Learning Orientation, Market Orientation, and Innovation: Integrating and Extending Models of Organizational Performance. Journal of Market-Focused Management, 1999 Vol. 4 (4): 295-308
[97] Stalk G. Time: The Next Source of Competitive Advantage. Harvard Business Review, July-August, 1988: 41-51
[98] Stoner J A F. Management. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1978. 105—106
[99] Suchman M C. Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches. Academy of Management Review. Vol.20 (3), 1995: 571—610
[100] Teece D J, Pisano G, Shuen A. Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, Vol.18 (7), 1997: 509-533
[101] Thompson A A, Strickland Ⅲ A J. Strategic Management: Concept and Cases (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. 125
[102] Upton D. The Management of Manufacturing Flexibility. California Management Review, winter 1994: 72-89
[103] Vinton D E. A New Look at Time, Speedand The Manager. Academy of Management Executive, 6, 1992: 9
[104] Whitttngton R. Environmental Structure and Theories of Choice. Journal of Management Studies, 25, 1988: 521-536
[105] Young R C. Is Population Ecology a Useful Paradigm for the Study of Organization? American Journal of Sociology. Vol.94 (1), 1988: 1—24
[106] Zahra S A, Neubaum D O. Environmental Adversity and the Entrepreneurial Activities of New Ventures. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, vol.3 (2), 1998: 123—140
[107]H·哈肯.信息与自组织.成都:四川教育出版社,1988
[108]阿尔文·托大勒.适应变革的企业.北京:世界知识出版社,1987
[109]阿玛尔·毕海德.新企业的起源与演进.魏如山,马志英译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.40
[110]安妮塔·M·麦加恩.产业演变与企业战略:实现并保持佳绩的原则.孙选中译.北京:商务印书馆,2007
[111]艾米顿.知识经济的创新战略:智慧的觉醒.金周英等泽.北京:新华出版社,1998
[112]巴纳德.经理人员的职能.孙耀军译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997
[113]保罗·舒梅科.从不确定性中赢利.黄一义等译.昆明:云南人民出版社,2005
[114]贝塔朗菲.一股系统论--基础、发展和应用.北京:清华大学出版社,1987
[115]彼得·德鲁克.成果管理.童新耕译.上海:上海译文出版社,1999.98
[116]彼得·德鲁克.知识管理.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999
[117]陈传明.核心能力刚性、影响及其超越.现代管理科学,2002,12:3-5
[118]陈惠湘.突破拐点.北京:机械工业出版社,2006
[119]大卫·吕埃勒.机遇与混沌.刘式达,梁爽,李滇林译.上海:上海科技教育出版社,2001
[120]戴维·贝赞可,戴维·德雷诺夫,马克·尚利.公司战略经济学.北京:北京大学出版社,1999:372
[121]丹尼·米勒,伊莎贝尔·勒布雷顿·米勒.永续经营--杰出家族企业的生存法则.李维安,周建译.北京:商务印书馆,2006
[122]德鲁克.创新与企业家精神(中英文双语典藏版).蔡文燕译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.27-30
[123]德鲁克.巨变时代的管理.朱雁斌译.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.105
[124]董俊武.企业的本质、性质与企业成长的理论研究.[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2004
[125]范·杜因.经济长波与创新.上海:上海译文出版社,1993.104
[126]方世建等.创业过程中的企业家机会发现研究.外国经济与管理,2006,12:19-20
[127]房良钧.机遇论.天津:天津社会科学院出版社,2003.16
[128]菲利普·科特勒.市场营销管理.郭国庆等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997.77
[129]费显政.企业与环境互动关系研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉大学,2005
[130]冯德雄.企业适应性成长研究.[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2003
[131]弗兰克·H·奈特.风险、不确定性与利润.北京:商务印书馆,2006.31-35
[132]高哈特,凯利.企业蜕变.宋伟航译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006
[133]郭强,李霞.企业成长的演化机制分析.生产力研究,2006,2:222-223
[134]郭志刚.社会统计分析方法--SPSS软件应用(21世纪社会学系列教材).北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999
[135]贺小刚.企业家能力、组织能力与企业绩效.上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006
[136]贺小刚.企业家能力、组织能力与企业绩效.上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006.75-77
[137]赫伯特·A·西蒙.管理行为.詹正茂译.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[138]亨克·傅博达.创建柔性企业:如何保持竞争优势.项国鹏译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.11-17
[139]亨利·明茨伯格,布鲁斯·阿尔斯特兰德,约瑟夫·兰佩尔.战略历程:纵览战略管理学派.刘瑞红,徐佳宾,郭武文译.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.201
[140]候杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用.北京:教育科学出版社,2004,7
[141]侯玉莲,王迎军.战略柔性的内涵界定与分类.经济管理·新管理,2003,14,28-32
[142]胡大立.企业竞争力决定因素及其形成机理分析.北京:经济管理出版社,2004:103-104
[143]黄津孚,庞联东.企业发展潜力--评价、分析与挖掘、提升.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.242-248
[144]黄津孚.机遇、竞争力与企业成长.经济与管理研究,2004,6
[145]黄津孚.机遇管理:跨世纪的管理学课题.首都经济贸易大学学报,1999,1
[146]黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.46-53
[147]黄津孚.机遇管理与我国企业发展机遇分析.管理世界,2001,5:164-167
[148]黄津孚.机遇和机会的语义学比较及经营决策.福建论坛·人文社会科学版,2006,11:24-27
[149]黄津孚.机遇利用的定量分析研究.中国工业经济,2002,9:75-80
[150]黄津孚.企业发展与创新.中国工业经济,1999,7:72-75
[151]黄津孚.现代管理公需教材(第二章:机遇管理).北京:企业管理出版社,2006.487
[152]黄津孚.现代企业管理原理(修订第五版).北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2007.35
[153]黄津孚.营造机遇理论模型及应用.经济与管理研究,2007,2:80-83
[154]黄津孚.中国企业管理改革.北京:北京经济学院出版社,1988.53-55
[155]黄学忠.企业经营机会.中国财政经济出版社,1998,7:43-59
[156]霍春辉.动态复杂环境下企业可持续竞争优势研究.[博士学位论文].沈阳:辽宁大学,2006
[157]吉姆·柯林斯,杰里·波勒斯.基业长青.真如译.北京:中信出版社,2002
[158]加里·哈梅尔,CK普拉哈拉德.竞争大未来.王振西译.北京:昆仑出版社,1998-79
[159]简兆权,毛蕴诗.环境扫描在战略转换中的作用分析.科研管理,2003,9:84-87
[160]杰恩·巴尼.获得与保持竞争优势.王俊杰等译.北京:清华大学出版社,2003,26-28
[161]杰弗里·蒂蒙斯.战略与商业机会.北京:华夏出版社,2002-119
[162]解进强.机遇决策过程及其影响因素研究:[博士学位论文].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2007
[163]卡斯特,罗森茨韦克.组织与管理:系统与权变的方法.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985
[164]柯蒂斯·卡尔森,威廉·威尔莫特.创新:变革时代的成长之道.蒋怡,黄水平译.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2007
[165]克莱顿.M·克里斯滕森等.远见--用变革理论预测产业未来.王强译.北京:商务印书馆,2006
[166]李敏,李涛.全球产业链中基于整合能力的中国制造企业价值增值路线研究.工业技术经济,2007,5:76
[167]李士勇等.非线性科学与复杂性科学.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2006.10
[168]李霞等.企业系统的复杂性及其分形管理.商场现代化,2006,2:150-151
[169]李显君.国富之源--企业竞争力.北京:企业管理出版社,2002.38
[170]李兴旺.动态能力理论的操作化研究:识别、架构与形成机制.北京:经济科学出版社,2006.115
[171]李业.企业持续成长的战略研究.[博士学位论文].广州:华南理工大学,2000
[172]理查德·L·达夫特.组织理论与设计精要.李维安等译.北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[173]刘刚.企业的异质性假设--对企业本质和行为的演化经济学解释.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.70-71
[174]刘海建,陈松涛,陈传明.企业核心能力的刚性特征及其超越.中国上业经济,2003,11:47-54
[175]刘益,李垣,汪应洛.柔性战略的理论、分析方法及其应用.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005
[176]吕巍,蒋青云.“企业成长上限”及其突破.中国工业经济,1997,3:47-51
[177]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997
[178]苗莉.创业视角的企业持续成长问题研究.[博士学位论文].大连:东北财经大学,2005
[179]米红,张文璋.实用现代统计分析方法与SPSS应用.北京:当代中国出版社,2000
[180]普里高津.从混沌到有序.上海:上海译文出版社,1980
[181]祁顺生.归核化战略.上海:复旦大学出版社,2002.6-7
[182]齐庆祝,杜纲.企业竞争优势之源的理论评述.天津大学学报(社会科学版),2004,4:133-137
[183]芮明杰.知识型企业成长与创新.上海:上海人民出版社,2006.73
