基于FPGA的静态图像数字水印处理的实现
摘要
近年来,随着多媒体处理技术及网络技术的发展,越来越多的数字产品在网络上方便地发布、传播。多媒体处理软件可以对数字媒体(数字音频,文本,图像和视频)的原版进行无限制的编辑、修改。数字产品的的原始性难以得到保证,数字产品的真实性问题受到了广泛关注。数字水印技术(Digital Watermarking)在不影响原始数据正常使用的情况下嵌入防伪信息,并且该信息不易被除去,只能由专用的水印提取算法才能检测其中的信息。数字水印作为保护数字媒体信息安全的有效方法,近年来引起了人们极大的兴趣与注意。因此,数字水印技术作为鉴别数字产品真伪的有效手段,成为多媒体信息安全研究的重点。
同时,随着集成电路制造技术的迅速提高,FPGA (Field Programmable Gata Array)芯片的集成度和处理能力都得到了很大的提升,从而使FPGA能够实现复杂电路的功能,并且处理速度也能满足大部份用户的要求。
本文提出了一种利用FPGA的电路可编程的特点,设计并实现了数字图像水印处理系统。本文中的数字水印处理系统是在DCT域内进行水印嵌入,先对数字图像进行分块处理,然后选择DCT的高频系数部分作为水印信息的载体。该设计的硬件部分负责二维离散余弦变换(DCT2)与二维离散余弦反变换(IDCT2)的实现,这样就可以将复杂的运算交与硬件电路来实现,大大提高的运算速度；该设计的软件部分负责数字水印信息的嵌入及SD卡的读写,这样即可以缩短研发周期也为系统调试与算法的改进提供了方便。
本文简要介绍了数字水印技术和FPGA技术的发展现状及未来方向,研究了典型数字水印算法及其应用领域。通过结合已有的数字水印算法并分析其不足,提出了一种新的算法,此算法与已有的算法相比在数字水印不可见性方面有了很大的提高。在系统硬件架构方面,介绍了片上可编程系统(SOPC)设计方案及开发流程,详细论述了本系统的硬件模块结构并通过数据说明了本结构与传统的软件方式相比在运算速度方面的优势。在系统软件架构方面,介绍了数字水印信息嵌入的流程及各部分的功能。最后通过分析大量的实验数据来进行参数调整,以得到最佳效果。
In recent years, with the rapid development of the technology of communication and the growing popularity of the Internet, more and more digital information are published and disseminated on the network quickly and easily. Multimedia processing software, and network communication technology make the arbitrary edit, modify, copy and distribute of the original digital media (digital sound, text, images and video) become unrestricting, the piracy problem of digital media has become increasingly serious, the copyright protection issues of digital media has been widespread concerned, the digital watermarking technology has also been duly noted as an advanced way of intellectual property protection.
Meanwhile with the continuous improvement of integrated circuit manufacturing technology, the integration and processing speed of FPGA (Field Programmable Gata Array) chips have been greatly improved, which promise FPGA achieving the complex circuit functions, at the same time, the processing speed of FPGA is also able to meet most customer's requirements.
Designing and implementation of a FPGA device, which can be used to realize the watermarking of digital image, on the basis of FPGA-circuit's feature of programmable in this paper. The device's hardware components responses for the achieving of two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT2) and the inverse two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (IDCT2); The design of the software components responsible for embedding digital watermark information and the SD card reader, so that can shorten development cycles for system debugging and improved algorithms to provide more convenient.
Introducing the digital watermarking technology and FPGA technology development status and future direction to study a typical digital watermarking algorithm and its applications,in this paper. By combining existing digital watermarking algorithm and analyze its shortcomings, presents a new algorithm, this algorithm is compared with existing algorithms in the digital watermark is invisible in terms of greatly improved. In the system hardware architecture, introduced the Programmable System Chip (SOPC) design and development process, discusses in detail the structure of the system's hardware modules and, through data on the present structure as compared with traditional software's advantages in computing speed. In the system software architecture, the introduction of digital watermark embedding process and the part of the function. Finally, it analyzes a large number of experimental data to adjust the parameters to get the best results.