[184]芮明杰.中国企业的发展战略选择.上海:复旦大学出版社,2000:2-3
[185]沙伦·奥斯特(Sharon M.Oster).现代竞争分析(第三版).张志奇等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.102
[186]沈小峰.混沌初开--自组织理论的哲学探索.北京:北京师范大学出版社,1993.349-350
[187]斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯.管理学(第四版).黄卫伟等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1996.66
[188]谈曼延.论机遇:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中师范大学,2002
[189]唐纳德·索尔等.如何提升公司核心竞争力.包刚升编译.北京:企业管理出版社,2000
[190]万伦来,达庆利.企业柔性的本质及其构建策略.管理科学学报,2003,6(2):89-94
[191]江良军.企业成长与企业家活动分析--兼论企业成长的路径依赖及其超越.北京:经济科学出版社,2006.65
[192]王国顺.企业理论:能力理论.北京:中国经济出版社,2005.36
[193]王洪运,叶建木.能力刚性、动态环境与企业发展战略路径选择.科技进步与对策,2005,4:123-125
[194]王建民.管理创新过程中的机遇管理.北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,6(1):28-33
[195]王锡秋.企业能力战略:基于顾客价值经营竞争优势.北京:东方出版社,2006.121
[196]王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.3-4
[197]王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.4-11
[198]王永贵等.对组织学习、核心竞争能力、战略柔性与企业竞争绩效的理论剖析与实证研究--探索中国企业增强动态竞争优势之路.南开管理评论,2003,4:54-80
[199]王玉.企业进化的战略研究.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1997.211-215
[200]魏宏森.系统论--系统科学哲学.北京:清华大学出版社,1995
[201]邬爱其,贾生华.国外企业成长理论研究框架探析.外国经济与管理,2002,12:2-23
[202]邬爱其,贾生华.企业成长机制理论研究综述.科研管理,2007,3:53-58
[203]邬爱其.集群企业网络化成长研究--对浙江三个产业集群的实证研究.[博士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2004
[204]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务.北京:中国铁道出版社,2000
[205]吴正刚等.复杂环境下企业能力演化机理研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2004,9:119-123
[206]小艾尔弗雷德·钱德勒.规模与范围:工业资本主义的原动力.张逸人等译.北京:华夏出版社,2006
[207]休·考特尼等.不确定性管理.北京新华信商业风险管理有限责任公司译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000
[208]许晓明,徐震.基于资源基础观的企业成长理论探讨.研究与发展管理,2005,4:91-98
[209]闫敏.企业系统演化复杂性与企业发展问题研究.[博士学位论文].长春:吉林大学,2004
[210]杨瑞龙,刘刚.不确定性和企业理论的演化.江苏社会科学,2001,3:1-9
[211]杨永恒.动态环境下的企业成长战略探讨.南开管理评论,2001,4:15-19
[212]伊·普利高津,伊·斯唐热.从混沌到有序.上海:上海译文出版社,1987.225
[213]伊查克·麦迪思.企业生命周期.赵睿等译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997
[214]伊迪丝·彭罗斯.企业成长理论.赵晓译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007
[215]游达明.基于知识的企业动态竞争优势构建理论与方法研究.[博士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2004
[216]余伟萍.基于能力组合模型的企业持续发展研究.[博士学位论文].成都:四川大学,2004
[217]郁义鸿.企业的性质:能力理论的阐述.经济科学,2001,6:92
[218]袁安照,余光胜.现代企业组织创新.太原:山西经济出版社,1998.8
[219]臧云鹏,贾鹏云.顶级歧途.北京:中华工商联合出版社,2002.5-9
[220]邹昭晞.企业战略分析.北京:经济管理出版社,2001.52
[221]詹姆斯·弗·穆尔.竞争的衰亡:商业生态系统时代的领导与战略.梁骏,杨飞雪,李丽娜译.北京:北京出版社,1999:57-70
[222]张多中.关于企业成长的动力与条件分析.首都经济贸易大学学报,2003,6:73-76
[223]张建东,项保华.SWOT的缺陷.企业管理,2005,1:44-47
[224]张建东.企业动态能力与跨期绩效关系研究.[博士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2005
[225]张书军.企业经营原因不明中的企业家能力.南开管理评论,2002,5(6):23-27
[226]张玉利,李华晶.企业成长异质性分析--以蒙、鲁、粤三省区上市公司为例.2005,6:94-100
[227]张玉利.企业成长的非对称性问题.首都经济贸易大学学报,2004,6:11-14
[228]张玉利.企业家型企业的创业与快速成长.天津:南开大学出版社,2003
[229]赵定涛,雷明.动态环境下企业持续成长的模型与构建.管理科学,2006,2
[230]中国现代企业文化研究会.中国领先企业金皮书(3)联想的核心经营.北京:中国档案出版社,2002.213
[231]钟宏武,徐全军.国内外现代企业成长理论研究现状比较.经济管理,2006,1:39-43
[232]周晓东,项保华.复杂动态环境、动态能力及战略与环境的匹配关系.经济管理·新管理,2003,20:12-18
[233]朱·弗登伯格,戴维·K·莱文.博弈学习理论.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004
2 Teresko J.Managing innovation for 150 years.Industry Week.December 15,1997
3 王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.12
4 彼得·德鲁克.知识管理.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999
5 张书军.企业经营原因不明中的企业家能力.南开管理评论,2002,5(6):23-27
6 不同的社会主体均面临机遇,鉴于本文所关心的重点是企业的成长问题,故本文论述的机遇均指企业所面临的机遇
7 转引自黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005:1-2
8 吉姆·柯林斯,杰里·波勒斯.基业长青.真如译.北京:中信出版社,2002.10
9 加里·哈梅尔,CK普拉哈拉德.竞争大未来.王振西译.北京:昆仑出版社,1998.33
10 王革,吴练达,张亚辉.企业战略管理研究展望.科学学与科学技术管理.2004,1:101～105
11 Mu eller D C.The Persistence of Profits Above the Norm.Economica,44,1977:369-380
12 刘刚.企业的异质性假设--对企业本质和行为的演化经济学解释.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.70-71
14 吉姆·柯林斯,杰里·波勒斯.基业长青.真如译.北京:中信出版社,2002
15 伊迪丝·彭罗斯.企业成长理论.赵晓译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007
16 伊查克·麦迪思.企业生命周期.赵睿等译.中国社会科学出版社,1997
17 理查德 L 达夫特.组织理论与设计精要.李维安等译.北京:机械工业出版社,1999
18 Burns T,Stalkcr G M.The Management of Innovation.London:Tavistock,1961
19 Luthans F.The Contingency Theory of Management:A Path out of the Jungle.Business Horizons.16(June),1973
20 Drazin R,Van de Ven A H.Alternative Forms of Fit in Contingency Theory.Administrative Science Quarterly.Vol 30,1985
21 Lawrence P R,Lorsch J W.Organization and Environment:Managing Differentiation and Integration.Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1986
22 Lawrence Paul R.The contingency Approach to Organization Design.In:Handbook of Organizational Behavior.Robert T Golembiewski,eds.New York:Dekker,1993.9-18
23 Suchman,Mark.Managing legitimacy:Strategic and institutional approaches.Academy of Management Review.20,1995.574
24 DiMaggio Paul J,Powell Walter W.The Iron Cage Revisited:Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organization Field.American Sociological Review.48,1983.147-160
25 Oliver Christine.Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes.Academy of Management Review.16,1991.145-179
26 Han Shin Cap.Mimetic Isomorphism and Its Effect on the Audit Service Market.Social Forces 73,1994.637-663
27 Kondra Alex Z,Hinings C R.Organizational Diversity and Change in Institutional Theory.Orrtanization Studies.Vol 19,Issue 5,1998.743-767
28 Hannah M T,Freeman J.The Population Ecology of Organizations.American Journal of Sociology.Vol 82,Issue 5,Mar,1977.929-964
29 Harman M T,Freeman J.Structural Inertia and Organizational Change.American Sociological Review.49,1984.149-164
30 Pfeffer J,Salancik C R.The External Control of Organizations:A Resource Dependence Perspective.New York:Harper&Row,1978.222
31 Aldrich H,Pfeffer J.Environments of Organizations.In:A Inkeles J,Coleman and N Smelser,eds.Annual Review of Sociology.Palo Alto CA:Annual Review Inc,1976.93
32 Child J.Organizational Structure,Environment and Performance:the Role of Strategic Choice.Sociology.Vol 6,1972.1-22
33 Child J.Structural Choice in the Analysis of Action,Structure,Organizations and Environment:Retrospect and Prospect.Organization Studies.18/1,1997.43-76