同时,随着集成电路制造技术的迅速提高,FPGA (Field Programmable Gata Array)芯片的集成度和处理能力都得到了很大的提升,从而使FPGA能够实现复杂电路的功能,并且处理速度也能满足大部份用户的要求。
本文提出了一种利用FPGA的电路可编程的特点,设计并实现了数字图像水印处理系统。本文中的数字水印处理系统是在DCT域内进行水印嵌入,先对数字图像进行分块处理,然后选择DCT的高频系数部分作为水印信息的载体。该设计的硬件部分负责二维离散余弦变换(DCT2)与二维离散余弦反变换(IDCT2)的实现,这样就可以将复杂的运算交与硬件电路来实现,大大提高的运算速度；该设计的软件部分负责数字水印信息的嵌入及SD卡的读写,这样即可以缩短研发周期也为系统调试与算法的改进提供了方便。
本文简要介绍了数字水印技术和FPGA技术的发展现状及未来方向,研究了典型数字水印算法及其应用领域。通过结合已有的数字水印算法并分析其不足,提出了一种新的算法,此算法与已有的算法相比在数字水印不可见性方面有了很大的提高。在系统硬件架构方面,介绍了片上可编程系统(SOPC)设计方案及开发流程,详细论述了本系统的硬件模块结构并通过数据说明了本结构与传统的软件方式相比在运算速度方面的优势。在系统软件架构方面,介绍了数字水印信息嵌入的流程及各部分的功能。最后通过分析大量的实验数据来进行参数调整,以得到最佳效果。
In recent years, with the rapid development of the technology of communication and the growing popularity of the Internet, more and more digital information are published and disseminated on the network quickly and easily. Multimedia processing software, and network communication technology make the arbitrary edit, modify, copy and distribute of the original digital media (digital sound, text, images and video) become unrestricting, the piracy problem of digital media has become increasingly serious, the copyright protection issues of digital media has been widespread concerned, the digital watermarking technology has also been duly noted as an advanced way of intellectual property protection.
Meanwhile with the continuous improvement of integrated circuit manufacturing technology, the integration and processing speed of FPGA (Field Programmable Gata Array) chips have been greatly improved, which promise FPGA achieving the complex circuit functions, at the same time, the processing speed of FPGA is also able to meet most customer's requirements.
Designing and implementation of a FPGA device, which can be used to realize the watermarking of digital image, on the basis of FPGA-circuit's feature of programmable in this paper. The device's hardware components responses for the achieving of two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT2) and the inverse two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (IDCT2); The design of the software components responsible for embedding digital watermark information and the SD card reader, so that can shorten development cycles for system debugging and improved algorithms to provide more convenient.
Introducing the digital watermarking technology and FPGA technology development status and future direction to study a typical digital watermarking algorithm and its applications,in this paper. By combining existing digital watermarking algorithm and analyze its shortcomings, presents a new algorithm, this algorithm is compared with existing algorithms in the digital watermark is invisible in terms of greatly improved. In the system hardware architecture, introduced the Programmable System Chip (SOPC) design and development process, discusses in detail the structure of the system's hardware modules and, through data on the present structure as compared with traditional software's advantages in computing speed. In the system software architecture, the introduction of digital watermark embedding process and the part of the function. Finally, it analyzes a large number of experimental data to adjust the parameters to get the best results.
引文
[1]张齐,彩色图像水印算法研究：[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学,2007年
[2]孙圣和,陆哲明,牛夏牧,数字水印技术及应用.北京：科学出版社,2004
[3]VOYATZIS George, PITAS loannis, The use of watermarks in the protection of digital multimedia products [J]. Proc IEEE,1999,87(1):1197-1207.
[4]徐光辉,程东旭,基于FPGA的嵌入式开发与应用.北京：电子工业出版社2006
[5]李兰英,NiosII嵌入式软核SOPC设计原理及应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2006,11
[6]SCHYNDEL R, ZRIKEL A, OSBORNE C. A digital watermark[J]. IEEE Int Conf on Image Proc,1994(2):86-90.
[7]WALTONS. Information authentication for a slippery new age [J]. Dr Dobbs Journal,1995,20(4):18-26.
[8]李赵红,候建军.基于Logistic混沌映射的DCF域脆弱数字水印算法[J].电子学报,2006,34(12)：2134-2137.
[9]Hien T D, Nakao Z,Chen Y W,Robust multi—logo watermarking by RDWT and ICA[J]. Signal Processing,2006,86:2981-2993.