34 Moor J F.Predators and Prey:ANew Ecology of Competition.Harvard Business Review.May-June,1993.75-86
35 詹姆斯·弗·穆尔.竞争的衰亡:商业生态系统时代的领导与战略.梁骏,杨飞雪,李丽娜译.北京:北京出版社,1999:69-70
36 Iansiti M,Levien R.Strategy as Ecology.Harvard Business Review.Mar,Vol 82,Issue 3,2004.68-78
37 费显政.企业与环境互动关系研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉大学,2005
38 Young R C.Is Population Ecology a Useful Paradigm for the Study of Organization? American Journal of Sociology.Volume 94,Number 1(July),1988.1-24
39 详见黄津孚.机遇和机会的语义学比较及经营决策.福建论坛(人文社会科学版),2006,11
40 谈曼延.论机遇:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中师范大学,2002
41 房良钧.机遇论.天津:天津社会科学院出版社,2003.16-43
42 解进强.机遇决策过程及其影响因素研究:[博士学位论文].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2007
43 转引自张建东,项保华.SWOT的缺陷.企业管理,2005,1
44 菲利普·科特勒.市场营销管理.郭国庆等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997.77
45 Kirzner I M.Creativity and/or alertness:a reconsideration of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur.Review of Austrian Economics.11,1999.5-17
46 方世建等.创业过程中的企业家机会发现研究.外国经济与管理,2006,12:19-20
47 杰弗里·蒂蒙斯.战略与商业机会.北京:华夏出版社,2002.119
48 黄学忠.企业经营机会.中国财政经济出版社,1998,7:43～59
49 房良钧.机遇论.天津社会科学院出版社,2003,6:29-46
50 黄津孚.机遇管理:跨世纪的管理学课题.首都经济贸易大学学报,1999,1
51 黄津孚.机遇管理与我国企业发展机遇分析.管理世界,2001,5
52 Emery F,Trist E.The causal texture of organizational environment.Human Relations,1965.124-151
53 阿尔文·托夫勒.适应变革的企业.北京:世界知识出版社,1987
54 有学者称之为稳定性(stable)(Thompson,1967)、静态-动态性(Static-dynamic)(Duncan,1972)
55 有学者称之为同质性(homogeneous)(Thompson,1967)、差异性(diversity)(Lawrence&Lorsch,1967)、简单-复杂性(simple-complex)(Duncan,1972)
56 有学者称之为资源依赖性(Resource Depende ncy)(Daft,2002)
57 Duncan R B.Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty.Administrative Science Quarterly,Vol.17(3),1972.313-327
58 周晓东,项保华.复杂动态环境、动态能力及战略与环境的匹配关系.经济管理·新管理,2003,20
59 Brockhoff K,Chakrabarti A K.R&D-Marketing Linkage and Innovation Strategy:Some West German Experience.IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.35(3),1988.167-174
60 周晓东,项保华.复杂动态环境、动态能力及战略与环境的匹配关系.经济管理.新管理,2003,20
61 王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.3-4
62 Whitttngton R,Environmental structure and theories of choice.Journal of Management Studies.25s,1988.521-536
63 Hambrick D,Finkelstein S.Menagerial Discretion:a bridge between polar views of organizational outcomes.In:Cummings L,Staw B,eds.Research in organizational Behavior.London:JAI Press,Vol 9,1987
64 Hambrick D,Manson P.Upper echelons:the organization as a reflection of its top managers.Academy of Management Review.9,1984.183-206
65 Hannan M T,Freeman J.The population ecology of organizations.American Journal of Sociology.82,1977.929-984
66 Khandwalla P.Design of Organizatians.New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch,1977
67 Minzberg H.The Structuring of Organizations.Englewood Cliifs:Printice-Hall,1979
68 Bennis W.Organizational Developments and the Fate of Bureaucracy.Industrial Management Review.Spring,Vol 7,Issue 2,1966.41-55
69 Kondra A Z,Hinings C R.Organizational Diversity and Change in Institutional Theory.Organization Studies.Vol 19,Issue 5,1998.743-767
70 王玉.企业进化的战略研究.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1997.211-215
71 Bennis W.Organizational Developments and the Fate of Bureaucracy.Industrial Management Review.Spring,Vol 7,Issue 2,1966.41-55
72 Daft R L.Organization Theory and Design.6~(th) ed.Cincinnati:Southwestern College Publishing,1998.87-90
73 Hannan M T,Freeman J.The population ecology of organizations.American Journal of Sociology.82,1977
74 Minzberg H.The Structuring of Organizations.Englewood Cliifs,NJ:Printice-Hall,1979.327
75 Khandwalla P.Design of Organizatians.New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch,1977.334
76 Emily B.A study of impact of environmental uncertainty on franchise systems:the case of patrol retailing in the UK.The Journal of Consumer Marketing,16,1999.183-184
77 Hannan M T,Freeman J.The population ecology of organizations.American Journal of Sociology,82,1977.929-984
78 李霞等.企业系统的复杂性及其分形管理.商场现代化,2006,2
79 黄津孚.现代企业管理原理(修订第五版).北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2007.35
80 普里高津.从混沌到有序.上海:尔海译文出版社,1980
81 李士勇等.非线性科学与复杂性科学.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2006.10
82 亨利·明茨伯格,布鲁斯·阿尔斯特兰德,约瑟夫·兰佩尔.战略历程:纵览战略管理学派.刘瑞红,徐佳宾,郭武文译.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.196
83 Stoner A F J.Management.Englewood Cliffs:Prentice Hall,1978.105-106
84 Bedian A G,Zammuto R F.Organizations:theory and design.The Dryden Press,1991
85 Duncan R,Holberk J.Innovations and Organizations.New York:Wiley,1973.131
86 亨利·明茨伯格,布鲁斯·阿尔斯特兰德,约瑟夫·兰佩尔.战略历程:纵览战略管理学派.刘瑞红,徐佳宾,郭武文译.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.201
87 Hambrick D C.Environmental scanning and organizational strategy.Strategic Management Journal,3(2),1982.159-174
88 Daft R L,et al.Chief executive scanning environmental characteristics,and company performance:an empirical study.Strategic Management Journal,9(3),1988.123-139
89 李士勇等.非线性科学与复杂性科学.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2006.149-159
90 黄津孚.企业发展与创新.中国工业经济,1999,7
91 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典(第五版).北京:商务印书馆,2005.1237
92 德鲁克(Drucker PE).巨变时代的管理.朱雁斌译.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.33-34
93 Dierickx I,Cool K.Asset stock accumulation and the sustainability of competitive advantage.Management science,35(12),1989:1504-1511
94 A mit R,Schoemake r P J H.Strategy assets and organizational rent.Strategic Management Journal,14(1),1993:33-46
95 Leonard-Barton D.Core capabilities and core rigidities:A paradox in managing new product development.Strategic Management Journal,13,1992,111-125
96 Nelson R R,Winter S G.An evolutionary theory of e onomic change.Cambridge Mass:Harvard Business Press,1982
97 刘海建,陈松涛,陈传明.企业核心能力的刚性特征及其超越.中国工业经济,2003,11:47-54
98 唐纳德·索尔等.如何提升公司核心竞争力.包刚升编译.北京:企业管理出版社,2000
99 Porter M E,What is strategy? Harvard Business Review,Nov/Dec,1996
100 朱·弗登伯格,戴维K莱文.博弈学习理论.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004,2