[10]余俊,基于DWT的鲁棒性数字图像水印技术[J]华东理工大学学报(自然科学版)2008.42(3)：405-409
[11]0 Runanaidh,T Pun.Rotation, scale,and translation invariant digital image watermarking[J].Signal Processing,1998;66(3):303-317
[12]D Zheng, J Zhao, Abdulmotaleb El Saddik, RST-invariant digital image watermarking based on log-polar mapping and phase correlation[J].IEEE Trans Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2003; 13 (8):753-765
[13]COX I J, MILLER M L, BLOOM J A. Digital watermarking[M]. San Mateo:Morgan Kaufmann publishers,2001:1-576.
[14]牛少彭,数字水印新算法的设计及鲁棒性分析：[博士学位论文]北京：北京邮电大学,2004年
[15]贺文华,一种彩色图像内容认证混沌脆弱水印算法[J]湖南大学学报(自然 科学版)2009.36(1)：55-58.
[16]李景华,杜玉远,可编程逻辑器件及EDA技术.沈阳：东北大学出版社
[17]王刚,基于FPGA的SOPC嵌入式系统设计与典型实例.北京：电子工业出版社
[18]谢文华,高文华,FPGA异步FIFO设计中的问题与解决办法[J]单片机与嵌入式系统应用2009.08：33-35.
[19]DALLY W J,POULTON J W.Digital systems engineering[M].Camberidge,UK:Cambridge University.Press,1998.
[20]BALCH M. Complete digita design[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,2003
[21]王剑,王宏,杨志家,动态参数模型确定SoC中异步FIFO深度的方法[J]电子科技大学学报2009.38(3)：447-450
[22]周学功,彭澄廉,SOPC Builder中IP构件的设计与实现[J]计算机工程与设计2005.26(2)：293-295,338
[23]郭赞,基于FPGA远程网络监视系统设计：[硕士学位论文].昆明：昆明理工大学,2009年
[24]Altera Corporation, Avalon Memory-Mapped Interface Specification: www.Altera.com.cn
[25]侯建军,郭勇,SOPC技术基础教程.北京：清华大学出版社
[26]彭澄廉,挑战SOC——基于NIOS的SOPC设计与实践.北京：清华大学出版社
[27]Altera Corporation, Nios II Embedded Processor Design Contest Outstanding Designs 2006:www.Altera.com.cn
[28]Michael D.Ciletti. Advanced Digital Design with the Verilog HDL.Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry,2005
[29]Designing Digital Signal Processing with FPGAs. Mentor Graphics. Feb 2003
[30]阮秋琦,数字图像处理学.北京：电子工业出版社,2001
[31]C.I.Podilchuk, E.J.Delp.Digital watermarking:algorithms and applications.IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2001.18(4):33-46
[32]夏宇闻,Verilog数字系统设计教程.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2003
[33]黄智伟,FPGA系统设计与实践.北京：电子工业出版社,2005
[34]张颖,基于变换域的数字图像水印算法研究：[硕士学位论文].湖南：湖南师范大学电路与系统,2007年
[35]李明,基于混沌的数字水印技术研究：[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学计算机系统结构,2007年
[36]董莉,基于混沌的数字图像水印算法及应用：[硕士学位论文].湖南：湖南大学电路与系统,2007年
[37]陈灵波,DCT域数字水印技术研究：[硕士学位论文].云南：云南大学计算机应用技术,2007年
[38]易克初,田斌,李刚强.FPGA设计中关键问题的研究.电子技术应用,2003年06期
[39]张静,数字水印技术研究：[博士学位论文]天津：天津大学,2002年
[40]潘松,黄继业.SOPC技术实用教程。北京：清华大学出版社,2005年
[41]Real Time Image Processing based on FPGA Hardware Acceleration.Steffen klupsch, Markus Ernst research center Caesar center of advanced European studies and research Friederis platz 16,53111 Bonn
[42]Kutter M,Jordan F,Bossen.Digital signature of color images using amplitude modulation.Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases V San Jose,SPIE,1997:518-526
[2]孙圣和,陆哲明,牛夏牧,数字水印技术及应用.北京：科学出版社,2004
[3]VOYATZIS George, PITAS loannis, The use of watermarks in the protection of digital multimedia products [J]. Proc IEEE,1999,87(1):1197-1207.
[4]徐光辉,程东旭,基于FPGA的嵌入式开发与应用.北京：电子工业出版社2006
[5]李兰英,NiosII嵌入式软核SOPC设计原理及应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2006,11
[6]SCHYNDEL R, ZRIKEL A, OSBORNE C. A digital watermark[J]. IEEE Int Conf on Image Proc,1994(2):86-90.