101 转引自汪良军.企业成长与企业家活动分析--兼论企业成长的路径依赖及其超越.北京:经济科学出版社,2006,65
102 黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.28
103 沈小峰.混沌初开--自组织理论的哲学探索.北京:北京师范大学出版社,1993.349-350
104 伊·普利高津,伊·斯唐热.从混沌到有序.上海:上海译文出版社,1987.225
105 弗兰克·H·奈特.风险、不确定件与利润.北京:商务印书馆,2006.31-35
106 Duncan R B.Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty.Administrative Science Quarterly,Vol.17(3),1972:313-327
107 斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯.管理学(第四版).黄卫伟等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1996.66
108 Courtney H,Kirkland J,Viguerie P.Strategy under uncertainty.Harvard Business Review,November-December,1997.67-79
109 典型行业分析均指国内行业,以下同。
110 这两种环境形式相似,故放在一起讨论。
111 Courtney H,Kirkland J,Viguerie P.Strategy under uncertainty.Harvard Business Review,November-December,1997.67-79
112 Courtney H,Kirkland J,Viguerie P.Strategy under uncertainty.Harvard Business Review,November-December,1997.67-79
113 Courtney H,Kirkland J,Viguerie P.Strategy under uncertainty.Harvard Business Review,November-December,1997.67-79
114 斯带芬·P·罗宾斯.管理学(第四版).黄卫伟等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1996.P66
115 Bedian AG,Zammuto R F.Organizations:theory and design.The Dryden Press,1991
116 赵定涛,雷明.动态环境下企业持续成长的模型与构建.管理科学,2006,2
117 黄津孚.机遇、竞争力与企业成长.经济与管理研究,2004,6
118 张玉利.企业成长的非对称性问题.首都经济贸易大学学报,2004,6:11-14
119 亨克·傅博达.创建柔性企业--如何保持竞争优势.项国鹏译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.181
120 王水贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.4-11
121 邹昭晞.企业战略分析.北京:经济管理出版社,2001.52
122 系统处于平衡态或稳定态时,称系统处于一定的势阱中。
124 黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.22
125 黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005
126 黄津孚.现代管理公需教材(第二章:机遇管理).北京:企业管理出版社,2006
127 所谓门槛,就是指企业进入某个领域所必须具备的最低要求。
128 黄津孚.现代管理公需教材(第二章:机遇管理).北京:企业管理出版社,2006
129黄津孚.营造机遇理论模型及应用.经济与管理研究,2007,2:80-83
130 Chamberlin E.The Theory of Monopolistic Competition.Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1939
131 Hofer C W,Schendel D.Strategy Formulation:Analytic Concepts.St.Paul,MN:West,1978
132 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.2
133 H ao M.Anatomy of competitive advantage:a select framework.Management Decision,37,1999:709-715
134 Barney J B.Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.Journal of Management 17,1991:102
135 戴维·贝赞可,戴维·德雷诺夫,马克·尚利.公司战略经济学.北京大学出版社,1999:372
136 Thompson A A,S trickland Ⅲ A J.Strategic Management:Concept and Cases(10~(th) ed.).New York:McGraw-Hill,1998.125
137 Demsetz H.Why Regulate Utilities? Journal of Law and Economics,11,1968:55-65
138 Baumol W J,J C Panzar,R D Willing.Contestable Market and The Theory of Industry Structure.New York:Hancourt Brace Jovanovich,1982
139 李显君.国富之源--企业竞争力.北京:企业管理出版社,2002:38
140 杰恩·巴尼.获得与保持竞争优势.王俊杰等译.北京:清华大学出版社,2003,26-28
141 Christine Oliver.Sustainable competitive advantage combing institutional and resource-based views.Strategic Management Journal,18,1997:697-713
142 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997:2
143 Porter M E.Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy.Strategic Management Journal,12,1991:101
144 齐庆祝,杜纲.企业竞争优势之源的理论评述.天津大学学报(社会科学版),2004,4:133-137
145 胡大立.企业竞争力决定因素及其形成机理分析.北京:经济管理出版社,2004:103-104
146 Peteraf M A.The cornerstones of competitive advantage..A resource-based view.Strategic Management Journal,14,1993:179-191
147 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.101
148 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.105-115
149 沙伦·奥斯特.现代竞争分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.129
150 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.127
151 Stalk G J.Time:The Next Source of Competitive Advantage.Harvard Business Review,July-August,1988.37
152 Vinton D E.A New Look at Time,Speedand The Manager.Academy of Management Executive,6,1992.9
153 杰恩·巴尼.获得与保持竞争优势.王俊杰等译.北京:清华大学出版社,200 3.155-170
154 Barney J.Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.Journal of Management,Vol.17(1),1991:112
155 王国顺.企业理论:能力理论.北京:中国经济出版社,200 5.29-30
156 转引自沙伦·奥斯特.现代竞争分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,200 4.148-149
157 加里·哈梅尔,C K普拉哈拉德.竞争大未来.王震西译.北京:昆仑出版社,1998.226
158 王锡秋.企业能力战略:基于顾客价值经营竞争优势.北京:东方出版社,200 6.121
159 阿玛尔·毕海德(A mar V Bhide).新企业的起源与演进.魏如山,马志英译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.40
160 德鲁克(Drucker P F).巨变时代的管理.朱雁斌译.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.105
161 王国顺.企业理论:能力理论.北京:中国经济出版社,2005.68
162 彼得·德鲁克.成果管理.童新耕译.上海:上海译文出版社,1999.98
163 芮明杰.知识型企业成长与创新.上海:上海人民出版社,2006.73
164 彼得·德鲁克.成果管理.童新耕译.上海:上海译文出版社,1999.5
165 芮明杰.知识型企业成长与创新.上海:上海人民出版社,2006.79
166 Nelson R R,Winter S G.An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.Harvard University Press,1982
167 Rumelt R P.Inertia and transformation.In:Montgomery C A,eds.Resource-based and evolutionary approaches to the firm.Boston:Kluwer,1995
168 转引自袁安照,余光胜.现代企业组织创新.太原:山西经济出版社,1998.8
169 转引自杜因.经济长波与创新.上海:上海译文出版社,1993.104
170 Robbins S Pand,M Cultar.Management,5th ed.Englewood Cliff N J:Prentice-Hal,1996.444
171 德鲁克(Drucker P F).巨变时代的管理.朱雁斌译.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.105
172 德鲁克(Drucker P F).创新与企业家精神(中英文双语典藏版).蔡文燕译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.27-30
173 德鲁克(Drucker P F).创新与企业家精神(中英义双语典藏版).蔡文燕译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.31-32、224
174 王建民.管理创新过程中的机遇管理.北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,6(1):28-33
175 德鲁克(Drucker P F).创新与企业家精神(中英文双语典藏版).蔡文燕译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.124-125
176 黄津孚,庞联东.企业发展潜力--评价、分析与挖掘、提升.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.242-248
177 Anhur A.Thompson and A.J.Strickland.战略管理.段盛华等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2004.232
178 祁顺生.归核化战略.上海:复旦大学出版社,200 2.6-7
179 李兴旺.动态能力理论的操作化研究:识别、架构与形成机制.北京:经济科学出版社,2006.115
180 刘海建、陈松涛和陈传明.企业核心能力的刚性特征及其超越.中国工业经济,2003,11
181 Kahneman D,Tversky A.Choice,Values and Frames.American Psychologist,39,1984:341-350
182 Schoemaker P J H,Choices Involving Uncertain Probabilities:Tests of Generalized Utility Models.Journal of Economic and Organizational Behavior,16,1999.295-317
183 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.37
184 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.36-53
185 黄津孚.现代企业管理原理(修订第五版).北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2007.71-72
186 黄津孚.中国企业管理改革.北京:北京经济学院出版社,1988.53-55
187 郁义鸿.企业的性质:能力理论的阐述.经济科学,2001,6:92
188 黄津孚(2005)认为,能力可以理解为个人或组织所具有的可将一种资源形成另一种资源,或将资源转化为社会财富的作用力。
189 Danny Miller.The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firm.Management Science,29,1983
190 贺小刚.企业家能力、组织能力与企业绩效.上海:上海财经大学出版社,200 6.75-77
191 贺小刚.企业家能力、组织能力与企业绩效.上海:上海财经大学出版社,200 6.95
192 亨克·傅博达.创建柔性企业:如何保持竞争优势.项国鹏译.人民邮电出版社,200 5.11-17
193 Mandelbaum M.Flexibility in Decision Making:[Ph D Dissertation].Canada:University of Toronto,1978
194 Upton D.The management of manufacturing flexibility.California Management review,winter 1994.72-89
195 Burnes T,Stalker G M.The Management of Innovation.London:Tailstock Publications,1961
196 Schilling M A,Steensma H K.The use of modular organizational forms:an industry-level analysis.Academy of Management Journal,44,2001.1149-1168
197 水贵等.对组织学习、核心竞争能力、战略柔性与企业竞争绩效的理论剖析与实证研究--探索中国企业增强动态竞争优势之路.南开管理计论,2003,4:54-80
198 万伦来,达庆利.企业柔性的本质及其构建策略.管理科学学报,200 3,6(2),89-94
199 侯玉莲,王迎军.战略柔性的内涵界定与分类.经济管理.新管理,2003,14,28-32
200 李敏,李涛.全球产业链中基于整合能力的中国制造企业价值增值路线研究.工业技术经济,2007,5,76
201 转引自王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.231
202 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.北京:华夏出版社,1997.324-336
203 古姆·柯林斯,杰里·波勒斯.基业长青.真如译.北京:中信出版社,2002.231
211 臧云鹏,贾鹏云.顶级歧途.北京:中华工商联合出版社,2002.5-9
212 黄津乎.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.39-40
213 中国现代企业文化研究会.中国领先企业金皮书(3)联想的核心经营.北京:中国档案出版社,2002.213
214 黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.196
215 Jaime Roquebert et al,Market vs.Management:What"Drives"Profitability? Strategy Management Journal,Vol 17(8),1996
216 沙伦·奥斯特.现代竞争分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,200 4.129
217 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997.127
218 王国顺.企业理论:能力理论.北京:中国经济出版社,2005.29-30
220 Baldwin C,Clark K B.Managing in an age of modularity.Harward Business Review,September-October,1997
221 王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,200 3:177-178
[1]Aldrich H E,Pfeffer J.Environments of Organizations.In:A Inkeles,J Coleman and N Smelser,eds.Annual Review of Sociology.Palo Alto CA:Annual Review Inc,1976.79-105
[2]Alvarez S A,Busenitz LW.The Entrepreneurship of Resource-based Theory.Journal of Management,Vol.27(6),2001:755-775
[3]Amit R,Schoemaker P J H.Strategy Assets and Organizational Rent.Strategic Management Journal,Vol.14(1),1993:33-46
[4]Anderson P et al.Introduction to the Special Issue:Applications of Complexity Theory to Organization Science.Organization Science,Vol.10(3),1999:233-236.
[5]Andriani P.Diversity,Knowledge and Complexity Theory:Some Introductory Issues.International Journal of Innovation Management,Vol.5(2),June 2001:257-274
[6]Ansoff H I.Corporate Strategy:An Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion.New York:McGraw-Hill,1965
[7]Ardishvili A,Cardozo S,Harmon S,Vadakath S.Towards a Theory of New Venture Growth.Paper presented at the 1998 Babson Entrepreneurship Research Conference.Ghent,Belgium,1998
[8]Baldwin C,Clark K B.Managing in an Age of Modularity.Harward Business Review,September-October,1997
[9]Barney J.Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.Journal of Management,Vol.17(1),1991:99-120
[10]Barney J.Resource-based Theories of Competitive Advantage:A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view.Journal of Management,Vol.27(6),2001:643-650
[11]Baron R A.Opportunity Recognition as Pattern Recognition:How Entrepreneurs "Connect the Dots" to Identify New Business Opportunities.Academy of Management Perspectives,Vol.20(1),2006:104-119
[12]Baron R M,Kenny D A.The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research:Conceptual,strategic,and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,Vol.51(6),1986:1173-1182
[13]Baumol W J,Panzar J C,Willing R D.Contestable Market and the Theory of Industry Structure.New York:Hancourt,Brace & Jovanovich,1982
[14]Baumol W J.On Entrepreneurship,Growth and Rent-Seeking:Henry George Updated.American Economist,Vol.48,2004
[15]Bedian A G,Zammuto R F.Organizations:Theory and Design.Dryden Press,1991
[16]Bennis W G.Organizational Developments and the Fate of Bureaucracy.Industrial Management Review.Vol.7(2),1966:41-55
[17]Bennis W G.Organizational Developments and the Fate of Bureaucracy.New York:McGraw-Hill,1970
[18]Bergh D D.Product-Market Uncertainty,Portfolio Restructuring and Performance:An Information-processing and Resource-Based View.Journal of Management,Vol.24(2),1998:135-155
[19] Boyle E. A Study of Impact of Environmental Uncertainty on Franchise Systems: the Case of Patrol Retailing in the UK. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16, 1999: 183-184
[20] Brockhoff K, Chakrabarti A K. R&D-Marketing Linkage and Innovation Strategy: Some West German Experience. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 35(3), 1988: 167— 174
[21] Burgelman R A. Intraorganizational Ecology of Strategy Making and Organizaitonal Adaptation: Theory and Field Research, Organization Science, 2 (3), 1991, 239—262
[22] BurnesT, Stalker G M. The Management of Innovation. London: Tailstock Publications, 1961
[23] Burns T, Stalkcr G M. The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock, 1961
[24] Castanias R P, Helfat C E. Managerial Resources and Rents. Journal of Management, Vol.17 (1), 1991: 155-171
[25] Calantone R J, Cavusgil S T, Zhao Y. Industrial Marketing Management. Vol.31, Issue 6, September 2002: 515—524
[26] Chamberlin E. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1939
[27] Child J. Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: the Role of Strategic Choice. Sociology. Vol.6, 1972: 1—22
[28] Child J. Structural Choice in the Analysis of Action, Structure, Organizations and Environment: Retrospect and Prospect. Organization Studies. Vol.18 (1), 1997: 43—76