[7]WALTONS. Information authentication for a slippery new age [J]. Dr Dobbs Journal,1995,20(4):18-26.
[8]李赵红,候建军.基于Logistic混沌映射的DCF域脆弱数字水印算法[J].电子学报,2006,34(12)：2134-2137.
[9]Hien T D, Nakao Z,Chen Y W,Robust multi—logo watermarking by RDWT and ICA[J]. Signal Processing,2006,86:2981-2993.
[10]余俊,基于DWT的鲁棒性数字图像水印技术[J]华东理工大学学报(自然科学版)2008.42(3)：405-409
[11]0 Runanaidh,T Pun.Rotation, scale,and translation invariant digital image watermarking[J].Signal Processing,1998;66(3):303-317
[12]D Zheng, J Zhao, Abdulmotaleb El Saddik, RST-invariant digital image watermarking based on log-polar mapping and phase correlation[J].IEEE Trans Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2003; 13 (8):753-765
[13]COX I J, MILLER M L, BLOOM J A. Digital watermarking[M]. San Mateo:Morgan Kaufmann publishers,2001:1-576.
[14]牛少彭,数字水印新算法的设计及鲁棒性分析：[博士学位论文]北京：北京邮电大学,2004年
[15]贺文华,一种彩色图像内容认证混沌脆弱水印算法[J]湖南大学学报(自然 科学版)2009.36(1)：55-58.
[16]李景华,杜玉远,可编程逻辑器件及EDA技术.沈阳：东北大学出版社
[17]王刚,基于FPGA的SOPC嵌入式系统设计与典型实例.北京：电子工业出版社
[18]谢文华,高文华,FPGA异步FIFO设计中的问题与解决办法[J]单片机与嵌入式系统应用2009.08：33-35.
[19]DALLY W J,POULTON J W.Digital systems engineering[M].Camberidge,UK:Cambridge University.Press,1998.
[20]BALCH M. Complete digita design[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,2003
[21]王剑,王宏,杨志家,动态参数模型确定SoC中异步FIFO深度的方法[J]电子科技大学学报2009.38(3)：447-450
[22]周学功,彭澄廉,SOPC Builder中IP构件的设计与实现[J]计算机工程与设计2005.26(2)：293-295,338
[23]郭赞,基于FPGA远程网络监视系统设计：[硕士学位论文].昆明：昆明理工大学,2009年
[24]Altera Corporation, Avalon Memory-Mapped Interface Specification: www.Altera.com.cn
[25]侯建军,郭勇,SOPC技术基础教程.北京：清华大学出版社
[26]彭澄廉,挑战SOC——基于NIOS的SOPC设计与实践.北京：清华大学出版社
[27]Altera Corporation, Nios II Embedded Processor Design Contest Outstanding Designs 2006:www.Altera.com.cn
[28]Michael D.Ciletti. Advanced Digital Design with the Verilog HDL.Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry,2005
[29]Designing Digital Signal Processing with FPGAs. Mentor Graphics. Feb 2003
[30]阮秋琦,数字图像处理学.北京：电子工业出版社,2001
[31]C.I.Podilchuk, E.J.Delp.Digital watermarking:algorithms and applications.IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2001.18(4):33-46
[32]夏宇闻,Verilog数字系统设计教程.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2003
[33]黄智伟,FPGA系统设计与实践.北京：电子工业出版社,2005
[34]张颖,基于变换域的数字图像水印算法研究：[硕士学位论文].湖南：湖南师范大学电路与系统,2007年
[35]李明,基于混沌的数字水印技术研究：[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学计算机系统结构,2007年
[36]董莉,基于混沌的数字图像水印算法及应用：[硕士学位论文].湖南：湖南大学电路与系统,2007年
[37]陈灵波,DCT域数字水印技术研究：[硕士学位论文].云南：云南大学计算机应用技术,2007年
[38]易克初,田斌,李刚强.FPGA设计中关键问题的研究.电子技术应用,2003年06期
[39]张静,数字水印技术研究：[博士学位论文]天津：天津大学,2002年
[40]潘松,黄继业.SOPC技术实用教程。北京：清华大学出版社,2005年
[41]Real Time Image Processing based on FPGA Hardware Acceleration.Steffen klupsch, Markus Ernst research center Caesar center of advanced European studies and research Friederis platz 16,53111 Bonn
[42]Kutter M,Jordan F,Bossen.Digital signature of color images using amplitude modulation.Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases V San Jose,SPIE,1997:518-526