[29] Christensen CM, Overdorf M. Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change. Harvard Business Review, March-April, 2000: 66-76
[30] Comrey A L. A First Course in Factor Analysis. New York: Academic Press, 1973
[31] Courtney H, KirklandJ, Viguerie P. Strategy Under Uncertainty. Harvard Business Review, November-December, 1997
[32] Daft R L, et al. Chief Executive Scanning Environmental Characteristics, and Company Performance: an Empirical Study. Strategic Management Journal, Vol.9 (3), 1988: 123 — 139
[33] Daft R L. Organization Theory and Design. 6th ed. Cincinnati: Southwestern College Publishing, 1998. 87-90
[34] Davidsson P, Klofsten M. The Business Platform: Developing an Instrument to Gauge and to Assist the Development of Young Firms. Journal of Small Business Management, Vol.41 (1), 2003: 1-26
[35] Demsetz H. Why Regulate Utilities? Journal of Law and Economics, 11, 1968: 55—65
[36] Delmar F. Measuring Growth: Methological considerations and empirical results. In: Donckels R, Miettinen A, (Eds). Entrepreneurship and SME Research: On its Way to the Next Millenium, 1997: 199-216
[37] Dierickx I, Cool K. Asset Stock Accumulation and the Sustainability of Competitive Advantage. Management Science, Vol.35 (12), 1989: 1504—1511
[38] DiMaggio P J, Powell W W. The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organization Field. American Sociological Review. Vol.48, 1983: 147—160
[39] Drazin R, Van de Ven A H. Alternative Forms of Fit in Contingency Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 30 (4), 1985: 514-539
[40] Duncan R B, HolberkJ. Innovations and Organizations. New York: Wiley, 1973. 131
[41] Duncan R B. Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 17 (3), 1972: 313—327
[42] Eisenhardt K M, Martin J A. Dynamic Capabilities: What Are They?Strategic Management Journal, Vol.21 (10-11) , 2000: 1105-1121
[43] Emery F, TrisE t. The Causal Texture of Organizational Environment. Human Relations, 1965. 124-151
[44] Evans D S. Tests of Alternative Theories of Firm Growth. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.95 (4), 1987: 657-674
[45] Garnsey E, Stam E, Heffernan P. New Firm Growth: Exploring Processes and Paths. Industry and Innovation, Vol.13 (1), 2006: 1—20
[46] Hambrick D C, Mason P A. Upper Echelons: the Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers. The Academy of Management Review. Vol.9 (2), 1984: 193—206
[47] Hambrick D C. Environmental Scanning and Organizational Strategy. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 3(2), 1982. 159-174
[48] Hambrick D, Finkelstein S. Menagerial Discretion: a Bridge Between Polar Views of Organizational Outcomes. In: Cummings L, Staw B, eds. Research in organizational Behavior. London: JAI Press, Vol.9, 1987
[49] Han S K. Mimetic Isomorphism and Its Effect on the Audit Service Market. Social Forces, Vol. 73 (2), 1994: 637-664
[50] Hannan M T, Freeman J. The Population Ecology of Organizations. American Journal of Sociology. Vol.82 (5), 1977: 929-964
[51] Harman M T, Freeman J. Structural Inertia and Organizational Change. American Sociological Review, Vol.49 (2), 1984: 149-164
[52] Hawley A H. Human Ecology. In: David L Sills, eds. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan, 1968. 330
[53] Hofer C W, Schendel D. Strategy Formulation: Analytic Concepts. St. Paul, MN: West, 1978. 25
[54] Hugh Courtney, Jane Kirkland, Patrick Viguerie. Strategy Under Uncertainty. Harvard Business Review, November-December, 1997: 67—79
[55] Iansiti M, Levien R. Strategy as Ecology. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 82(3), 2004: 68— 78
[56] Kahneman D, Tversky A. Choice, Values and Frames. American Psychologist, Vol. 39(4), 1984: 341-350
[57] Khandwalla P N. Design of Organizatians. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, 1977. 334
[58] Kirzner IM . Creativity and/or Alertness : A Reconsideration of the Schumpeterian Entrepreneur. Review of Austrian Economics. Vol.11 (1-2), 1999: 5—17
[59] Kondra Alex , Hinings CR . Organizational Diversity and Change in Institutional Theory. Orrtanization Studies. Vol.19 (5), 1998: 743—767
[60] Kor Y Y, Mahoney J T. Penrose's Resource-based Approach: the Process and Product of Research Creativity. Journal of Management Studies, 37, 2000: 109—139
[61] Larson A L, Teisberg E O, Johnson R R. Sustainable Business: Opportunity and Value Creation. Vol.30 (3), 2000: 1-12
[62] Lawrence P R, Lorsch J W. Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1986
[63] Lawrence P R. The Contingency Approach to Organization Design. In: Handbook of Organizational Behavior. Robert T Golembiewski, eds. New York: Dekker, 1993. 9—18
[64] Leonard-Barton D. Core Capabilities and Core Rigidities-. A Paradox in Managing New Product Development. Strategic Management Journal, Vol 13, 1992: 111 —125
[65] Loasby B J. Time, Knowledge and Evolutionary Dynamics: Why Connections Matter. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol.11 (4), 2001: 393-412
[66] Luthans F. The Contingency Theory of Management: A Path out of the Jungle. Business Horizons. Vol. 16(3), 1973: 67-72
[67] Ma H. Anatomy of Competitive Advantage: a Select Framework. Management Decision, Vol. 37 (9) , 1999: 709-718
[68] Macpherson A, Jones O, Zhang M. Evolution or Revolution? Dynamic Capabilities in a Knowledge-dependent Firm. R&D Management, Vol.34 (2), 2004: 161 — 177
[69] Mandelbaum M. Flexibility in Decision Making: [Ph D Dissertation]. Canada: University of Toronto, 1978
[70] Markides C, Williamson J. Related Diversification, Core Competence and Corporate Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 1994: 77—110
[71] Mazzucato M. Risk, Variety and Volatifity: Growth, Innovation and Stock Prices in Early Industry Evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol.13, 2003: 491—512
[72] Miller D. The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firm. Management Science, Vol. 29 (7), 1983: 770-791
[73] Minzberg H. The Structuring of Organizations. Englewood Cliifs, NJ: Printice-Hall, 1979. 327
[74] Moor J F. Predators and Prey: A New Ecology of Competition. Harvard Business Review. May-June, 1993: 75-86
[75] Morel B, Ramanujam R. Through the Looking Glass of Complexity: The Dynamics of Organizations as Adaptive and Evolving Systems. Organization Science, Vol. 10 (3), 1999: 278-293
[76] Mueller D C. The Persistence of Profits Above the Norm. Economica, Vol.44 (176), 1977: 369-380
[77] Nelson R R, Winter S G. An evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge Mass: Harvard Business Press, 1982
[78] Neter J, Kutner M H, Nachtsheim C J, Wassermann W. Applied Linear Statistical Models(fourth edition). Boston: Irwin Publishers, 1996
[79] Nonaka I. A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. Organization Science, Vol.5 (1), 1994: 14-37
[80] Nunnally J C. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill, 1978
[81] O'Brien T C, Fadem T J. Identifying New Business Opportunities. Research-Technology Management, Vol.42 (5), 1999: 15-19
[82] Oliver C. Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16 (1), 1991: 145-179
[83] Oliver C. Sustainable Competitive Advantage Combing Institutional and Resource-based Views. Strategic Management Journal, Vol.18 (9), 1997: 697—713
[84] PenroseET. Limits to the Growth and Size of Firms. The American Economic Review, Vol.45 (2), 1955: 531-543
[85] Penrose E T. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Oxford: Blackwell, 1959
[86] Peteraf M A. The cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: a Resource-based View. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 1993: 179—191
[87] Pfeffer J, Salancik CR. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper&Row, 1978. 222
[88] Porter M E. Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, 1991: 101
[89] Porter M E. What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec, 1996
[90] Roquebert J A, Phillips R L, Westfal PA. Market vs. Management: What Drives" Profitability? Strategy Management Journal, Vol. 17 (8), 1996: 653—664
[91] Rumelt R P. Inertia and Transformation. In: Montgomery C A, eds. Resource-based and Evolutionary Approaches to the Firm. Boston: Kluwer, 1995
[92] Schilling M A, Steensma H K. The Use of Modular Organizational Forms: an Industry-level Analysis. Academy of Management Journal, Vol.44 (6), 2001: 1149—1168
[93] Schoemaker P J H. Choices Involving Uncertain Probabilities: Tests of Generalized Utility Models. Journal of Economic and Organizational Behavior, Vol.16, 1999: 295—317
[94] Shane S. Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities. Organization Science, Vol.11 (4), 2000: 448-469
[95] Baker W E , Sinkula J M, Noordewier T. A Framework for Market-Based Organizational Learning: Linking Values, Knowledge, and Behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol.25 (4), 1999: 305-318
[96] Baker W E, Sinkula J M. Learning Orientation, Market Orientation, and Innovation: Integrating and Extending Models of Organizational Performance. Journal of Market-Focused Management, 1999 Vol. 4 (4): 295-308
[97] Stalk G. Time: The Next Source of Competitive Advantage. Harvard Business Review, July-August, 1988: 41-51
[98] Stoner J A F. Management. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1978. 105—106
[99] Suchman M C. Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches. Academy of Management Review. Vol.20 (3), 1995: 571—610
[100] Teece D J, Pisano G, Shuen A. Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, Vol.18 (7), 1997: 509-533
[101] Thompson A A, Strickland Ⅲ A J. Strategic Management: Concept and Cases (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. 125
[102] Upton D. The Management of Manufacturing Flexibility. California Management Review, winter 1994: 72-89
[103] Vinton D E. A New Look at Time, Speedand The Manager. Academy of Management Executive, 6, 1992: 9
[104] Whitttngton R. Environmental Structure and Theories of Choice. Journal of Management Studies, 25, 1988: 521-536
[105] Young R C. Is Population Ecology a Useful Paradigm for the Study of Organization? American Journal of Sociology. Vol.94 (1), 1988: 1—24
[106] Zahra S A, Neubaum D O. Environmental Adversity and the Entrepreneurial Activities of New Ventures. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, vol.3 (2), 1998: 123—140
[107]H·哈肯.信息与自组织.成都:四川教育出版社,1988
[108]阿尔文·托大勒.适应变革的企业.北京:世界知识出版社,1987
[109]阿玛尔·毕海德.新企业的起源与演进.魏如山,马志英译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.40
[110]安妮塔·M·麦加恩.产业演变与企业战略:实现并保持佳绩的原则.孙选中译.北京:商务印书馆,2007
[111]艾米顿.知识经济的创新战略:智慧的觉醒.金周英等泽.北京:新华出版社,1998
[112]巴纳德.经理人员的职能.孙耀军译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997
[113]保罗·舒梅科.从不确定性中赢利.黄一义等译.昆明:云南人民出版社,2005
[114]贝塔朗菲.一股系统论--基础、发展和应用.北京:清华大学出版社,1987
[115]彼得·德鲁克.成果管理.童新耕译.上海:上海译文出版社,1999.98
[116]彼得·德鲁克.知识管理.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999
[117]陈传明.核心能力刚性、影响及其超越.现代管理科学,2002,12:3-5
[118]陈惠湘.突破拐点.北京:机械工业出版社,2006
[119]大卫·吕埃勒.机遇与混沌.刘式达,梁爽,李滇林译.上海:上海科技教育出版社,2001
[120]戴维·贝赞可,戴维·德雷诺夫,马克·尚利.公司战略经济学.北京:北京大学出版社,1999:372
[121]丹尼·米勒,伊莎贝尔·勒布雷顿·米勒.永续经营--杰出家族企业的生存法则.李维安,周建译.北京:商务印书馆,2006
[122]德鲁克.创新与企业家精神(中英文双语典藏版).蔡文燕译.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.27-30
[123]德鲁克.巨变时代的管理.朱雁斌译.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.105
[124]董俊武.企业的本质、性质与企业成长的理论研究.[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2004
[125]范·杜因.经济长波与创新.上海:上海译文出版社,1993.104
[126]方世建等.创业过程中的企业家机会发现研究.外国经济与管理,2006,12:19-20
[127]房良钧.机遇论.天津:天津社会科学院出版社,2003.16
[128]菲利普·科特勒.市场营销管理.郭国庆等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997.77
[129]费显政.企业与环境互动关系研究:[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉大学,2005
[130]冯德雄.企业适应性成长研究.[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学,2003
[131]弗兰克·H·奈特.风险、不确定性与利润.北京:商务印书馆,2006.31-35
[132]高哈特,凯利.企业蜕变.宋伟航译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006
[133]郭强,李霞.企业成长的演化机制分析.生产力研究,2006,2:222-223
[134]郭志刚.社会统计分析方法--SPSS软件应用(21世纪社会学系列教材).北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999
[135]贺小刚.企业家能力、组织能力与企业绩效.上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006
[136]贺小刚.企业家能力、组织能力与企业绩效.上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006.75-77
[137]赫伯特·A·西蒙.管理行为.詹正茂译.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[138]亨克·傅博达.创建柔性企业:如何保持竞争优势.项国鹏译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.11-17
[139]亨利·明茨伯格,布鲁斯·阿尔斯特兰德,约瑟夫·兰佩尔.战略历程:纵览战略管理学派.刘瑞红,徐佳宾,郭武文译.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.201
[140]候杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用.北京:教育科学出版社,2004,7
[141]侯玉莲,王迎军.战略柔性的内涵界定与分类.经济管理·新管理,2003,14,28-32
[142]胡大立.企业竞争力决定因素及其形成机理分析.北京:经济管理出版社,2004:103-104
[143]黄津孚,庞联东.企业发展潜力--评价、分析与挖掘、提升.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.242-248
[144]黄津孚.机遇、竞争力与企业成长.经济与管理研究,2004,6
[145]黄津孚.机遇管理:跨世纪的管理学课题.首都经济贸易大学学报,1999,1
[146]黄津孚.机遇管理导论.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2005.46-53
[147]黄津孚.机遇管理与我国企业发展机遇分析.管理世界,2001,5:164-167
[148]黄津孚.机遇和机会的语义学比较及经营决策.福建论坛·人文社会科学版,2006,11:24-27
[149]黄津孚.机遇利用的定量分析研究.中国工业经济,2002,9:75-80
[150]黄津孚.企业发展与创新.中国工业经济,1999,7:72-75
[151]黄津孚.现代管理公需教材(第二章:机遇管理).北京:企业管理出版社,2006.487
[152]黄津孚.现代企业管理原理(修订第五版).北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2007.35
[153]黄津孚.营造机遇理论模型及应用.经济与管理研究,2007,2:80-83
[154]黄津孚.中国企业管理改革.北京:北京经济学院出版社,1988.53-55
[155]黄学忠.企业经营机会.中国财政经济出版社,1998,7:43-59
[156]霍春辉.动态复杂环境下企业可持续竞争优势研究.[博士学位论文].沈阳:辽宁大学,2006
[157]吉姆·柯林斯,杰里·波勒斯.基业长青.真如译.北京:中信出版社,2002
[158]加里·哈梅尔,CK普拉哈拉德.竞争大未来.王振西译.北京:昆仑出版社,1998-79
[159]简兆权,毛蕴诗.环境扫描在战略转换中的作用分析.科研管理,2003,9:84-87
[160]杰恩·巴尼.获得与保持竞争优势.王俊杰等译.北京:清华大学出版社,2003,26-28
[161]杰弗里·蒂蒙斯.战略与商业机会.北京:华夏出版社,2002-119
[162]解进强.机遇决策过程及其影响因素研究:[博士学位论文].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2007
[163]卡斯特,罗森茨韦克.组织与管理:系统与权变的方法.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985
[164]柯蒂斯·卡尔森,威廉·威尔莫特.创新:变革时代的成长之道.蒋怡,黄水平译.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2007
[165]克莱顿.M·克里斯滕森等.远见--用变革理论预测产业未来.王强译.北京:商务印书馆,2006
[166]李敏,李涛.全球产业链中基于整合能力的中国制造企业价值增值路线研究.工业技术经济,2007,5:76
[167]李士勇等.非线性科学与复杂性科学.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2006.10
[168]李霞等.企业系统的复杂性及其分形管理.商场现代化,2006,2:150-151
[169]李显君.国富之源--企业竞争力.北京:企业管理出版社,2002.38
[170]李兴旺.动态能力理论的操作化研究:识别、架构与形成机制.北京:经济科学出版社,2006.115
[171]李业.企业持续成长的战略研究.[博士学位论文].广州:华南理工大学,2000
[172]理查德·L·达夫特.组织理论与设计精要.李维安等译.北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[173]刘刚.企业的异质性假设--对企业本质和行为的演化经济学解释.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.70-71
[174]刘海建,陈松涛,陈传明.企业核心能力的刚性特征及其超越.中国上业经济,2003,11:47-54
[175]刘益,李垣,汪应洛.柔性战略的理论、分析方法及其应用.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005
[176]吕巍,蒋青云.“企业成长上限”及其突破.中国工业经济,1997,3:47-51
[177]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社,1997
[178]苗莉.创业视角的企业持续成长问题研究.[博士学位论文].大连:东北财经大学,2005
[179]米红,张文璋.实用现代统计分析方法与SPSS应用.北京:当代中国出版社,2000
[180]普里高津.从混沌到有序.上海:上海译文出版社,1980
[181]祁顺生.归核化战略.上海:复旦大学出版社,2002.6-7
[182]齐庆祝,杜纲.企业竞争优势之源的理论评述.天津大学学报(社会科学版),2004,4:133-137
[183]芮明杰.知识型企业成长与创新.上海:上海人民出版社,2006.73
[184]芮明杰.中国企业的发展战略选择.上海:复旦大学出版社,2000:2-3
[185]沙伦·奥斯特(Sharon M.Oster).现代竞争分析(第三版).张志奇等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.102
[186]沈小峰.混沌初开--自组织理论的哲学探索.北京:北京师范大学出版社,1993.349-350
[187]斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯.管理学(第四版).黄卫伟等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1996.66
[188]谈曼延.论机遇:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中师范大学,2002
[189]唐纳德·索尔等.如何提升公司核心竞争力.包刚升编译.北京:企业管理出版社,2000
[190]万伦来,达庆利.企业柔性的本质及其构建策略.管理科学学报,2003,6(2):89-94
[191]江良军.企业成长与企业家活动分析--兼论企业成长的路径依赖及其超越.北京:经济科学出版社,2006.65
[192]王国顺.企业理论:能力理论.北京:中国经济出版社,2005.36
[193]王洪运,叶建木.能力刚性、动态环境与企业发展战略路径选择.科技进步与对策,2005,4:123-125
[194]王建民.管理创新过程中的机遇管理.北京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,6(1):28-33
[195]王锡秋.企业能力战略:基于顾客价值经营竞争优势.北京:东方出版社,2006.121
[196]王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.3-4
[197]王永贵.战略柔性与企业高成长:构建刚柔并济的动态竞争能力.天津:南开大学出版社,2003.4-11
[198]王永贵等.对组织学习、核心竞争能力、战略柔性与企业竞争绩效的理论剖析与实证研究--探索中国企业增强动态竞争优势之路.南开管理评论,2003,4:54-80
[199]王玉.企业进化的战略研究.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1997.211-215
[200]魏宏森.系统论--系统科学哲学.北京:清华大学出版社,1995
[201]邬爱其,贾生华.国外企业成长理论研究框架探析.外国经济与管理,2002,12:2-23
[202]邬爱其,贾生华.企业成长机制理论研究综述.科研管理,2007,3:53-58
[203]邬爱其.集群企业网络化成长研究--对浙江三个产业集群的实证研究.[博士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2004
[204]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务.北京:中国铁道出版社,2000
[205]吴正刚等.复杂环境下企业能力演化机理研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2004,9:119-123
[206]小艾尔弗雷德·钱德勒.规模与范围:工业资本主义的原动力.张逸人等译.北京:华夏出版社,2006
[207]休·考特尼等.不确定性管理.北京新华信商业风险管理有限责任公司译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000
[208]许晓明,徐震.基于资源基础观的企业成长理论探讨.研究与发展管理,2005,4:91-98
[209]闫敏.企业系统演化复杂性与企业发展问题研究.[博士学位论文].长春:吉林大学,2004
[210]杨瑞龙,刘刚.不确定性和企业理论的演化.江苏社会科学,2001,3:1-9
[211]杨永恒.动态环境下的企业成长战略探讨.南开管理评论,2001,4:15-19
[212]伊·普利高津,伊·斯唐热.从混沌到有序.上海:上海译文出版社,1987.225
[213]伊查克·麦迪思.企业生命周期.赵睿等译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997
[214]伊迪丝·彭罗斯.企业成长理论.赵晓译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007
[215]游达明.基于知识的企业动态竞争优势构建理论与方法研究.[博士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2004
[216]余伟萍.基于能力组合模型的企业持续发展研究.[博士学位论文].成都:四川大学,2004
[217]郁义鸿.企业的性质:能力理论的阐述.经济科学,2001,6:92
[218]袁安照,余光胜.现代企业组织创新.太原:山西经济出版社,1998.8
[219]臧云鹏,贾鹏云.顶级歧途.北京:中华工商联合出版社,2002.5-9
[220]邹昭晞.企业战略分析.北京:经济管理出版社,2001.52
[221]詹姆斯·弗·穆尔.竞争的衰亡:商业生态系统时代的领导与战略.梁骏,杨飞雪,李丽娜译.北京:北京出版社,1999:57-70
[222]张多中.关于企业成长的动力与条件分析.首都经济贸易大学学报,2003,6:73-76
[223]张建东,项保华.SWOT的缺陷.企业管理,2005,1:44-47
[224]张建东.企业动态能力与跨期绩效关系研究.[博士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2005
[225]张书军.企业经营原因不明中的企业家能力.南开管理评论,2002,5(6):23-27
[226]张玉利,李华晶.企业成长异质性分析--以蒙、鲁、粤三省区上市公司为例.2005,6:94-100
[227]张玉利.企业成长的非对称性问题.首都经济贸易大学学报,2004,6:11-14
[228]张玉利.企业家型企业的创业与快速成长.天津:南开大学出版社,2003
[229]赵定涛,雷明.动态环境下企业持续成长的模型与构建.管理科学,2006,2
[230]中国现代企业文化研究会.中国领先企业金皮书(3)联想的核心经营.北京:中国档案出版社,2002.213
[231]钟宏武,徐全军.国内外现代企业成长理论研究现状比较.经济管理,2006,1:39-43
[232]周晓东,项保华.复杂动态环境、动态能力及战略与环境的匹配关系.经济管理·新管理,2003,20:12-18
[233]朱·弗登伯格,戴维·K·莱文.博弈学习理论.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004